Short communication
Mi
Metabolism of progesterone and testosterone by Bacillus cereus strain Socransi"
iinil
'lepioeoeeus mulans siraiii liii;hiiii. '"/
'ilicriihinl Ininiiiiiiil
/Wf;. .1" J.i"" J ,'V
li 11 "iliii.s icrciis slram Soeranskv 67 a n d SiirpUhdCiiis ^ye grown
overmgiit
111 e o m | - ) l e \ m e d i u n i
nuiuins slram Ingbriu
a n d t h e n in fresh
• I h e h a e t e r i a l c e l l s 111 i h e i n e d i t i n i w e r e c e n t r i f t t g e d '"esterone o r 4-''C'-lesioslerone ^''
hath.
a n d tiini l a v e r e l i i o n i a t o g i a p h v
that
/i. n v c / ^ s s l r a m S o e r a n s k v
j ^ " V''-. 17/1'- a n d . " ' ( ) r / - h v d r o \ v s t e r o i d • ' ' ( > \ v l a s e s . a n d l i i a t .V. iiiiiuiiis 1^-
67eonlams
l o g e n a s e s . a m i . v ( - . I 7y,'- , i n d 2 ( ) ( ( - l i y d r o \ v s t e r o i d 'c a e l i M i v
o t li. ccrciis
^ '-• Is p r o b a h l v
d u e t o its grovvth
" 'He g i n e i v a i
also
i i i i i i e i i i n t h e g i n g i v a l s t i l e u s . w h e r e it is n e a r e r
this
to gastrointeslmal
( i ) . \'^-|-y
1 perlornied
miero-
f^.\v s t u d i e s
vvitii o r a l
t i u n i g i i tiiev
have
niierooruan-
iive in a m i l i e u
'-'I'lilaiiis s t e r o i d h o r m o n e s ( 7 . eontams
""lies
free
uiil-ioimd
i7).
steroid
(0). a n d I h c gtitgival
ipahic ot m e t . i b o l i / i n g
tisstie
testosterone
Pi'ogesterone (16. 17). Dtirttig gtnmliaiiimatioii llie mclahoiism o f steioiie and pvogestetone is en"'^'i-'d
ahoiil
iilthy
umuixa
.?-fold (1(>.
eonipaieil
with
17). T h e m e l a h -
'•'11 o l p r o g e s t e r o n e i n r a t o r a l
nnicosa
^'^'ereased
(l.s). . \
-^^'''
iliiiing
pregii,ine\
the uptake
microorganism.
has been s h o w n '^iviilis
aiui
iidiiiw'i's
lakes
o r .Sirc'/'lihmills
on
Suiphvldithcii''
gtatii-positive was
n o sueh
niicioorganisms
aiul
is m -
'hin
Soeranskv
"i^' i i i n g i v a l
Anita O|anotko-Harri. D D.S Department of Pbysiology. tJniversity of Turku. Kiinamyllynkatu 10. SF-20520 Turku Finland
iiin-
m oiilv p r o -
is no
(hlv'uccii.
iiiii'Ici/liini
uptake
visii'Mis.
there
( tipiUHViopluiiiti iiiiii
. \ similar
XiliiioniVii's
and
i n c r e a s e s in
(^') in Hiuicnmlcs
ihicsliiiiilii
gesterone
o\' " ( ' - l a b e l l e d
progesterone
'i^"ii d t i r i n g
than
that
strain
thai,
of proiiestcrone
louiul
^'''l m i g h l t h u s h a v e b e e n a v a i l a b l e t o
"^''"
amoiiiii
Key words progesteione lestoslerone. metabolism Bacillus cereus strain Socransky 67 Streptococcus mutans strain Ingbritt
Accepted foi publication February 12. 1990
lissue.
11 b e l o n g
•••I
mela-
We
to melaholi/e progcsicrone a n d testosler-
e s l r a d i o l .iiul p f o g e s t e r i M i c
'• e v e n
i'lie
t i i a l o t ' .V. iiuiuiii.^.
"-le variety of mieroorganisiiis meta''c steroid h o r m o n e s (2). Some oi' iiiisms
steroid
>n- a m i . s / ) ' - s t e r o i i i
dehvdrogenases.
is s e v e r a l t i m e s h i g l i e i " t h a n
^^ " " e s t t h a i t h e g r e a t e r a b i h l v ol' li. ccrcii.\
it w a s
hvdrogenase.
and probably
Inglirilt e o n l a m s
wilh
a i u i i | u a n t i l ' i e d bv
.S((-steroid
deludiogenases
strain
4-'\'-
ineubatcil
The m e t a i i o h l e s were a n a l v / e d a n dradtoaiitomaphv
Mind s e i n i i l l a l i o n e o t m t i n g . O n t i i e h a s i s ol' t i i c m e t a b o l i l e s f o i i i u i ""eiiided
l i a s k s t'or
was added, a n d the samples were
-" ' ' ' " - ' 7 ( ' 111 a s h a k i n g w a t e r
l"'"iin
iiiediiim
and resuspended:
oig.imsins
Ingbritt.
Slii-pliH Ihese
micro-
casein.
Detailed indieate
ts s m i t l i i r t o li. ccriH.'
beeause
.S'. iiiii-
ts k t i o w i i
to be
l i i g h l v e a r i o g e n i c ( 4 ) a n d li. ' I I .vtli o \ \ S(; p i c i ' i i a n
2.(> 1 0 . ? 2l)-oiK'
2.(1 1 1). 1
20((-l i v i l r o w .S((-|iregiian- ' - o n e
0.0
More
|iol;ii
mclaholilcs
liihic
1 M e t a i i o l i l c s o t t e s t o s t e r o n e i i l e n l i l i c i l i n e u l l i i r e s o f liiicillii.s
41.(1
II II
i 2.1
i s S / / m o l o f g l i i e o s e - 6 - p l i o s p h a t e a n d .' iinils o f g i i i e o s e - 6 - i i i i o s p i i a t e genase
deiudro-
(Hoeiiriiiger
Mannheim.
i li Ihe basis o f tiie i d e n t i t i e d n i e t a b o " ^ s , il ;_.;|,| 1-,^. c o n e l u i l e i l that li.
eereiis
|'''''iin Soeranskv (i7 e o n t a m s .S(j-steroid 'j.vdrooenase a n d 3/*'-. 17//- a n d 2()(/-iiv-
'-''"xysteroid lielndrogenase aeliviues. '"iJ .V. nniians strain Ingi-iritl >„- and ¥-steroid ludrogenase and .^a-. 17/)''"d 2(),/-hy(iio.x\steroid dehydrogenase 1 he baeilh eonlain sieroid liy'^''•''^viases. loo. ^ c A l e e r e t a l . ( I 2) have show n tiiat li. "''''•'« M B 71S from soil is eapabie of '"-liydroxyiation of progeslerone. I'iie ' ' h nielaboiiie is i i(/-iiydroxy-4^ ^ . i : ( ) - d i o n e . vv hieh is one of the "ii>re poia,- eompounds we suggested, h I^^^Possiblethat «. .r/r/Avin t h j mouth of ""1^' individuals origmales tiirougii ^""'iiiiiination from the soil (loesehe cV: ; "^lanskv. personai eommunieation). ^^'capaeity ot'this baeteriiim lo nieta" ' ' ' c progesterone mav be advan''m)us when eoiom/mg m the mouth. ^^ •darken et al. ( I I ) have studied the ^^li^taholisn, of lestosterone m Slrepio^'''^'•"^
li.V(lr(ii;ciii/iis.
They
ioitiul
that
ii
ei)n\evt leslosterone niainh to 4-
^l|i'-h'ostene-.ll7-dtotie and to a lesser un"'^"^' ' " ' " " " • ' I ' " ' ' " iii'-'laboiites and "j^'''andiosiane derivatives. an , ' ^ " ^ ^ " " ' ' ' " " ' > " ' •'!'-'^'I'l'-'cl of estradiol ^''"^ .''"'''ycslerone on oral lineleroiiies ^Pi-i-ies. Korimian cSi loesehe (4) found w'.. eslradiol and piogeslerone 1^^'^" iiK'iaboii/ed lo only one tnetabo| ^hl hey eoiild not idenlifv. In 111, i ^^'"' '"^""•' ^ progesteione ^^^^'aholues and eoiild idenlii'C .s. Oiilv '^'- " I liie more polar metahoiiles .''• l^'ll uiiidenlified. '^^" Ixieleria studied are eapable of
III
l a e t a l i o n ( 1 0 ) . f h e h i g h e r levels o f te-
niale sex hormones m sahva ni.iv thus be a eonti ibuling taetor to this merease. I'iie interaetions o\' these baeteria and progesterone and testosterone max be even more eompliealed.
References I
Aillcrerciil/ I I . Marliii I- tiili.irv c\eieliiin .iiul iiileslinal nielahoiisiii ol proL'L'SILMOIU' and L'SIIOSK'HS m man.
Review
,1 Sieroid Hioelieiii b'SD- I.V T ' l 2">4. : Charnev W. l l e r / o g I I I Miernhial 11 .iiisloi nuilions ol sicit^uls. .\ liaiuihiuik Neu Yiiik: Aeadeiiiie Press, l^fd". V niiclmianii i t . ir.isj.cr t I'ldpesicrnnL'hiiidiiig proleiii from Sirei'ii>nn\e\ h\ Jreueiiiiii^ .1 Stermd Hioehein I " ' ' * : 10: I'J •
hliiiL'.
S i r e p i i h i h i us i i u i i i i i i . s .
i:iviili-s. Ml
hm
.tiui
Inleel I n i m i i n
l.iiiK-M. nanev
239
Una
l i i l c l i l ' i 'lii'c.s
;,'///-
I'1S2: 35: 2:^(,
:|(,v
l e n o M i o .1. I d i l o n e n O l ' I ' l c g -
i c f i i e d ineiv.ise in s a l i \ . i i \
SV/r/'
l i H I'l 1 US n u i l i i n s . I l k i i i l h i t i l l i . i n d l i I . A . I n :
C iniasvini l i . I eliivoi I. eds Uv^idor!.inii helvveen earies .md peiiodoni.il disease III (ieneve: \tedeeine el livijiene. I'*S| I (US IN. Sodeilmg I , I'.iimio K t ' ( ondilioiis ot^ produetion .ind properties ot the eoll.igenoivlie en/vines h\ i « o I-Sucilliis sirams fiom deiit.il pl.iLiiie .1 Periodonl Res I ".SI: 16: s i . ' .^:.v I')
\ i l l e k .1. Kiiseh S. R.ipp.iporl S( \ Helj:m.in \ 1 . Siuithien Al . Salnarv eoneenli.ilions ol steroid hoiniones m males and 111 evelmg .iiui posiinenop"ll I54.V
uiiil
I>U / i l l U l h ' i l c l U i Ils
IH'y
4 I dwaidssou S. t'liar.ieleii/.itioii ut e.iiles iiuliieine liiiin.in Siiei'ieeih , i ix'seiii-
hv
K.Iw.limn.I ^. I eryusiMi (Hi .Slciiiid lioiiiumcs m sahv.i I ronlicrs o\ oi.il ]ili\siol,)g\. \ o f .s. H.isel: Is.irjier. I'»S4 S k o i n n u i n KS. t oeselie W. Ihe suhLinigival llora t.liiiinL! piL'izn.uiev .1 l\'rii>iiont Res IMSO: 15: M l i : : . ') Koriini.in KS. I ocsehe \\ I t'feets ot'estr.idiol .ind progesterone on liui lcri>iJc\
metaboh/ing progesterone and leslosterone. The greater aliiiilv o\ li. eereiis to melaholi/e them is probabK due lo ils grovvlh miheu in the gingival suleus. vv lieie It IS nearer the gingival tissue and its eireiilation. Ourmg milamniation the vaseularitx of ginuixa inereases. and il bleeds easilv. Progesterone .md estradioi both mnuenee gingival eireulation ni nianv vvavs. ll has also iieen sliovvn thai progesterone levels are mereased in saliva iliiring periodontai ihseases (1')) and during pregnanev (22). What is the signifieanee o^ the steroid metabolism to oral baeteria'.' H. ////i7v;;('(/;/o is eapable ol using eslradiol and progeslerone instead oi'vitamin K. vvhieh il needs i'or ils energv metabolism (^)). I hiseould meiease Ils minilx-i s 111 ihe giiigiv al suleus. Baeteria bind androgens and progeslerone vvilh speeifie |iroleiiis (.'!. 20). ll is not vet known vvhelher Ihis is also the ease with oral mierooiganisms. li. li'reiis slram Soeranskv ('7 h.is been foimil in the gingival poekels ot some patients with juvemie periodontitis. It is known from Us very high eoUagenoKue aelivitv (IS), whieh mav be a eontributiiig iaelor in ihis disease in some imhvidiials. ihe salivarv eounls ol .V. iiiiiiiiiis and laelobaeilli have been shown to meiease sigmtieaiitlv towards the end of premianey. with peak levels during
\icrotils
iiiuiiii.s icsliislcrnru. p l ' ' » : 1(1 l{y 1\.
^ ' o l l s W. S t . i i i k e R (it
} Slertud
Huielieni
Us.
[iroLiesterone
oti
H.ieteriostatie aettoti .\iii/'h\li'ceci
o t h e r niK I o-ot nanisms
i
.1 H a e l e r i o l
atiil 1 ^*(i(i
>»: i . \ s ^ i : s ' » ::
/aki
K.
\aiv
female se\ l i o r t i i o t i e levels a n d g t n -
oi\tns
in
II
llak
K. . \ i n e i
piennaiKv
A e t a t'KS4: 43
"4'i
W et .il
Hiomed "S4
S.ih-
Hioehmi
Mi
Metabolism of progesterone and testosterone by Bacillus cereus strain Socransi"
iinil
'lepioeoeeus mulans siraiii liii;hiiii. '"/
'ilicriihinl Ininiiiiiiil
/Wf;. .1" J.i"" J ,'V
li 11 "iliii.s icrciis slram Soeranskv 67 a n d SiirpUhdCiiis ^ye grown
overmgiit
111 e o m | - ) l e \ m e d i u n i
nuiuins slram Ingbriu
a n d t h e n in fresh
• I h e h a e t e r i a l c e l l s 111 i h e i n e d i t i n i w e r e c e n t r i f t t g e d '"esterone o r 4-''C'-lesioslerone ^''
hath.
a n d tiini l a v e r e l i i o n i a t o g i a p h v
that
/i. n v c / ^ s s l r a m S o e r a n s k v
j ^ " V''-. 17/1'- a n d . " ' ( ) r / - h v d r o \ v s t e r o i d • ' ' ( > \ v l a s e s . a n d l i i a t .V. iiiiiuiiis 1^-
67eonlams
l o g e n a s e s . a m i . v ( - . I 7y,'- , i n d 2 ( ) ( ( - l i y d r o \ v s t e r o i d 'c a e l i M i v
o t li. ccrciis
^ '-• Is p r o b a h l v
d u e t o its grovvth
" 'He g i n e i v a i
also
i i i i i i e i i i n t h e g i n g i v a l s t i l e u s . w h e r e it is n e a r e r
this
to gastrointeslmal
( i ) . \'^-|-y
1 perlornied
miero-
f^.\v s t u d i e s
vvitii o r a l
t i u n i g i i tiiev
have
niierooruan-
iive in a m i l i e u
'-'I'lilaiiis s t e r o i d h o r m o n e s ( 7 . eontams
""lies
free
uiil-ioimd
i7).
steroid
(0). a n d I h c gtitgival
ipahic ot m e t . i b o l i / i n g
tisstie
testosterone
Pi'ogesterone (16. 17). Dtirttig gtnmliaiiimatioii llie mclahoiism o f steioiie and pvogestetone is en"'^'i-'d
ahoiil
iilthy
umuixa
.?-fold (1(>.
eonipaieil
with
17). T h e m e l a h -
'•'11 o l p r o g e s t e r o n e i n r a t o r a l
nnicosa
^'^'ereased
(l.s). . \
-^^'''
iliiiing
pregii,ine\
the uptake
microorganism.
has been s h o w n '^iviilis
aiui
iidiiiw'i's
lakes
o r .Sirc'/'lihmills
on
Suiphvldithcii''
gtatii-positive was
n o sueh
niicioorganisms
aiul
is m -
'hin
Soeranskv
"i^' i i i n g i v a l
Anita O|anotko-Harri. D D.S Department of Pbysiology. tJniversity of Turku. Kiinamyllynkatu 10. SF-20520 Turku Finland
iiin-
m oiilv p r o -
is no
(hlv'uccii.
iiiii'Ici/liini
uptake
visii'Mis.
there
( tipiUHViopluiiiti iiiiii
. \ similar
XiliiioniVii's
and
i n c r e a s e s in
(^') in Hiuicnmlcs
ihicsliiiiilii
gesterone
o\' " ( ' - l a b e l l e d
progesterone
'i^"ii d t i r i n g
than
that
strain
thai,
of proiiestcrone
louiul
^'''l m i g h l t h u s h a v e b e e n a v a i l a b l e t o
"^''"
amoiiiii
Key words progesteione lestoslerone. metabolism Bacillus cereus strain Socransky 67 Streptococcus mutans strain Ingbritt
Accepted foi publication February 12. 1990
lissue.
11 b e l o n g
•••I
mela-
We
to melaholi/e progcsicrone a n d testosler-
e s l r a d i o l .iiul p f o g e s t e r i M i c
'• e v e n
i'lie
t i i a l o t ' .V. iiuiuiii.^.
"-le variety of mieroorganisiiis meta''c steroid h o r m o n e s (2). Some oi' iiiisms
steroid
>n- a m i . s / ) ' - s t e r o i i i
dehvdrogenases.
is s e v e r a l t i m e s h i g l i e i " t h a n
^^ " " e s t t h a i t h e g r e a t e r a b i h l v ol' li. ccrcii.\
it w a s
hvdrogenase.
and probably
Inglirilt e o n l a m s
wilh
a i u i i | u a n t i l ' i e d bv
.S((-steroid
deludiogenases
strain
4-'\'-
ineubatcil
The m e t a i i o h l e s were a n a l v / e d a n dradtoaiitomaphv
Mind s e i n i i l l a l i o n e o t m t i n g . O n t i i e h a s i s ol' t i i c m e t a b o l i l e s f o i i i u i ""eiiided
l i a s k s t'or
was added, a n d the samples were
-" ' ' ' " - ' 7 ( ' 111 a s h a k i n g w a t e r
l"'"iin
iiiediiim
and resuspended:
oig.imsins
Ingbritt.
Slii-pliH Ihese
micro-
casein.
Detailed indieate
ts s m i t l i i r t o li. ccriH.'
beeause
.S'. iiiii-
ts k t i o w i i
to be
l i i g h l v e a r i o g e n i c ( 4 ) a n d li. ' I I .vtli o \ \ S(; p i c i ' i i a n
2.(> 1 0 . ? 2l)-oiK'
2.(1 1 1). 1
20((-l i v i l r o w .S((-|iregiian- ' - o n e
0.0
More
|iol;ii
mclaholilcs
liihic
1 M e t a i i o l i l c s o t t e s t o s t e r o n e i i l e n l i l i c i l i n e u l l i i r e s o f liiicillii.s
41.(1
II II
i 2.1
i s S / / m o l o f g l i i e o s e - 6 - p l i o s p h a t e a n d .' iinils o f g i i i e o s e - 6 - i i i i o s p i i a t e genase
deiudro-
(Hoeiiriiiger
Mannheim.
i li Ihe basis o f tiie i d e n t i t i e d n i e t a b o " ^ s , il ;_.;|,| 1-,^. c o n e l u i l e i l that li.
eereiis
|'''''iin Soeranskv (i7 e o n t a m s .S(j-steroid 'j.vdrooenase a n d 3/*'-. 17//- a n d 2()(/-iiv-
'-''"xysteroid lielndrogenase aeliviues. '"iJ .V. nniians strain Ingi-iritl >„- and ¥-steroid ludrogenase and .^a-. 17/)''"d 2(),/-hy(iio.x\steroid dehydrogenase 1 he baeilh eonlain sieroid liy'^''•''^viases. loo. ^ c A l e e r e t a l . ( I 2) have show n tiiat li. "''''•'« M B 71S from soil is eapabie of '"-liydroxyiation of progeslerone. I'iie ' ' h nielaboiiie is i i(/-iiydroxy-4^ ^ . i : ( ) - d i o n e . vv hieh is one of the "ii>re poia,- eompounds we suggested, h I^^^Possiblethat «. .r/r/Avin t h j mouth of ""1^' individuals origmales tiirougii ^""'iiiiiination from the soil (loesehe cV: ; "^lanskv. personai eommunieation). ^^'capaeity ot'this baeteriiim lo nieta" ' ' ' c progesterone mav be advan''m)us when eoiom/mg m the mouth. ^^ •darken et al. ( I I ) have studied the ^^li^taholisn, of lestosterone m Slrepio^'''^'•"^
li.V(lr(ii;ciii/iis.
They
ioitiul
that
ii
ei)n\evt leslosterone niainh to 4-
^l|i'-h'ostene-.ll7-dtotie and to a lesser un"'^"^' ' " ' " " " • ' I ' " ' ' " iii'-'laboiites and "j^'''andiosiane derivatives. an , ' ^ " ^ ^ " " ' ' ' " " ' > " ' •'!'-'^'I'l'-'cl of estradiol ^''"^ .''"'''ycslerone on oral lineleroiiies ^Pi-i-ies. Korimian cSi loesehe (4) found w'.. eslradiol and piogeslerone 1^^'^" iiK'iaboii/ed lo only one tnetabo| ^hl hey eoiild not idenlifv. In 111, i ^^'"' '"^""•' ^ progesteione ^^^^'aholues and eoiild idenlii'C .s. Oiilv '^'- " I liie more polar metahoiiles .''• l^'ll uiiidenlified. '^^" Ixieleria studied are eapable of
III
l a e t a l i o n ( 1 0 ) . f h e h i g h e r levels o f te-
niale sex hormones m sahva ni.iv thus be a eonti ibuling taetor to this merease. I'iie interaetions o\' these baeteria and progesterone and testosterone max be even more eompliealed.
References I
Aillcrerciil/ I I . Marliii I- tiili.irv c\eieliiin .iiul iiileslinal nielahoiisiii ol proL'L'SILMOIU' and L'SIIOSK'HS m man.
Review
,1 Sieroid Hioelieiii b'SD- I.V T ' l 2">4. : Charnev W. l l e r / o g I I I Miernhial 11 .iiisloi nuilions ol sicit^uls. .\ liaiuihiuik Neu Yiiik: Aeadeiiiie Press, l^fd". V niiclmianii i t . ir.isj.cr t I'ldpesicrnnL'hiiidiiig proleiii from Sirei'ii>nn\e\ h\ Jreueiiiiii^ .1 Stermd Hioehein I " ' ' * : 10: I'J •
hliiiL'.
S i r e p i i h i h i us i i u i i i i i i . s .
i:iviili-s. Ml
hm
.tiui
Inleel I n i m i i n
l.iiiK-M. nanev
239
Una
l i i l c l i l ' i 'lii'c.s
;,'///-
I'1S2: 35: 2:^(,
:|(,v
l e n o M i o .1. I d i l o n e n O l ' I ' l c g -
i c f i i e d ineiv.ise in s a l i \ . i i \
SV/r/'
l i H I'l 1 US n u i l i i n s . I l k i i i l h i t i l l i . i n d l i I . A . I n :
C iniasvini l i . I eliivoi I. eds Uv^idor!.inii helvveen earies .md peiiodoni.il disease III (ieneve: \tedeeine el livijiene. I'*S| I (US IN. Sodeilmg I , I'.iimio K t ' ( ondilioiis ot^ produetion .ind properties ot the eoll.igenoivlie en/vines h\ i « o I-Sucilliis sirams fiom deiit.il pl.iLiiie .1 Periodonl Res I ".SI: 16: s i . ' .^:.v I')
\ i l l e k .1. Kiiseh S. R.ipp.iporl S( \ Helj:m.in \ 1 . Siuithien Al . Salnarv eoneenli.ilions ol steroid hoiniones m males and 111 evelmg .iiui posiinenop"ll I54.V
uiiil
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4 I dwaidssou S. t'liar.ieleii/.itioii ut e.iiles iiuliieine liiiin.in Siiei'ieeih , i ix'seiii-
hv
K.Iw.limn.I ^. I eryusiMi (Hi .Slciiiid lioiiiumcs m sahv.i I ronlicrs o\ oi.il ]ili\siol,)g\. \ o f .s. H.isel: Is.irjier. I'»S4 S k o i n n u i n KS. t oeselie W. Ihe suhLinigival llora t.liiiinL! piL'izn.uiev .1 l\'rii>iiont Res IMSO: 15: M l i : : . ') Koriini.in KS. I ocsehe \\ I t'feets ot'estr.idiol .ind progesterone on liui lcri>iJc\
metaboh/ing progesterone and leslosterone. The greater aliiiilv o\ li. eereiis to melaholi/e them is probabK due lo ils grovvlh miheu in the gingival suleus. vv lieie It IS nearer the gingival tissue and its eireiilation. Ourmg milamniation the vaseularitx of ginuixa inereases. and il bleeds easilv. Progesterone .md estradioi both mnuenee gingival eireulation ni nianv vvavs. ll has also iieen sliovvn thai progesterone levels are mereased in saliva iliiring periodontai ihseases (1')) and during pregnanev (22). What is the signifieanee o^ the steroid metabolism to oral baeteria'.' H. ////i7v;;('(/;/o is eapable ol using eslradiol and progeslerone instead oi'vitamin K. vvhieh il needs i'or ils energv metabolism (^)). I hiseould meiease Ils minilx-i s 111 ihe giiigiv al suleus. Baeteria bind androgens and progeslerone vvilh speeifie |iroleiiis (.'!. 20). ll is not vet known vvhelher Ihis is also the ease with oral mierooiganisms. li. li'reiis slram Soeranskv ('7 h.is been foimil in the gingival poekels ot some patients with juvemie periodontitis. It is known from Us very high eoUagenoKue aelivitv (IS), whieh mav be a eontributiiig iaelor in ihis disease in some imhvidiials. ihe salivarv eounls ol .V. iiiiiiiiiis and laelobaeilli have been shown to meiease sigmtieaiitlv towards the end of premianey. with peak levels during
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