RESEARCH AND EDUCATION
SKTIC’X
JOHN
!-IXTOR
1. “;HARRY
Minor system for profile photography Robert H. W. Brodbelt, L.D.S., M.S.” University
of Michigan,
School
of Dentistry,
Ann Arbor,
Mich.
I
his article describes a mirror system whereby a standardized photographic procedure can be used to obtain an anterior view and both left and right profiles with one exposure. This technique accentuates the need to consider all three dimensions in esthetics.
LlTERqTuRE REVIEW Profile views, especially the soft tissue profile that can be obtained from a lateral cephalogram, have been used extensively in orthodontics.‘, 2 Researchers have used a variety of approaches with this basic technique, i.e., making serial tracings from a collection of radiographs3 as well as superimposing cephalometric tracings on profile photographs4, 5 Also, it is possible to record and analyze serial tracings from *Assistant Professor, Departments Bridge.
of Occlusion and Crown and
Fig. 1. Mirror
OO!Z2-3913/78/110573 + 03K10.30/0 6%)1978 The C. V. Mosby Co.
system
the photographic profile outline.B A similar principle using facial outlines in the form of silhouettes was used to compare, rank, and assess facial esthetics.’ Complex computer comparisons have been made by digitizing key points of the facial outline from cephalograms.R Frequently, only single profiles have been used for study, such as in the study by Pot&on,” who compared children’s facial esthetics with single side profile photographs. Also, Tweed2 used only left side profiles. On the contrary, Peck and Peck’ used only right side profiles in their study on facial esthetics. Schwartz“’ confirmed in his study that one side of the face is rarely symmetrical with the other, and he therefore stresses the need for obtaining both left and right profile views. Riedel” studied 30 Seattle Seafair Queen’s and Princesses using both profiles. Standardization of the profile position has been
for profile
photography.
THF JOURNAL
OF PROSTHETIC
DENTISTRY
573
BRODBELI
Fig. 3. Diagram of reflections from the mirror surfaces. F, Electronic flash. C, Camera. H, Head.
TOO LOW Fig. 2. Mirror system closed for convenient storage.
TOO HIGH
CORRECT
Fig. 4. Errors in mirror alignment.
Fig. 5. Correctly aligned profile and anterior views in a single photograph achieved using a cephalometer or similar device with ear plugs and nasion rests.*. lz Sassouni and KrogmanIX developed a physiograph by projecting a millimetric grid onto the patient’s face for the purpose of studying facial contour; he subsequently standardized his profile physiograph to the Frankfurt plane.“, Is Schwartz*o developed a fixed mirror system with mirrors at right angles to each other on a wall so that he could take profile and anterior views together in a single exposure. This article describes a portable mirror system that combines elements of methods reported in the previously quoted literature. The system can be standardized and calibrated to obtain left and right profile views as well as the anterior view in a single e.xposure.
574
DESCRIPllON
AND DESIGN
The mirror system consists of two plain mirrors, 12 inches square, supported in a hinged holder (Fig. 1) which can be closed for convenient storage (Fig. 2). When open, the bracket arm limits the opening to 95 degrees, thereby preventing reflections from the electronic flash. The diagram illustrates the reflections from the mirror surfaces (Fig. 3). The horizontal black line across the mirror surfaces is used to standardize and calibrate the orientation of the mirrors by alignment to the Frankfurt plane. Errors in alignment are shown in Fig. 4. The horizontal black line is not only aligned to the Frankfurt plane (tragus to lower border of the orbit) but is adjusted to make a continuous straight line to achieve correct mirror position.
NOVEMBER
lW8
VOLUME
40
NUMBER
5
MIRROR
SYSTEM
FOR PROFILE PHOTOGRAPHY
Using a single-lens reflex camera with a centrally located single-point flash, a standardized photographic procedure is established. By focusing at a preset lens distance, a reproducible procedure with correct alignment to the mirrors is also established (Fig. 5).
2.
ADVANTAGES
6.
1. This is a reproducible photographic system, suitable for research. 2. The system is portable for chairside use between operatories or clinics. 3. The system is collapsible for convenient storage. 4. Replaceable mirrors are used to allow for the event of breakage.
3. 4.
7.
8.
9. 10.
SUMMARY A portable and collapsible mirror system has been described that enables both lateral profiles and anterior facial views to be recorded with a single photograph in a standardized and reproducible manner. Therefore, routine records and measurements can be made in the many branches of dentistry that plan and execute treatments which could change the facial form of the patient. The author expresses his appreciation to Dr. G. F. Walker and Dr. G. E. Myers for their assistance in the design and preparation of this article.
REFERENCES
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Tweed, C. H.: Indications for the extraction of teeth in orthodontic procedure. Am J Orthodont 30~40.5, 1944. Subtleny, J. 0.: The soft tissue profile, growth and treatment changes. Angle Orthodont 31:105, 1961. Peck, H., and Peck, S.: A concept of facial esthrrics. Angie Orthodont 40~284, 1970. Stoner, M. M.: A photometric analysis of the facial profilr. Am J Orthodont 41:453, 1955. Hellman, M.: Some facial features and their orthodontic implications, Am J Orthodont 25:927, 1939. Millar, W. H.: Lower Face Profiles: A Comparison of Parents’ and Orthodontics Preferences. Thesis. The IJniversity of Michigan, 1972, p 30. Walker, G. F.: The computer and the law: Coordinate analysis of skull shape and possible methods of postmortem identification. J Forensic Sci 21:357, 1976. Pulton, D. R.: Facial esthetics and angles. Angle Orthodont 27:133, 1957. Haupl, K., Grossman, W. J., and Clarkson, P.: Textbook on Functional Jaw Orthopaedics. St. Louis, 1952. l’he C. V. Mosby Co., p 108. Riedel, R. A.: An analysis of dentofacial relationships. Am J Orthodont 43:103, 1957. Burstone, C. J.: The integumental profile. Am J Orthodont 44:1, 1958. Sassouni, V., and Krogman, W. M.: Physiograph-cepbalostat, Am J Orthodont 44t307, 1958. (Abst) Sassouni, V.: Face in Five Dimensions. ,J Am Dent Assoc 65:867, 1962. (Book review) Sassouni, V.: Dentofacial radiography in forensic dentistry ,J Dent Res 42:274, 1963.
Reprint requeststo: DR. ROBERT H. W. BRODBEI:I UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN SCHOOL OF DEHTISTRY ANN ARBOR, MICH. 48109
1. Merrifield, L. L.: The profile line as an aid in critically evaluating facial esthetics. Am J Orthodont 52:805, 1966.
THE JWRNAL
OF PROSTHETIC
DENTISTRY
575
SKTIC’X
JOHN
!-IXTOR
1. “;HARRY
Minor system for profile photography Robert H. W. Brodbelt, L.D.S., M.S.” University
of Michigan,
School
of Dentistry,
Ann Arbor,
Mich.
I
his article describes a mirror system whereby a standardized photographic procedure can be used to obtain an anterior view and both left and right profiles with one exposure. This technique accentuates the need to consider all three dimensions in esthetics.
LlTERqTuRE REVIEW Profile views, especially the soft tissue profile that can be obtained from a lateral cephalogram, have been used extensively in orthodontics.‘, 2 Researchers have used a variety of approaches with this basic technique, i.e., making serial tracings from a collection of radiographs3 as well as superimposing cephalometric tracings on profile photographs4, 5 Also, it is possible to record and analyze serial tracings from *Assistant Professor, Departments Bridge.
of Occlusion and Crown and
Fig. 1. Mirror
OO!Z2-3913/78/110573 + 03K10.30/0 6%)1978 The C. V. Mosby Co.
system
the photographic profile outline.B A similar principle using facial outlines in the form of silhouettes was used to compare, rank, and assess facial esthetics.’ Complex computer comparisons have been made by digitizing key points of the facial outline from cephalograms.R Frequently, only single profiles have been used for study, such as in the study by Pot&on,” who compared children’s facial esthetics with single side profile photographs. Also, Tweed2 used only left side profiles. On the contrary, Peck and Peck’ used only right side profiles in their study on facial esthetics. Schwartz“’ confirmed in his study that one side of the face is rarely symmetrical with the other, and he therefore stresses the need for obtaining both left and right profile views. Riedel” studied 30 Seattle Seafair Queen’s and Princesses using both profiles. Standardization of the profile position has been
for profile
photography.
THF JOURNAL
OF PROSTHETIC
DENTISTRY
573
BRODBELI
Fig. 3. Diagram of reflections from the mirror surfaces. F, Electronic flash. C, Camera. H, Head.
TOO LOW Fig. 2. Mirror system closed for convenient storage.
TOO HIGH
CORRECT
Fig. 4. Errors in mirror alignment.
Fig. 5. Correctly aligned profile and anterior views in a single photograph achieved using a cephalometer or similar device with ear plugs and nasion rests.*. lz Sassouni and KrogmanIX developed a physiograph by projecting a millimetric grid onto the patient’s face for the purpose of studying facial contour; he subsequently standardized his profile physiograph to the Frankfurt plane.“, Is Schwartz*o developed a fixed mirror system with mirrors at right angles to each other on a wall so that he could take profile and anterior views together in a single exposure. This article describes a portable mirror system that combines elements of methods reported in the previously quoted literature. The system can be standardized and calibrated to obtain left and right profile views as well as the anterior view in a single e.xposure.
574
DESCRIPllON
AND DESIGN
The mirror system consists of two plain mirrors, 12 inches square, supported in a hinged holder (Fig. 1) which can be closed for convenient storage (Fig. 2). When open, the bracket arm limits the opening to 95 degrees, thereby preventing reflections from the electronic flash. The diagram illustrates the reflections from the mirror surfaces (Fig. 3). The horizontal black line across the mirror surfaces is used to standardize and calibrate the orientation of the mirrors by alignment to the Frankfurt plane. Errors in alignment are shown in Fig. 4. The horizontal black line is not only aligned to the Frankfurt plane (tragus to lower border of the orbit) but is adjusted to make a continuous straight line to achieve correct mirror position.
NOVEMBER
lW8
VOLUME
40
NUMBER
5
MIRROR
SYSTEM
FOR PROFILE PHOTOGRAPHY
Using a single-lens reflex camera with a centrally located single-point flash, a standardized photographic procedure is established. By focusing at a preset lens distance, a reproducible procedure with correct alignment to the mirrors is also established (Fig. 5).
2.
ADVANTAGES
6.
1. This is a reproducible photographic system, suitable for research. 2. The system is portable for chairside use between operatories or clinics. 3. The system is collapsible for convenient storage. 4. Replaceable mirrors are used to allow for the event of breakage.
3. 4.
7.
8.
9. 10.
SUMMARY A portable and collapsible mirror system has been described that enables both lateral profiles and anterior facial views to be recorded with a single photograph in a standardized and reproducible manner. Therefore, routine records and measurements can be made in the many branches of dentistry that plan and execute treatments which could change the facial form of the patient. The author expresses his appreciation to Dr. G. F. Walker and Dr. G. E. Myers for their assistance in the design and preparation of this article.
REFERENCES
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Tweed, C. H.: Indications for the extraction of teeth in orthodontic procedure. Am J Orthodont 30~40.5, 1944. Subtleny, J. 0.: The soft tissue profile, growth and treatment changes. Angle Orthodont 31:105, 1961. Peck, H., and Peck, S.: A concept of facial esthrrics. Angie Orthodont 40~284, 1970. Stoner, M. M.: A photometric analysis of the facial profilr. Am J Orthodont 41:453, 1955. Hellman, M.: Some facial features and their orthodontic implications, Am J Orthodont 25:927, 1939. Millar, W. H.: Lower Face Profiles: A Comparison of Parents’ and Orthodontics Preferences. Thesis. The IJniversity of Michigan, 1972, p 30. Walker, G. F.: The computer and the law: Coordinate analysis of skull shape and possible methods of postmortem identification. J Forensic Sci 21:357, 1976. Pulton, D. R.: Facial esthetics and angles. Angle Orthodont 27:133, 1957. Haupl, K., Grossman, W. J., and Clarkson, P.: Textbook on Functional Jaw Orthopaedics. St. Louis, 1952. l’he C. V. Mosby Co., p 108. Riedel, R. A.: An analysis of dentofacial relationships. Am J Orthodont 43:103, 1957. Burstone, C. J.: The integumental profile. Am J Orthodont 44:1, 1958. Sassouni, V., and Krogman, W. M.: Physiograph-cepbalostat, Am J Orthodont 44t307, 1958. (Abst) Sassouni, V.: Face in Five Dimensions. ,J Am Dent Assoc 65:867, 1962. (Book review) Sassouni, V.: Dentofacial radiography in forensic dentistry ,J Dent Res 42:274, 1963.
Reprint requeststo: DR. ROBERT H. W. BRODBEI:I UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN SCHOOL OF DEHTISTRY ANN ARBOR, MICH. 48109
1. Merrifield, L. L.: The profile line as an aid in critically evaluating facial esthetics. Am J Orthodont 52:805, 1966.
THE JWRNAL
OF PROSTHETIC
DENTISTRY
575
