Parasitol Res DOI 10.1007/s00436-015-4320-7

ORIGINAL PAPER

Mukia maderaspatana (Cucurbitaceae) extract-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles to control Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Govindaraj Chitra & Govindasamy Balasubramani & Rajendiran Ramkumar & Rajamani Sowmiya & Pachiappan Perumal

Received: 28 December 2014 / Accepted: 7 January 2015 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015

Abstract Mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases are prone to raise health and economic impacts. Synthetic insecticidebased interventions are indeed in situations of epidemic outbreak and sudden increases of adult mosquitoes. Nanoparticles are being used in many commercial applications and were found that aqueous silver ions can be reduced by an aqueous extract of plant parts to generate extremely stable silver nanoparticles in water. Based on this, silver nanoparticles (SNPs) were synthesized using leaf aqueous extract (LAE) of Mukia maderaspatana. Further, the synthesized SNPs were characterized by UV–visible spectrum, which indicated a strong plasmon resonance at 427 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the average crystalline size of the synthesized SNPs was approximately 64 nm by Debye–Scherrer formulae. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of different functional groups like amines, halides, alkanes, alkynes, amides, and esters with respective stretches, which are responsible for the bio-reduction of silver ions. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) depicted the spherical morphology of SNPs with size range of 13–34 nm. The larvicidal activity of LAE and SNPs exhibited an effective mortality to Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. The lethal concentration (LC50; LC90) of LAE and SNPs were found to be 0.506; 1.082, 0.392; 0.870 ppm and 0.211; 0.703, 0.094; 0.482 ppm, respectively on A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus. Thus, the synthesized SNPs have shown preponderant larvicidal activity, but further studies are needed to formulate the potential larvicidal agents. G. Chitra : G. Balasubramani : R. Ramkumar : R. Sowmiya : P. Perumal (*) Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu 636 011, India e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords Larvicidal activity . Silver nanoparticles . Mukia maderaspatana . FESEM Introduction Nanotechnology offers unique approaches to regulate a wide variety of biological and medical processes that occur at nanometer length, and it is believed to have a successful impact on biology and medicine (West and Halas 2000; Zandonella 2003). They consist of drug carriers in which the active ingredient is dissolved, dispersed, entrapped, encapsulated, adsorbed, or chemically attached. Metal nanoparticles are being intensively investigated for their unique optical, electric, and catalytic properties which form potential material for utilization in the field of medicine, optoelectronics and composites, and in many other frontier areas of science and technology (Spatz et al. 1999; Zhang et al. 2004). Among the noble metals, silver nanoparticles (SNPs) have a wide range of applications because of their remarkable physical and chemical properties. Silver and silver-based products are employed for antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and recently virus (Sriram et al. 2010). Of late, several plant based biosynthesized SNPs also reportedly shown larvicidal activity. Mukia maderaspatana M. Roemer or Melothria maderaspatana (L.) Cogn belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae, an annual monoecious tendril climber, is prevalent in South India and also distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics of the Old World (Petrus 2012). It has antioxidant, diuretic, stomachic, gentle aperients, antipyretic, antiflatulent, antibronchitis, hepatoprotective, antirheumatic, analgesic, antibacterial, stimulant, anti-inflammatory (Hussein and Kingston 1982), anticancer (Ramakrishanamacharya et al. 1996), antihypertensive,

Parasitol Res

antidiabetic, expectorant, cures toothache, and recommended in vertigo and biliousness (Raja and Pugalendi 2009). The rural people consume the cooked liquor of both of these leaves with the spices to relieve cold and throat pain (Kunkel 1984). The decoctions of leaves of M. maderaspatana have been used for the treatment of diseases like adenitis, piroplasmosis, theileriasis, plague, anthrax, rabies, madness, and anaplasmosis (Jayaweera 1982). Malaria is a major public health problem, caused 207 million cases and 0.627 million deaths throughout the world in 2012. One hundred and four countries and territories are endemic for malaria, and India alone contributes about 50 % of the 2 million reported cases in the World Health Organization (WHO) South-East Asia Region (WHO 2014). Several mosquito species belonging to genera Anopheles, Culex, and Aedes are vectors for the pathogens of various diseases. There are about 31 million microfilaria carriers and 23 million chronic clinical cases (Raju et al. 2010). Lymphatic filariasis is caused mainly by Wuchereria bancrofti and transmitted by mosquito—Culex quinquefasciatus. Aedes aegypti L., a vector of dengue that carries the arbovirus responsible for these diseases, is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical zones (Patil et al. 2012). The disease dengue outshines similar symptoms and is transmitted by the same vector; as a result, chikungunya is neglected because the symptoms are milder in comparison to dengue. The present resurgence of these diseases is due to the higher number of breeding places in today’s throwaway society. Globally, there has been conscientious effector to overcome these problems, and great emphasis has been placed earlier on eco-friendly and economically viable methodologies for pest control (SenSung et al. 2003; Thomas et al. 2004). Despite recent advances for potential vaccines and new therapeutic options, the control of vector-borne diseases remains difficult (Corbel et al. 2013). Therefore, the interruption of transmission still relies on vector-control measures. Therefore, the need for multi-disease strategy for vector control requires ecofriendly agents, wherever these diseases are endemic. Several researchers have reported the effect of the plant extracts on mosquito vectors (Kamaraj et al. 2008; Bagavan et al. 2008; Abdul Rahuman et al. 2008; Subarani et al. 2013). The present study deals with the characterization of biologically synthesized SNPs and its larvicidal potential evaluations on fourth instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti using the decoction of M. maderaspatana, as a reducing agent.

Materials and methods Fresh plant leaves were collected from Periyar University (11.71° N, 78.07° E) campus, Tamil Nadu. The morphological and anatomical characteristics of the collected plants were observed and identified using microscopic and macroscopic comparative analyses. The typical characteristics that taken

into account include: internal structure, color, size, and shape which were compared with existing photographs and data. The obtained leaves were washed thoroughly in tap water and in distilled water until no foreign material remained. The rinsed leaves were allowed to shadow dry for 15 days at room temperature. The dried leaves were pulverized with a sterile electrical blender to obtain a powder form. The powdered sample was stored in an air tight container and was protected from sunlight for further use. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) was purchased from Hi-media Pvt. Ltd., India. All the chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade with maximum purity. Biosynthesis of SNPs Two grams of finely powdered leaves were mixed with 100 mL of deionized water and then the mixture was boiled for 30 min, cooled, and filtered through Whatman filter paper no. 1. The extract was used freshly within 1 h. Forty millimeter of M. maderaspatana leaf aqueous broth was added to 60 mL of 1 mM aqueous AgNO3 solution, and the solution was placed in an orbital shaker at room temperature, for reduction of Ag+ to SNPs. The bio-reduction of the silver ions in the solution was monitored periodically by measuring the UV–vis spectroscopy of the solutions. The reaction is rapid if the brown color appears within 10 min, and this reaction will confirm the formation of SNPs. The different concentration of AgNO3 solution was used to get maximum SNPs. The SNPs obtained from the solution were purified by repeated centrifugation at 2000 rpm for 10 min followed by the dispersion of the pellet thrice in deionized water to remove the water-soluble biomolecules such as proteins and secondary metabolites. The water-suspended NPs were kept under vacuum for 24 h to dry the NPs (Jayaseelan et al. 2011). Characterization of SNPs The UV absorbance of the synthesized NPs was measured in CYBERLAB UV-100 spectrophotometer operated at a resolution of 1 nm. The synthesized NPs were dried, powdered, and used for X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The spectra were recorded using a Rigaku Miniflex II, Japan advance Xray diffractometer. ART model Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer RX1, Germany) was used for the analysis of the ethyl acetate extract of M. maderaspatana. The spectrum was focused in the mid IR region of 400–4000 cm−1 by the KBr pellet technique. The spectrum was recorded using attenuated total reflectance (ART) technique beach measurement. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images were acquired

Parasitol Res

by Carl Zeiss, SIGMA instrument (UK). X-ray diffraction analysis (Philips X’Pert Pro X-ray diffractometer) was performed by preparing a thin film of powdered SNPs. To study the average particle size distribution and stability of nanoparticles, a Malvern Zeta-sizer (Nano ZS90, UK) instrument was used (Sankar et al. 2013).

calculated using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences 16.0 software. The test concentrations were transformed into log covariant of X (log base 10). Results with p

Mukia maderaspatana (Cucurbitaceae) extract-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles to control Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

Mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases are prone to raise health and economic impacts. Synthetic insecticide-based interventions are indeed in situati...
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