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Journal of Personality Assessment Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/hjpa20
MMPI Supplemental Scale Performance of Mexican Americans and Level of Acculturation Gary T. Montgomery , Bill R. Arnold & Sergio Orozco Published online: 22 Jun 2011.
To cite this article: Gary T. Montgomery , Bill R. Arnold & Sergio Orozco (1990) MMPI Supplemental Scale Performance of Mexican Americans and Level of Acculturation, Journal of Personality Assessment, 54:1-2, 328-342 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223891.1990.9673997
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JQI;RNAL OF ERS3NAifI"r' ASSESSMEYT, 1390, %!I $r 2 ) 323-342 Copyright @ P990, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc
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MPI Supplemental Performance of exican Americans and Level sf Accult~sratian R. Arnold, and Sergio Orszca
Gary T, Montgomery, Bill
The klnlaenity of Texas-Pm American
Mexican American and Angio ,4nerican5sperforrnznce or: the Wiggins Content Scaies, tiarris-lingoes subscaies. 2nd Serkownek scbscaies was assessed in a coliege student popcla:ior,, Levei of accuiruration (Mexican vs. A n g h orientetion), ape. and sociai class were sradsacaIIp controlied. The resc!cs showed staristicallv sigrrikant difkrences between means of h g i c and Mexican Americans a n nosr of rhe supplementd scaies assessed. These chfferences were more nurnerox beiore scale validiry criteria were applied. The number of statisticai!y significant d:fferences were further reduced when levei af accuiturarion and age were s:atistica!ii; ccnrrolied. The resuits showed that level of acculturation is a high$ :rnpor:ant variable which moderaces interpreracion of the MMPI scaie elevarions we measured. Acculturation far ou:weighred the i n h e n c e of the we2 estab!ished MMPI moderaror variabie: of age and social class,
Many speciai scales for the ti/lir,nesota Multiphasic Persocaljty Invenrory (MMPI! have been constructed since its introduction, Special scaies were developed r;arriy because rhe item content for the standard MMPI chical scales is heterogeneous; thus, the same rzw score car: be obtained b y "Iciividuals endorsing very diffeferent sets of items (Cb?ton, i979). Special scales are often used to supplement the MMPI ciinicai scales in order to better understand behviors and attirdes ssbscrbed t e by the person taking the invenrory (Grahan, 1987). in a comprehensive review of the MblPE and ethnicitp, Greene (1987) indicated that research is needed to examine the potential interaction of culmra'r factors and exanminee performance on MMPI supp'lernectal scales. Most investigatkms of the MMPI and ethnic. grwps have compared Black and White subjects; relative!); few have compared Anglo and Mexican American subjects. Mos: investigations oiMh.IPT performance among Mexican A.mericans
>-
e c1assified ethnicitv based o c surfiamc. :Green€, li?G:.However. f\:es:can Americans varv widel\. in accdturation [Fadilia: i9dS?. A measure ofthe degree to d - k h sublects are Anglo- or Mexican-oriented (i.e.. accdturation! has beer: s h o u : ~rc be extremely i m p c r ~ a nin t the performance of M e x i ~ a nAmericzns c n the h4MPI (Montgomery ;Sr Orozcc, 2385; Padii!., Cllnedo, & Lava, i./'a-i. O c r research expanded aE earlie; report ih4mtgonerv & Grozco, 1%5i which examined differences in perfo-mance o n :he ?&W validity 2nd cliriical scaies berween Mexican- and Angio-rZmericar,s. The supplementai scales anaIyzeci here include the 'Sl'iggirs Contern ScsZes, Harri+Lingoes subscdes, an2 Serkownek cz'sscalez, which are among the n o s t frequently used s.~p~Iernen:a!, scales. These scales are given f21Z coverage in books s x h as Greene \ i 3 S i and , . Graham i!'367) en2 are inciucied in p r s n i n e x computer scoring inrer~re:ations of the MMPI (Butcher, ! W l . The onir invesrigatior: o i Hispanic ."irner~can's p r r f c r m a n c e 03 these MMP1 snpp:lementz'. scales was rcpcrted bv Dsian, Raberts. Penk, Robinowitz, an2 Atkms iiP53!, in warhng wirh h e r o x addicts, Dnlan et ai. reporred rh2c their Piispanic s ~ b j e c t sscore2 ioner :ha2 U'hice . c subjects or: :as scaies r r o x rt-ie Wiggins Concent Scales: Social Aijustner.t and h4an:fest Hosriii:~. Our ini.estigation is :he firs: rcpcr: of Mexicsn . 4 m e r ~ z n ' sperfxmance on rhe Xarris-l-ingaes and Serkcwwn snsscaies an2 is rhe 5rst t o c o ~ t r o k i r ievei of a c c ~ i r a r a ~ i oir:n h4exiizn Americas's performance on :he K'iggins Ccnten: Scales. :,dl
r
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I.-
7
??
.
Subjects
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.
Data were obta:ned f r i m scuaen.:s er.roi1eci in freshman-ieirei general elecci-,re courses at a rrr,i:.ersiry in sourherr: i ems. Iocared 19 x i i e ~north oi the !&sican bcrder. Of the 450 subjects? :,52 (242women, i1.2men) were hksican American, according :o surname and self-report, and 9s the univariate f o l i c a - u ~tests :a the sex mair: effect showed that the same :Rxe significant differences ive:e iosnd in rhe I\.IANCi.'A without covariates. ?he Snrnzrne x Sex M14N@V-4was repeated c n the 13. \S.'iggIns scales a x h . n v c covariates (accuituration and chronoiogicai age? an:: was repe2:eb agzn with three coiwiates jaccuiruration. chronoiogical age, and SES!. The chronoIogicaI age c a w i a t e was signi5cantiy relare2 r 3 the dependent \,ariabIes. F;1Z. 27%' = 2.1 7- 9 j . < "21j,b;:' the SES coyariate ivas not, rti -i: 2 ;c: = 1.5;. p < . I E . The res:,l:s were ~dent:caIto the kIANOI~?."In h e c a c d r ~ r a t i alone o ~ was . . ccvsriec~:A n overaIi main effec: cf sex was obtained, and h l h - C F tests s5cwe.d the same three sig~ificantdiffe~ences.
.
q-,?
7..
2 , C l
b'
-v
r tze ncculfuration mid age covariirtes. Fearsor, producr--mnnenc correlztinn coeiiicien~swere calculated berw~eenievel of accuituration a n d the eight \Y'ITagin: variakiea influenced by the analyses of coiarisnce (LIEF? MOR, A L T . > SRG,HOS: PEG, and i-IEA!. Smail, statisticzily significan: inx.wse reiaricns these Wiggins \.xiables u-ere between the accalturatio~score and e x h Snbjecrs ~ h were c hlesiian-orienred obtained; :.hey ranged from - .12 t c - .24. :ended to score higher o n the Wiggms scales. S:miiarIv, smaii nega:il;e ccrreiations in the same rarrge were f m n d be:ween age and the nine 'Figgins scaies iDEP, MOii, REL, Ai:?, PSE', FAh1: EOS, ?SO. and EY?).Thxs, there \va: a trend !or older subjects to score h e r o n the Wiggins scales.
Harris-Lingoes Subscales
rlnaiyses w i f h FIQ coarariafes. A M.%O\'A was perkxmed x i t h Surnane x Sex as the independent variables and rhe 28 Ii-axis-Lingoes suhscsiea as the dependent variables for :he 395 subjec~awith vaiid profiies. Sigrifican: =air: effects were obtained for surname, F(35: 364) = .3.52, p < ,321. and ii?r sex, F(Z5, 364j = 3.63. p < ..SO!. Table 3 presenrs the means and standard
-
Y
%
deviations for subjects accordirig to surname and sex; the a?#nrei!:ations for the Harris-Lingoes subsceies are explained in Table 3's footnote. Univariare foilc\r.-
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336
MOWTGOIMEISY, ARNOLD, OROZCO
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ups reported in Tabie 3 showed d~fferencesfor surname for I'i of the 28 scales and differences for sex on 6 of the 28 scales.
Analyses with comriafes. The MAXOVA of Surname x Sex for the 28 Harris-lingoes variables was repeated with acculturztion as a covariate for the 395 subjects with vaiid profiles. The acculturation covariate was significanrly related to the dependent variables, F(Z8, 3631 = 1.91,P < 315. Main effects were again obtained for surname, FiZ8,3633 = 1.66, fr < .O23,and for sex, F(Z& 363) = 3.70, g < .001, Univariate follow-ups to the surname main effect reported in Table 3 showed that 'I of 363) = 1.42, p < -082, and F(26, 363) = 1.3',, p < .448,respecti.d\:. Kowever, no main effect of surname was obtained when these covariates were added. And, as summarized or: Table 3. the originai main effects for sex were still obtained.
-
The accdfnmfdon covarinte. Pearson product-moment correilation coeffi.. cients calculated between level of acculturation and the Harris-Lingoes variables influenced by the analyses of covariance (ANCOVks) showeci a small, but statisdcaliy sigr.ificant inverse relation between most of these variables? which ranged frorn - ,09 to - 2 0 . In general, Mexican-oriented subjects tended to score higher or, the Harris-Lingoes suhscales; these included D l , 0 3 , D5: 2 ~ 3 , tiy.$? P d , SclA, Sc!B, Sc2.4, Sc2B, S 3 , Mal, and Ma3. Exceptions included .14 to 2 4 small, but statisticatly significant positive correiations in the rsnge between acculturation and tiy2, PdZ, Pd3, and Pa3; or. che preceding four scales, Mexican-oriented subjects scored 'rower.
+
+
Serkownek Masculiniy-Femininity (Mf) Subscales
Analyses without cova?-baies. A MANOL'A was ~erformedfar Surname x Sex for the six Serkownek MJsubscales for the 395 ssblects with valid p-ofiles. M a x effects were obtamed for surname, F(6,386) = 3.19, p < 935, and for sex, F(C, 386) = 16.77, p < .001. Means, standard devlatrons, and resuks of univaria~efo?liouwptests far the Serkownek ~~bscakes are presented In Table 4; an explanation of the abbreirrations fcr the Serkownek subscaies is in Tsbie 4's footnote.
Artaiyses wnlh cezmriafes. The MAXOVA for Surname x Sex for the SIX Serkcwnek Mj'subscales was repeated 5.x the 395 subjects w:th vald profiles with accciIturarion as a covarlate The acculturamn covzrlate was s~gnihcantlv
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338
MONTGOMERY, ARNOLD, OROZCO
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related to the dependezt \.arlabies, F(17, 768) 2.54, p < ,001. OnIv a rrialn effect for sex was obtarned, F(0, 385) = 10.5'7,p < . X I . Un1var:ate follow-up resilts are shown m Tabie 4. The MAKOV.4 was repeated with accdturarron and age as cownates and -. again wsth a c ~ ~ h r a t mage, n , an2 SE'; as covarlates. ,he stat:s:lcdiy slgnlficant chffeerences were the same as the MAKOVA descrhed In the precedrng paragraph rn whnch accukuration was :he only covarrate. The covarrates of age and SES were not eign!ficantlg related to the dependent var;ab'les.
The acculturafiol? com~iate. Pearson product-moment correlation toe% level oiaccuiturat~or;arrd the Serkownek Mj s-ariabies showed a small, but statsstlcailv slgn16cartt posxcve r e h a n s h i p f ~Mr f 4 -+ .39:
slests c a l d a r e d between
that is, rhose w:th
E
Mexican orrentatlcn scored iower.
Serkownek Social Introversion (Si)Subscales d e p e n d e n t varrabies and the six Serkownek S; s~bssalesas dependent variables for the sublects wsth valid prof~iesproduced main ef5ec:s for surname. F(6, 356) = 3-46,p < X 3 ,an2 for sex, Ft6,38f4 = 3.75.3 < J 1 2 . The Serkownek S! means, univar;ai.e follow-up test resuits. and expianation of sitbscale abbreviatmn~are ?resented :n Table 4.
Analyses with ciarmrhtes. The MANCVA with surname and sex as rh:: independent varizbles and the six Serkownek. Sf subscales as the dependent variables was repeated For subjects with valid profiles with acculturation as a covariate. The asculturatior. covariate was siglriiicantlv related to the dependent variables, F ( 1 2 , 768) = 2.45, p < .XI+. Only a main effect for sex was obtained, F(6, 385) = L92: p < .007. Univarizte follow-up test resuits are summarized in Table 4. MANOVAS with acculturation and age and with acculturation, age, and FES as covariares indicated the same parrern a' results. T i e MANOVAs revealec' only a significant sex main effec:. The age and SES ccxariates were not significantly related to the dependent variables. The accullterataon comnate. Pearson product-moment correlatmn coeffcaeDt,c cakculated berween Hew! of accukurat~onand the Seritownek Si v a ~ a b i e s mfluenced bv the ANCOVAs showed a small, but stat~strcallvsign:f~cant Inverse reIat~on'setween acczitxatioz and both Sli i-.13j and S;5 iL19j; h$exicarm-onented subjects :ended to score hlgher
In general, there were more main effects for surmme and sex for analyses w:h the entire 450 subjects thaR for the analyses for the 395 subjects wah valid
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proEIes. No interactions between surname and sex appeared. AS with the analyses for the 395 subjects, when the cavarmes were jxroduced. eke r,urL5e7 oi ma:r: e5ectr was reduced. Tae follmvmg sum:r,aries present 9r.k the resuit: ?orsurnane.
Wiggirzs Cmfent Scales. hlain effects f ~ : s;rname were o b t s k e d or, the same e:ght scales in2ica:ed ir: Table 3. TSI'her: a c c ~ l t ~ r a t i o r;&-a: : co.\,aried, differences ir. s x n s n e s t 2 rexained for seven of these eight. E'hert acculruration and Eige were both caiaried, no sigr.ifjcanc difierences b r s ~ r r . a x eremained. Xarn's-Li?:goes sr;bscales, in addition ro the 1'; main efiecrs ic?r surnane . pressn:ed in Table 3, the analysis far 450 sub~ect5produceb aGkjonel slgniii. can: :riain effects far ssrname for three more suhscaies: i3.i. ti?.'. a d PdliB. Khm a c d t u r a t i o n was cci-aried. main eEecr: oi surname still occnrred fisr H?Z; H?$.Pa;. Fn3, Sdc, ?&!, 3 4 ~ 2 an$ , Ma+.W h e ~accuit:~ra:ior: and age wereboth cniarieci, thee were nc? significant main effecrs of s u r m m e . The Serkouttek suhscnies. In addicien to the main effects p-esen:ed ic Tabie a h produced sigdicant x x r : e3ects for 4ff6 . . d St->. When a c c u i t ~ r a t i mwas covarieb, as rnsir? effects oi surnane re-
4,the anaivses fm the $52 sxbject: a
??
-.?
mained.
DISCUSSION Surname 7 . ,
r he resuks shcwea differences bemeen ?&encan Arne~icar:and Anglo sur. named subjects e n most of the suppiementai scales r e p o r d . These illrterences ?-
were partzcularlv marked when rhe profiles were not excluded due to an elevated F scale. Costello, T3afany. and Gier (1973) also found that differences :n MMPI clmlcai scale perfornance were reduced when proides were exduded that drd not meet similar vaBidiry crheria. Because subjecte with a high F subscribe to a relatively wide range of probiems, Greenei (19%) review indicated that one . would expect iower Wiggins Content Scale and Harris-Lingoes sabscaie performance when subjects who may be exaggerating pathology are excluded; rhls is exactly what we obteinecl, The differences ir-i surname that were both statistically and ciinicaiiy significant aker the F > 90T va!iditv criterion was applied included: (a) cn the Wiggins Scales, Mexican Americans scored higher than rlnglos in Authority Conflict; ib) on the Harris-Lngoes subscales, Mexican Americans scored higher thar: Angios on Persecutor:; Ideas, but Angios scored higher than Mexicar, Xmericans in Naivete; and (c) on the Serk.ownek Si subscaies, Mexicarn Americans scored higher. than Anglos on inferiority-Personai Discomfort and in Distrust. These obtained differences may reflecc genuine digereaces between Anglos and the Mexican American minority group. Mexican Americans' more elevated scores on the 'Figgins Gontent Scales probably reflect 2 more frank adxission of difficu!ties they experience, relative to the Anglos who scored iower. The ~ n I yother strr& that reported Mexican Americane' pe~formanceon the Wiggins Scales (Dolan et al., 19831, in contrast, found thac Mexican American heroin addict? scored lower on 2 of the 13 Wiggins Scales bi.e., Social Adjustment and Marrifest Piostility;, compared with Anglo heroin addicts. This coni:rmed rheir hpporhesis that minority herox addicts are drawn frori relatively wel-ad;usted populations witF;.in their cuiture as compared with Angios and, thus, may show better adjustment than Anglos on the Wiggins Conrent Scales. Our results paired with Doran e: ai.'s resu!:s suggest that Mexican Americans may expe~iencediificuities reiative to Anglos, associated with their minority status. Those whc become heroic addicts are different i r o n our population of college stuciects: in that Mexican American heroin addicts sometimes show relativeiy few difficukies on the 'Wiggins Scales relative ta An& heroin addicts. Significant diffe~encesbetween surname were markedly reduced when ievei of acculturation war statisticallv controlled and were reduced to zero wher: accuicuradon and age were both statisticalIv coctrolled. These results reaffirm the importance of age as a moderator vasiable in hMP1 ixerpretation; these resuits aiso show char level of acculturation is an even more significant moderator variable. Social ciass was not a srrong mocieramr var'iable ernong these college students.
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7
9
Sex Differences The only stat~sticailvslgnificzrmt sex differences thac were large enough to meet the criteria for ciinrcal significance occurred on the Serkownek ?df subscales:
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men scored higher than women in Stereotypic Feminine Ii>teres~sand in Denial of Stereotypic Mascuiine hterests. This resu!r is iikeh due to the iese! of education of our popziatior,. -4s Greene (1980) c o n ~ i u d e J ,educatio;: is a moderator \wiabie :hat tends to eievate ?df scores for men, but has Iess infiuence on Mj scores for women. The elevated h,ff subscales h r men ir, our powlatior, likely reflect their wide range oivocationai and avocationai interests.
. . Dahlstrom (1957) pointed out rhar our. goai sho:;Id be to iscrlare hehai-lor end a t x d e s reiated t o mental h e i k h d;Sculties experienced b y minorities.. She c3ed the Iikeiihood :ha: differences :n perfarmance of rr.inor:ty group. c x :he hlhQ1 may reaecr gemine differences minoritie5 face in their daily l:ves. The current data is the Brst attempt to see if differences exist I:I M h P I suppiemental scale performance of a normal popda:ion of blexican Americans. We founci :hat Mexican Americans scored differentia. from Anglos and :ha: a c c d r x a t i c n and age were important maderator variables. Priorities of subsequent research might he :c: (a) replicate ocr findingsdetermine &ich ethnic g r o q differences seem :G hold. up; and cher. ;b) obtain independent measures to confirm the validity o i e r h ~ i cdigerences f m n d on the h41\"1Fi. hkxicar, Americans comprise 2 heterogeneous m:norj:v group, Snt we are oprizistic that their heterogeneity can be assessed through accnlturanon scaies: such as :he one we used. By finding tha: most of the scat:s:icaiiy significant differences between h4exican American and Anglo p d s r m a n c e on :he 3dM?l suppiemental scales could be sup~ressedb v statisticallv controlling f m :level of acczl~ux:ion, we determned thar accu1tura:ion is, :herefore, zr: irnpcranr ., noderator variable chat must be consmerec. 3
R i s research was supported by; Grant SOGRTiJSG3S-i:, u-hi& was h n d e d b.7~ the Narional lnscirutes of Health. We express special thacks to Richard Deia): far his work an$ cc Sharer: Arnold who as a consraltanr ior the corr.?.lutrr progems :kar scored the bfh:i?I suppiementai scales from the raw data. Sergio Orozco is now in the C o u n s e l l n ~Program in the Deparrnenr, st' EJuc2tion2i Psychology, Texas: ,4&b4 t'r.Zversi:y. CoIiege Srarior., TY 79753.
kxesman.
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, k t ~ h e i !, . 3. :!96J?, T h e 3ilfinesc:c: r e p & .?ee:some: LeLertlon 3s:m. !..iinnra;d:s, Corr.?uter Svs:ens.
5%: Naaonsi
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C t o p m , J. R. ii979;. Eeveiclpment ofspeciai MMPi scales. 13 C. S. Wewmark (Ed.), MMPI clinical and research trends (pp. 354-372). New York: Psaeger. Costeiio, R, hl., Tiffmy. D. W.. 6.Gier, R. H. !!?72!. Me:hodoiogicai issues and racial (Biack-Wi'hite) comparisons on the M W I . .!oumal qi Consulting and Clrnmical Psychoiogv: 38, 161-j68. Cueliar, L.: i-iarris, L. C.. & jasso, R. 5980). A3 accu!ruratior. scaie for Mexican- American norma: and ciinlcal populations. 3rspanic journal of B e h c ~ i o dScience, 2 , i 99-2 17. Dahis:roa, L.E. (1983.MMPI: findings or, other American minority groups. In '3'. C3. Dahlsrrom, I3. Lachar, 51 L. E Dahlsaorr. (Eds.), MEdP1 pattern: of Americaz mminorities (pp. 53-86). M,nneapoiis: iiniversq of Minneso:a Fress. Doian, h4. P"?Roberts, WJr R., Penk. W. E., Rotimowitz. R., &. .4ticins, M. G. (19831. Personal~t~ differences among Biack. White, and Hispanic--American male heroin addlc:s o n MMPI content scales. Journni o; C h i m i Psychology. 33, 807413. Graham. 3. R.(198?). T h e MMPi- A prrrc:ical guide (2nd ed.). New k'ork: O x h d Universitv Ress. Greene, R. L.(1Y812!.The h4EuiPl: Ar,minrerpreiiue n~ar.ual.Oriancia, FL: Grune & Scrartor,. Geene, R. L. (19E7). Ethnicjty and MMPI perhnance: A xview. .,:wmrii of Consulting and Ciinica! ?syr?wlogy. 55, 407-512. Eibbs. j.,Kobos, J. C., & Gonzaiez, J. .:!979!. Effec:s o i e t h n ~ a t y sex , and age oil MMFI profiles. E~chologzca!Reports. $5, 591-5". Merce;. j. R., & Lewis: R. (19711. System oj multicwitu~a!piurakstic usessme~t:F m e ~ tmtercbiew 1ncr.uat. New York: P~vc.hoiog~cal Corporatior.. hhntgomrrv, G. T.? & Grezco, S. 0985). M e x m n Americans' performance on :he MM?I as s hnccior. of ievei of acdturacion. Jou:nai oj' Clinics! Ps~cllology,4:: 233-212. Padilia: A. M.i198Ci. Acrukumrion: Theors., modeis w d some neu, ,irndirigs. Boiilde:, CO: Westview. Padilia, E. R., Oimecio, E. L.,& toya, F. 1 j . W ) . Acc&xa:to:: and the MhQI periclrmance of Chicano 2nd Anglo coliege stilaents. Eizpank Jounu! o j Behc'iorai Science. 4. 451-466. Page, R. D., & Boziee, S. (!98!). .4 cross-cdtxai h4k4PI comparison o: alcoho!ics. Psychologrcd Reports, 5C. 639-644. Piemons, G. :I?;;!. A comparison of h4MPI scores d.4ngio- and Mexican-American ?sychiarric patients. Journal oJ Consulting and C!:r.rcul Rychoiop, 45. 199-!SO. ReiIiey, R. R., &Knight, G.E. ilY70). MMPE storey of Mexican-American college students. !ouv:c; of College Sturlent Pmaxnel, 11, 4 19-422. R ~ I S SA. . jrrJr. (1961) Ocn~pationsm i social status. New York: Fret Press. S?SS Inr. (1967i. SPSSX user'^ guide. New York: McGraw-Hiii.
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Gary T. Monrgorner~ Fs)-chology Department The Unwersity o: Texas-Pan American i ZO I West Universiry Dmre Edinburg, TX 78539-2999 Received Aregtist i 5, 1988 Revised January I 8,I989
Journal of Personality Assessment Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/hjpa20
MMPI Supplemental Scale Performance of Mexican Americans and Level of Acculturation Gary T. Montgomery , Bill R. Arnold & Sergio Orozco Published online: 22 Jun 2011.
To cite this article: Gary T. Montgomery , Bill R. Arnold & Sergio Orozco (1990) MMPI Supplemental Scale Performance of Mexican Americans and Level of Acculturation, Journal of Personality Assessment, 54:1-2, 328-342 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223891.1990.9673997
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JQI;RNAL OF ERS3NAifI"r' ASSESSMEYT, 1390, %!I $r 2 ) 323-342 Copyright @ P990, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc
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MPI Supplemental Performance of exican Americans and Level sf Accult~sratian R. Arnold, and Sergio Orszca
Gary T, Montgomery, Bill
The klnlaenity of Texas-Pm American
Mexican American and Angio ,4nerican5sperforrnznce or: the Wiggins Content Scaies, tiarris-lingoes subscaies. 2nd Serkownek scbscaies was assessed in a coliege student popcla:ior,, Levei of accuiruration (Mexican vs. A n g h orientetion), ape. and sociai class were sradsacaIIp controlied. The resc!cs showed staristicallv sigrrikant difkrences between means of h g i c and Mexican Americans a n nosr of rhe supplementd scaies assessed. These chfferences were more nurnerox beiore scale validiry criteria were applied. The number of statisticai!y significant d:fferences were further reduced when levei af accuiturarion and age were s:atistica!ii; ccnrrolied. The resuits showed that level of acculturation is a high$ :rnpor:ant variable which moderaces interpreracion of the MMPI scaie elevarions we measured. Acculturation far ou:weighred the i n h e n c e of the we2 estab!ished MMPI moderaror variabie: of age and social class,
Many speciai scales for the ti/lir,nesota Multiphasic Persocaljty Invenrory (MMPI! have been constructed since its introduction, Special scaies were developed r;arriy because rhe item content for the standard MMPI chical scales is heterogeneous; thus, the same rzw score car: be obtained b y "Iciividuals endorsing very diffeferent sets of items (Cb?ton, i979). Special scales are often used to supplement the MMPI ciinicai scales in order to better understand behviors and attirdes ssbscrbed t e by the person taking the invenrory (Grahan, 1987). in a comprehensive review of the MblPE and ethnicitp, Greene (1987) indicated that research is needed to examine the potential interaction of culmra'r factors and exanminee performance on MMPI supp'lernectal scales. Most investigatkms of the MMPI and ethnic. grwps have compared Black and White subjects; relative!); few have compared Anglo and Mexican American subjects. Mos: investigations oiMh.IPT performance among Mexican A.mericans
>-
e c1assified ethnicitv based o c surfiamc. :Green€, li?G:.However. f\:es:can Americans varv widel\. in accdturation [Fadilia: i9dS?. A measure ofthe degree to d - k h sublects are Anglo- or Mexican-oriented (i.e.. accdturation! has beer: s h o u : ~rc be extremely i m p c r ~ a nin t the performance of M e x i ~ a nAmericzns c n the h4MPI (Montgomery ;Sr Orozcc, 2385; Padii!., Cllnedo, & Lava, i./'a-i. O c r research expanded aE earlie; report ih4mtgonerv & Grozco, 1%5i which examined differences in perfo-mance o n :he ?&W validity 2nd cliriical scaies berween Mexican- and Angio-rZmericar,s. The supplementai scales anaIyzeci here include the 'Sl'iggirs Contern ScsZes, Harri+Lingoes subscdes, an2 Serkownek cz'sscalez, which are among the n o s t frequently used s.~p~Iernen:a!, scales. These scales are given f21Z coverage in books s x h as Greene \ i 3 S i and , . Graham i!'367) en2 are inciucied in p r s n i n e x computer scoring inrer~re:ations of the MMPI (Butcher, ! W l . The onir invesrigatior: o i Hispanic ."irner~can's p r r f c r m a n c e 03 these MMP1 snpp:lementz'. scales was rcpcrted bv Dsian, Raberts. Penk, Robinowitz, an2 Atkms iiP53!, in warhng wirh h e r o x addicts, Dnlan et ai. reporred rh2c their Piispanic s ~ b j e c t sscore2 ioner :ha2 U'hice . c subjects or: :as scaies r r o x rt-ie Wiggins Concent Scales: Social Aijustner.t and h4an:fest Hosriii:~. Our ini.estigation is :he firs: rcpcr: of Mexicsn . 4 m e r ~ z n ' sperfxmance on rhe Xarris-l-ingaes and Serkcwwn snsscaies an2 is rhe 5rst t o c o ~ t r o k i r ievei of a c c ~ i r a r a ~ i oir:n h4exiizn Americas's performance on :he K'iggins Ccnten: Scales. :,dl
r
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I.-
7
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Subjects
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Data were obta:ned f r i m scuaen.:s er.roi1eci in freshman-ieirei general elecci-,re courses at a rrr,i:.ersiry in sourherr: i ems. Iocared 19 x i i e ~north oi the !&sican bcrder. Of the 450 subjects? :,52 (242women, i1.2men) were hksican American, according :o surname and self-report, and 9s the univariate f o l i c a - u ~tests :a the sex mair: effect showed that the same :Rxe significant differences ive:e iosnd in rhe I\.IANCi.'A without covariates. ?he Snrnzrne x Sex M14N@V-4was repeated c n the 13. \S.'iggIns scales a x h . n v c covariates (accuituration and chronoiogicai age? an:: was repe2:eb agzn with three coiwiates jaccuiruration. chronoiogical age, and SES!. The chronoIogicaI age c a w i a t e was signi5cantiy relare2 r 3 the dependent \,ariabIes. F;1Z. 27%' = 2.1 7- 9 j . < "21j,b;:' the SES coyariate ivas not, rti -i: 2 ;c: = 1.5;. p < . I E . The res:,l:s were ~dent:caIto the kIANOI~?."In h e c a c d r ~ r a t i alone o ~ was . . ccvsriec~:A n overaIi main effec: cf sex was obtained, and h l h - C F tests s5cwe.d the same three sig~ificantdiffe~ences.
.
q-,?
7..
2 , C l
b'
-v
r tze ncculfuration mid age covariirtes. Fearsor, producr--mnnenc correlztinn coeiiicien~swere calculated berw~eenievel of accuituration a n d the eight \Y'ITagin: variakiea influenced by the analyses of coiarisnce (LIEF? MOR, A L T . > SRG,HOS: PEG, and i-IEA!. Smail, statisticzily significan: inx.wse reiaricns these Wiggins \.xiables u-ere between the accalturatio~score and e x h Snbjecrs ~ h were c hlesiian-orienred obtained; :.hey ranged from - .12 t c - .24. :ended to score higher o n the Wiggms scales. S:miiarIv, smaii nega:il;e ccrreiations in the same rarrge were f m n d be:ween age and the nine 'Figgins scaies iDEP, MOii, REL, Ai:?, PSE', FAh1: EOS, ?SO. and EY?).Thxs, there \va: a trend !or older subjects to score h e r o n the Wiggins scales.
Harris-Lingoes Subscales
rlnaiyses w i f h FIQ coarariafes. A M.%O\'A was perkxmed x i t h Surnane x Sex as the independent variables and rhe 28 Ii-axis-Lingoes suhscsiea as the dependent variables for :he 395 subjec~awith vaiid profiies. Sigrifican: =air: effects were obtained for surname, F(35: 364) = .3.52, p < ,321. and ii?r sex, F(Z5, 364j = 3.63. p < ..SO!. Table 3 presenrs the means and standard
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Y
%
deviations for subjects accordirig to surname and sex; the a?#nrei!:ations for the Harris-Lingoes subsceies are explained in Table 3's footnote. Univariare foilc\r.-
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MOWTGOIMEISY, ARNOLD, OROZCO
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ups reported in Tabie 3 showed d~fferencesfor surname for I'i of the 28 scales and differences for sex on 6 of the 28 scales.
Analyses with comriafes. The MAXOVA of Surname x Sex for the 28 Harris-lingoes variables was repeated with acculturztion as a covariate for the 395 subjects with vaiid profiles. The acculturation covariate was significanrly related to the dependent variables, F(Z8, 3631 = 1.91,P < 315. Main effects were again obtained for surname, FiZ8,3633 = 1.66, fr < .O23,and for sex, F(Z& 363) = 3.70, g < .001, Univariate follow-ups to the surname main effect reported in Table 3 showed that 'I of 363) = 1.42, p < -082, and F(26, 363) = 1.3',, p < .448,respecti.d\:. Kowever, no main effect of surname was obtained when these covariates were added. And, as summarized or: Table 3. the originai main effects for sex were still obtained.
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The accdfnmfdon covarinte. Pearson product-moment correilation coeffi.. cients calculated between level of acculturation and the Harris-Lingoes variables influenced by the analyses of covariance (ANCOVks) showeci a small, but statisdcaliy sigr.ificant inverse relation between most of these variables? which ranged frorn - ,09 to - 2 0 . In general, Mexican-oriented subjects tended to score higher or, the Harris-Lingoes suhscales; these included D l , 0 3 , D5: 2 ~ 3 , tiy.$? P d , SclA, Sc!B, Sc2.4, Sc2B, S 3 , Mal, and Ma3. Exceptions included .14 to 2 4 small, but statisticatly significant positive correiations in the rsnge between acculturation and tiy2, PdZ, Pd3, and Pa3; or. che preceding four scales, Mexican-oriented subjects scored 'rower.
+
+
Serkownek Masculiniy-Femininity (Mf) Subscales
Analyses without cova?-baies. A MANOL'A was ~erformedfar Surname x Sex for the six Serkownek MJsubscales for the 395 ssblects with valid p-ofiles. M a x effects were obtamed for surname, F(6,386) = 3.19, p < 935, and for sex, F(C, 386) = 16.77, p < .001. Means, standard devlatrons, and resuks of univaria~efo?liouwptests far the Serkownek ~~bscakes are presented In Table 4; an explanation of the abbreirrations fcr the Serkownek subscaies is in Tsbie 4's footnote.
Artaiyses wnlh cezmriafes. The MAXOVA for Surname x Sex for the SIX Serkcwnek Mj'subscales was repeated 5.x the 395 subjects w:th vald profiles with accciIturarion as a covarlate The acculturamn covzrlate was s~gnihcantlv
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MONTGOMERY, ARNOLD, OROZCO
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related to the dependezt \.arlabies, F(17, 768) 2.54, p < ,001. OnIv a rrialn effect for sex was obtarned, F(0, 385) = 10.5'7,p < . X I . Un1var:ate follow-up resilts are shown m Tabie 4. The MAKOV.4 was repeated with accdturarron and age as cownates and -. again wsth a c ~ ~ h r a t mage, n , an2 SE'; as covarlates. ,he stat:s:lcdiy slgnlficant chffeerences were the same as the MAKOVA descrhed In the precedrng paragraph rn whnch accukuration was :he only covarrate. The covarrates of age and SES were not eign!ficantlg related to the dependent var;ab'les.
The acculturafiol? com~iate. Pearson product-moment correlation toe% level oiaccuiturat~or;arrd the Serkownek Mj s-ariabies showed a small, but statsstlcailv slgn16cartt posxcve r e h a n s h i p f ~Mr f 4 -+ .39:
slests c a l d a r e d between
that is, rhose w:th
E
Mexican orrentatlcn scored iower.
Serkownek Social Introversion (Si)Subscales d e p e n d e n t varrabies and the six Serkownek S; s~bssalesas dependent variables for the sublects wsth valid prof~iesproduced main ef5ec:s for surname. F(6, 356) = 3-46,p < X 3 ,an2 for sex, Ft6,38f4 = 3.75.3 < J 1 2 . The Serkownek S! means, univar;ai.e follow-up test resuits. and expianation of sitbscale abbreviatmn~are ?resented :n Table 4.
Analyses with ciarmrhtes. The MANCVA with surname and sex as rh:: independent varizbles and the six Serkownek. Sf subscales as the dependent variables was repeated For subjects with valid profiles with acculturation as a covariate. The asculturatior. covariate was siglriiicantlv related to the dependent variables, F ( 1 2 , 768) = 2.45, p < .XI+. Only a main effect for sex was obtained, F(6, 385) = L92: p < .007. Univarizte follow-up test resuits are summarized in Table 4. MANOVAS with acculturation and age and with acculturation, age, and FES as covariares indicated the same parrern a' results. T i e MANOVAs revealec' only a significant sex main effec:. The age and SES ccxariates were not significantly related to the dependent variables. The accullterataon comnate. Pearson product-moment correlatmn coeffcaeDt,c cakculated berween Hew! of accukurat~onand the Seritownek Si v a ~ a b i e s mfluenced bv the ANCOVAs showed a small, but stat~strcallvsign:f~cant Inverse reIat~on'setween acczitxatioz and both Sli i-.13j and S;5 iL19j; h$exicarm-onented subjects :ended to score hlgher
In general, there were more main effects for surmme and sex for analyses w:h the entire 450 subjects thaR for the analyses for the 395 subjects wah valid
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proEIes. No interactions between surname and sex appeared. AS with the analyses for the 395 subjects, when the cavarmes were jxroduced. eke r,urL5e7 oi ma:r: e5ectr was reduced. Tae follmvmg sum:r,aries present 9r.k the resuit: ?orsurnane.
Wiggirzs Cmfent Scales. hlain effects f ~ : s;rname were o b t s k e d or, the same e:ght scales in2ica:ed ir: Table 3. TSI'her: a c c ~ l t ~ r a t i o r;&-a: : co.\,aried, differences ir. s x n s n e s t 2 rexained for seven of these eight. E'hert acculruration and Eige were both caiaried, no sigr.ifjcanc difierences b r s ~ r r . a x eremained. Xarn's-Li?:goes sr;bscales, in addition ro the 1'; main efiecrs ic?r surnane . pressn:ed in Table 3, the analysis far 450 sub~ect5produceb aGkjonel slgniii. can: :riain effects far ssrname for three more suhscaies: i3.i. ti?.'. a d PdliB. Khm a c d t u r a t i o n was cci-aried. main eEecr: oi surname still occnrred fisr H?Z; H?$.Pa;. Fn3, Sdc, ?&!, 3 4 ~ 2 an$ , Ma+.W h e ~accuit:~ra:ior: and age wereboth cniarieci, thee were nc? significant main effecrs of s u r m m e . The Serkouttek suhscnies. In addicien to the main effects p-esen:ed ic Tabie a h produced sigdicant x x r : e3ects for 4ff6 . . d St->. When a c c u i t ~ r a t i mwas covarieb, as rnsir? effects oi surnane re-
4,the anaivses fm the $52 sxbject: a
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mained.
DISCUSSION Surname 7 . ,
r he resuks shcwea differences bemeen ?&encan Arne~icar:and Anglo sur. named subjects e n most of the suppiementai scales r e p o r d . These illrterences ?-
were partzcularlv marked when rhe profiles were not excluded due to an elevated F scale. Costello, T3afany. and Gier (1973) also found that differences :n MMPI clmlcai scale perfornance were reduced when proides were exduded that drd not meet similar vaBidiry crheria. Because subjecte with a high F subscribe to a relatively wide range of probiems, Greenei (19%) review indicated that one . would expect iower Wiggins Content Scale and Harris-Lingoes sabscaie performance when subjects who may be exaggerating pathology are excluded; rhls is exactly what we obteinecl, The differences ir-i surname that were both statistically and ciinicaiiy significant aker the F > 90T va!iditv criterion was applied included: (a) cn the Wiggins Scales, Mexican Americans scored higher than rlnglos in Authority Conflict; ib) on the Harris-Lngoes subscales, Mexican Americans scored higher thar: Angios on Persecutor:; Ideas, but Angios scored higher than Mexicar, Xmericans in Naivete; and (c) on the Serk.ownek Si subscaies, Mexicarn Americans scored higher. than Anglos on inferiority-Personai Discomfort and in Distrust. These obtained differences may reflecc genuine digereaces between Anglos and the Mexican American minority group. Mexican Americans' more elevated scores on the 'Figgins Gontent Scales probably reflect 2 more frank adxission of difficu!ties they experience, relative to the Anglos who scored iower. The ~ n I yother strr& that reported Mexican Americane' pe~formanceon the Wiggins Scales (Dolan et al., 19831, in contrast, found thac Mexican American heroin addict? scored lower on 2 of the 13 Wiggins Scales bi.e., Social Adjustment and Marrifest Piostility;, compared with Anglo heroin addicts. This coni:rmed rheir hpporhesis that minority herox addicts are drawn frori relatively wel-ad;usted populations witF;.in their cuiture as compared with Angios and, thus, may show better adjustment than Anglos on the Wiggins Conrent Scales. Our results paired with Doran e: ai.'s resu!:s suggest that Mexican Americans may expe~iencediificuities reiative to Anglos, associated with their minority status. Those whc become heroic addicts are different i r o n our population of college stuciects: in that Mexican American heroin addicts sometimes show relativeiy few difficukies on the 'Wiggins Scales relative ta An& heroin addicts. Significant diffe~encesbetween surname were markedly reduced when ievei of acculturation war statisticallv controlled and were reduced to zero wher: accuicuradon and age were both statisticalIv coctrolled. These results reaffirm the importance of age as a moderator vasiable in hMP1 ixerpretation; these resuits aiso show char level of acculturation is an even more significant moderator variable. Social ciass was not a srrong mocieramr var'iable ernong these college students.
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9
Sex Differences The only stat~sticailvslgnificzrmt sex differences thac were large enough to meet the criteria for ciinrcal significance occurred on the Serkownek ?df subscales:
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men scored higher than women in Stereotypic Feminine Ii>teres~sand in Denial of Stereotypic Mascuiine hterests. This resu!r is iikeh due to the iese! of education of our popziatior,. -4s Greene (1980) c o n ~ i u d e J ,educatio;: is a moderator \wiabie :hat tends to eievate ?df scores for men, but has Iess infiuence on Mj scores for women. The elevated h,ff subscales h r men ir, our powlatior, likely reflect their wide range oivocationai and avocationai interests.
. . Dahlstrom (1957) pointed out rhar our. goai sho:;Id be to iscrlare hehai-lor end a t x d e s reiated t o mental h e i k h d;Sculties experienced b y minorities.. She c3ed the Iikeiihood :ha: differences :n perfarmance of rr.inor:ty group. c x :he hlhQ1 may reaecr gemine differences minoritie5 face in their daily l:ves. The current data is the Brst attempt to see if differences exist I:I M h P I suppiemental scale performance of a normal popda:ion of blexican Americans. We founci :hat Mexican Americans scored differentia. from Anglos and :ha: a c c d r x a t i c n and age were important maderator variables. Priorities of subsequent research might he :c: (a) replicate ocr findingsdetermine &ich ethnic g r o q differences seem :G hold. up; and cher. ;b) obtain independent measures to confirm the validity o i e r h ~ i cdigerences f m n d on the h41\"1Fi. hkxicar, Americans comprise 2 heterogeneous m:norj:v group, Snt we are oprizistic that their heterogeneity can be assessed through accnlturanon scaies: such as :he one we used. By finding tha: most of the scat:s:icaiiy significant differences between h4exican American and Anglo p d s r m a n c e on :he 3dM?l suppiemental scales could be sup~ressedb v statisticallv controlling f m :level of acczl~ux:ion, we determned thar accu1tura:ion is, :herefore, zr: irnpcranr ., noderator variable chat must be consmerec. 3
R i s research was supported by; Grant SOGRTiJSG3S-i:, u-hi& was h n d e d b.7~ the Narional lnscirutes of Health. We express special thacks to Richard Deia): far his work an$ cc Sharer: Arnold who as a consraltanr ior the corr.?.lutrr progems :kar scored the bfh:i?I suppiementai scales from the raw data. Sergio Orozco is now in the C o u n s e l l n ~Program in the Deparrnenr, st' EJuc2tion2i Psychology, Texas: ,4&b4 t'r.Zversi:y. CoIiege Srarior., TY 79753.
kxesman.
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C t o p m , J. R. ii979;. Eeveiclpment ofspeciai MMPi scales. 13 C. S. Wewmark (Ed.), MMPI clinical and research trends (pp. 354-372). New York: Psaeger. Costeiio, R, hl., Tiffmy. D. W.. 6.Gier, R. H. !!?72!. Me:hodoiogicai issues and racial (Biack-Wi'hite) comparisons on the M W I . .!oumal qi Consulting and Clrnmical Psychoiogv: 38, 161-j68. Cueliar, L.: i-iarris, L. C.. & jasso, R. 5980). A3 accu!ruratior. scaie for Mexican- American norma: and ciinlcal populations. 3rspanic journal of B e h c ~ i o dScience, 2 , i 99-2 17. Dahis:roa, L.E. (1983.MMPI: findings or, other American minority groups. In '3'. C3. Dahlsrrom, I3. Lachar, 51 L. E Dahlsaorr. (Eds.), MEdP1 pattern: of Americaz mminorities (pp. 53-86). M,nneapoiis: iiniversq of Minneso:a Fress. Doian, h4. P"?Roberts, WJr R., Penk. W. E., Rotimowitz. R., &. .4ticins, M. G. (19831. Personal~t~ differences among Biack. White, and Hispanic--American male heroin addlc:s o n MMPI content scales. Journni o; C h i m i Psychology. 33, 807413. Graham. 3. R.(198?). T h e MMPi- A prrrc:ical guide (2nd ed.). New k'ork: O x h d Universitv Ress. Greene, R. L.(1Y812!.The h4EuiPl: Ar,minrerpreiiue n~ar.ual.Oriancia, FL: Grune & Scrartor,. Geene, R. L. (19E7). Ethnicjty and MMPI perhnance: A xview. .,:wmrii of Consulting and Ciinica! ?syr?wlogy. 55, 407-512. Eibbs. j.,Kobos, J. C., & Gonzaiez, J. .:!979!. Effec:s o i e t h n ~ a t y sex , and age oil MMFI profiles. E~chologzca!Reports. $5, 591-5". Merce;. j. R., & Lewis: R. (19711. System oj multicwitu~a!piurakstic usessme~t:F m e ~ tmtercbiew 1ncr.uat. New York: P~vc.hoiog~cal Corporatior.. hhntgomrrv, G. T.? & Grezco, S. 0985). M e x m n Americans' performance on :he MM?I as s hnccior. of ievei of acdturacion. Jou:nai oj' Clinics! Ps~cllology,4:: 233-212. Padilia: A. M.i198Ci. Acrukumrion: Theors., modeis w d some neu, ,irndirigs. Boiilde:, CO: Westview. Padilia, E. R., Oimecio, E. L.,& toya, F. 1 j . W ) . Acc&xa:to:: and the MhQI periclrmance of Chicano 2nd Anglo coliege stilaents. Eizpank Jounu! o j Behc'iorai Science. 4. 451-466. Page, R. D., & Boziee, S. (!98!). .4 cross-cdtxai h4k4PI comparison o: alcoho!ics. Psychologrcd Reports, 5C. 639-644. Piemons, G. :I?;;!. A comparison of h4MPI scores d.4ngio- and Mexican-American ?sychiarric patients. Journal oJ Consulting and C!:r.rcul Rychoiop, 45. 199-!SO. ReiIiey, R. R., &Knight, G.E. ilY70). MMPE storey of Mexican-American college students. !ouv:c; of College Sturlent Pmaxnel, 11, 4 19-422. R ~ I S SA. . jrrJr. (1961) Ocn~pationsm i social status. New York: Fret Press. S?SS Inr. (1967i. SPSSX user'^ guide. New York: McGraw-Hiii.
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Gary T. Monrgorner~ Fs)-chology Department The Unwersity o: Texas-Pan American i ZO I West Universiry Dmre Edinburg, TX 78539-2999 Received Aregtist i 5, 1988 Revised January I 8,I989
