Journal of Ethnopharmacology 173 (2015) 39–47
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Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep
Medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Bozüyük (Bilecik–Turkey) Behlül Güler n, Esra Manav, Emin Uğurlu Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Biology, Botany Section, 45040 Manisa, Turkey
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 30 March 2015 Received in revised form 5 July 2015 Accepted 8 July 2015 Available online 15 July 2015
Ethnobotanical relevance: Turkey is one of the richest countries in terms of plant diversity, owing to its unique geographical location with different climatic and geomorphological structures. For this reason interest in ethnobotanical studies has been rising. The goal of this study is to document traditional uses of medicinal plants and supply phytomedicines with efficacy and safety for use in primary health care in Bozüyük in Bilecik district, located in the nortwestern part of Anatolia in Turkey. Materials and methods: The ethnomedicinal data was collected during 2009–2010 using semi-structured questionnaires, personal interviews and group discussion with 60 informants (22 men and 38 women). As a statistical method, informant consensus factors (FIC) and fidelity level (FL) values were calculated to analyze the importance of ethnobotanical plant species. Results: 104 Plant species belonging to 47 families were found in this study. Among them 59 species were wild and 45 species were cultivated plants. The most common wild species belongs to Lamiaceae (15.3%), Apiaceae (6.8%), Fabaceae (5.1%), Asteraceae (5.1%), Polygonaceae (5.1%) and the most common cultivated species belongs to Rosaceae (24.4%), Apiaceae (11.1%), Fabaceae (11.1%), Brassicaceae (8.9%) and Poaceae (6.7%) families. The most common preperation method is infusion with the rate of 45%. According to use value (UV) the most important plant is Linum usitatissimum L. (0.86). The highest Consensus Informants Factor (FIC) of the ailments are skeletomuscular and conjunctivitis diseases with the same value of 0.80. The most frequent species is Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson which is used for diuretic ailments with the amount of 88.33% fidelity level. Conclusions: This paper reserves valuable ethnobotanical information for research area. The importance of traditional medicines and indigenous knowledge should be conserved and encouraged. In addition to this further laboratory investigations should be conducted on plants to produce pharmaceutical output. & 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Medicinal plants Ethnobotany Bozüyük Bilecik Turkey
1. Introduction World Health Organization forecasts indicate that 80% of the population mostly in developing countries (about 4 billion people) still relies on plant based medicines for primary health care (FAO) (1997). Herbal traditions are important component for cultural heritage of the world (Sofowora, 1982). Between 50,000 and 70,000 plants species are used in traditional and modern medicinal methods (Schippmann et al., 2006). Turkey has a large cultural history, thereby presenting a valuable ethnobotanical knowledge on the part of its citizens. Usages of medicinal plants in Turkey has a long history deriving from ancient times, and documentation of this local knowledge is quite important for conservation of biological reserve (Muthu et al., n
Corresponding author. Fax: þ 90 2362013040. E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Güler).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.007 0378-8741/& 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
2006; Ugulu, 2013). About 10,500 plant species have been identified in Turkey and approximately 30% of these are endemic (Davis, 1965–1985; Davis et al., 1988; Güner et al., 2001). In addition to this more than 1100 plant species are used as medicinal treatments (Yesilada, 2002). Turkish people are intensively concerned with the medicinal plants therefore the scientists have focused their attention on this research. Many studies have been published about usages of medicinal plants in Turkey in recent years (Doğan et al., 2011, 2013; Ugulu, 2011, 2012; Ugulu and Aydın, 2011; Tuzlacı et al., 2010; Bulut, 2011; Çakılcıoglu et al., 2011; Güneş and Özhatay, 2011; Öztürk and Ölçücü, 2011; Sağıroğlu et al., 2013; Şenkardeş and Tuzlacı, 2014; Kaval et al., 2014; Hayta et al., 2014; Polat et al., 2015). The goal of this study is to supply phytomedicines with efficacy and safety for use in primary health care. On the other hand, the importance of conservation of the biocultural data about medicinal plants is unquestionable, because this knowledge represents
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B. Güler et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 173 (2015) 39–47
additional data for selecting plants that also should be used in studies focusing on ecosystem conservation in order to promote a good standard of life for local inhabitants. Also there have been no previous studies about the medicinal plants used by villagers of the Bozüyük area and therefore this is the first comprehensive investigation.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Study area The district of Bozüyük, with its 46 villages in an area of 928 km2 in Bilecik, is situated between 39° 55′ N and 30° 02′ E in Western Anatolia in Turkey, 37 km from Bilecik. In the research area there is mostly brown soil without calcerous. In the south region there is alluvial soil and in the west region there is saline– alkali soils. Climate conditions of the research area are cold and rainy in winters, hot and dry in summers, while frost is mostly seen during the months of January and February according to data from the National Weather Service of Turkey (1950–2014, http:// www.mgm.gov.tr/). The total population of Bozüyük is 66,250, of which 57,500 live in the city center and 8750 live in the villages. The inhabitants main sources of living in this region are farming, livestock and agriculture.
of 1 year. The interviews were conducted in the Turkish language. We asked informants detailed questions about the medicinal plants after explaining the aims of the study. Information was compared with other places in Bozüyük to verify the accuracy. Interviews were conducted in public places like parks, tea/coffee houses, bazaars and meeting points. The medicinal plants listed in this inventory were only included if they met two criteria, whether they were herbal remedies handed down by oral tradition and whether they were plant species that could be directly identified and collected by the person interviewed. Regular field trips were made to the selected villages in different seasons of the year. During these visits contact was established with the villagers of Bozüyük by practicing the herbal medicine. “Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands” (Davis, 1965– 1985; Davis et al., 1988; Güner et al., 2001) was used as reference in the identification of the plant samples. The collected voucher specimens were stored in Celal Bayar University Herbarium. 2.3. Data analysis The mean values of data were used while calculating common families and most frequent parts of the plants. The use value as (Trotter and Logan, 1986) a quantitative method that demonstrates the relative importance of species known locally was calculated using by the following formula:
2.2. Field survey and data collection
UV = U / N
The survey carried out during the years 2009–2010 revealed that people living in the Bozüyük city center and surrounding 10 villages were using a large number of plants for medicinal purposes. The survey was carried out at the Bozüyük city center and villages of Akpınar, Aksutekke, Bozalan, Düzdağ, Günyarık, Kandilli, Kapanalan, Muratdere, Poyra and Saraycık. The data on the medicinal uses of plants were collected from villagers of Bozüyük. 60 inhabitants were selected based on one of the following criteria; that they have been living in the region for more than 10 years, use plants as the main medicine or identified as medicinal plant extractors or traditional healers. The selection of informants was performed based on a questionnaire which asked questions about personal experience with medicinal plants. Being personal interest in the plants as using them traditional remedial was the main criteria to select to informants. In addition to this we took care to select the informants as men and women with approximate number. The interviewers live in precarious conditions of basic sanitation, health, and nutrition with approximately six people per family. The interviews were carried out over the course
where UV is the use value of the species, U is the number of citations per species and N is the number of informants. The level of homogeneity among information provided by informants was calculated by the Consensus Informants Factor (FIC) (Trotter and Logan, 1986) using the following formula:
FIC = (Nur –Nt ) / (Nur –1) According to this formula, Nur refers to number of use reports from informants for a particular plant-use category; Nt refers to number of taxa or species that are used for that plant use category for all informants. FIC values range between 0 and 1, where “0” indicates the lowest level of informant consent while “1” indicates the highest level. The fidelity level (FL) calculate the percentage of informants claiming the use of a certain plant species for the same major purpose. The fidelity level (FL) was calculated for the most frequently reported diseases or ailments as
(
FL (%) = Np/N
)
× 100
In this formula, Np ¼number of informants that claim a use of a
Fig. 1. The map of study area.
B. Güler et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 173 (2015) 39–47
41
Table 1 Medicinal plants popularly used in Bozüyük (Bilecik–Turkey). BN-VS
LN
PU
Us/Ai-treated
LNA
PR
MU
Use value (UV)
Apiaceae a Anethum graveolens L. ETN.CBU.201 Apiaceae a Apium graveolens L. ETN.CBU.202 Apiaceae Conium maculatum L. ETN.CBU.203 Apiaceae a Daucus carota L. ETN.CBU.204 Apiaceae Foeniculum vulgare Miller ETN.CBU.205 Apiaceae a Petroselinum crispum (Miller) A. W. Hill ETN.CBU.206 Apiaceae a Pimpinella anisum L. ETN.CBU.207 Apiaceae Pimpinella saxisfraga L. ETN.CBU.208 Araceae Arum italicum Miller ETN.CBU.209 Asteraceae Achillea millefolium L. ETN.CBU.210 Asteraceae Artemisia absinthium L. ETN.CBU.211 Asteraceae a Cynara scolymus L. ETN.CBU.212 Asteraceae a Lactuca sativa L. ETN.CBU.213 Asteraceae Matricaria chamomilla L. ETN.CBU.214 Boraginaceae Symphytum officinale L. ETN.CBU.215 Brassicaceae a Brassica oleracea L. ETN.CBU.216 Brassicaceae a Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. ETN.CBU.217 Brassicaceae a Lepidium sativum L. ETN.CBU.218 Brassicaceae a Raphanus sativus L. ETN.CBU.219 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera etrusca Santi var. etrusca ETN.CBU.220 Caprifoliaceae Sambucus nigra L. ETN.CBU.221 Chenopodiaceae a Beta vulgaris L. ETN.CBU.222 Chenopodiaceae a Spinacia oleracea L. ETN.CBU.223 Cornaceae Cornus mas L. ETN.CBU.224
Dereotu
L, St
Kidney stone
Böbrektaşı
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Kereviz
L, S
Diabetes, ringworm
Diyabet, kellik
I
Int
0.050
Baldıran otu
F, L
Painkiller
Ağrı kesici
I
Int
0.033
Havuç
R, S
Sunburn
Güneş yanığı
Ea
Eaten
0.033
Rezene
L, R
Diuretic
İdrar söktürücü
D
Int
0.066
Maydanoz
L, St
Lowering blood pressure
Kan basıncı düşürücü
D
Int
0.033
Anason
Fru, F, L
Carminative
Gaz sökücü
I
Int
0.050
Abdestbozan
R, L
Stomachache, antifebrile
Mide, ateş düşürücü
I
Int
0.050
Yılan yastığı
Fru, S
Antifebrile
Ateş düşürücü
I
Int
0.033
Civanperçemi
L, St
Stomachache, cough
Mide, öksürük
D
Int
0.066
Acı pelin
L, St
Common cold
Soğuk algınlığı
I
2 3 1 0.050
Enginar
F, Tu
Hepatitis, stomachache, rheumatism
Hepatit, mide, romatizma
I
Int
0.050
Marul
L
Diuretic
İdrar söktürücü
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Papatya
F, R
Diuretic
İdrar söktürücü
I
Int
0.033
Karakafes out (Eşek otu)
L
Ulcer
Ülser
I
Int
0.050
Lahana
L
Asthma, bronchitis
Astım, bronşit
I
Int
0.050
Roka
L
Cough
Öksürük
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Tere otu
L
Appetizing
İştah açıcı
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Turp
R, L
Appetizing
İştah açıcı
D
Int
0.033
Hanımeli
F, Fru
Diuretic
İdrar söktürücü
I
Int
0.050
Mülver
Fru
Hemorrhoids
Hemoroid
Cr
Ext
0.033
Pancar
R, Tu
Stomachache
Mide
P
Eaten
0.050
Ispanak
S, L
Anemia
Anemi
Ea
Eaten
0.033
Kızılcık
Fru
Diarrhea
İshal
Ea
Eaten
0.033
42
B. Güler et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 173 (2015) 39–47
Table 1 (continued ) BN-VS
LN
PU
Us/Ai-treated
LNA
PR
MU
Use value (UV)
Corylaceae a Corylus colurna L. ETN.CBU.225 Moraceae Ficus pumila L. ETN.CBU.226 Cucurbitaceae Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. ETN.CBU.227 Cupressaceae Juniperus communis L. ETN.CBU.228 Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus angustifolia L. ETN.CBU.229 Ericaceae Arbutus unedo L. ETN.CBU.230 Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense L. ETN.CBU.231 Euphorbiaceae Mercurialis annua L. ETN.CBU.232 Fabaceae aAcacia longifolia Willd. ETN.CBU.233 Fabaceae Ceratonia siliqua L. ETN.CBU.234 Fabaceae Cercis siliquastrum L. ETN.CBU.235 Fabaceae a Cicer arietinum L. ETN.CBU.236 Fabaceae Medicago sativa L. ETN.CBU.237 Fabaceae a Pisum sativum L. ETN.CBU.238 Fabaceae a Vicia faba L. ETN.CBU.239 Fabaceae a Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ETN.CBU.240 Fagaceae Castanea sativa Miller ETN.CBU.241 Hamamelidaceae aLiquidambar orientalis Miller var. orientalis ETN.CBU.242 Hypericaceae Hypericum perforatum L. ETN.CBU.243 Hypolepidaceae Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn ETN.CBU.244 Iridaceae Crocus olivieri J.Gay ETN.CBU.245 Iridaceae Crocus sativus L. ETN.CBU.246 Juglandaceae a Juglans regia L. ETN.CBU.247 Lamiaceae Lamium purpureum L. ETN.CBU.248 Lamiaceae Lavandula angustifolia Miller ETN.CBU.249
Fındık
S
Nephralgia
Böbrek ağrısı
Ea
Eaten
0.033
Sarmaşık
L, Fru
Influenza
Grip
I
Int
0.050
Acı kavun
St, L, R
Sinusitis
Sinüzit
DN
Int
0.050
Ardıç
Fru, St
Menstrual pains, diuretic
Menstrüel ağrılar, idrar söktürücü
I
Int
0.050
İğde
Fru
Intestinal disorders
Bağırsak hastalıkları
Ea
Eaten
0.033
Ağaç çileği
Fru, L, F
Conjunctivitis, gingivitis
Göz neslesi, diş eti iltihabı I
Int
0.050
Kırk kilit
L, St
Kidney stone
Böbrek taşı
I
Int
0.050
Sultan otu
Fru
Diuretic
İdrar söktürücü
I
Int
0.016
Akasya
F
Asthma
Astım
I
Int
0.050
Keçiboynuzu
Fru
Expectorant, stomachache
Balgam sökücü, mide
Ea
Eaten
0.066
Erguvan
R, StB
Stomachache
Mide
I
Int
0.033
Nohut
Fru
Diuretic, cough
İdrar söktürücü, öksürük
Ea
Eaten
0.033
Yonca
L, R
Forage
Hayvan yemi
AF
Int
0.033
Bezelye
S, Fru
Constipation
Kabızlık
D
Int
0.033
Bakla
S, Fru
Depilatory, diuretic
Tüy dökücü, idrar söktürücü
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Börülce
Fru
Burns
Yanık
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Kestane
StB, Fru
Antipyretic, diarrhea, hemorrhoids
Ateş düşürücü, ishal, hemoroid
I
Int
0.033
Günlük
StB (with gashing)
Cough
Öksürük
I
Int
0.016
Kantaron
L
Stomachache
Mide
I
Int
0.050
Eğrelti
R, L
Constipation
Kabızlık
I
Int
0.033
Çiğdem
F, S, Tu
Expectorant, constipatio, diuretic
Balgam sökücü, kabızlık, idrar söktürücü
I
Int
0.033
Safran
Tu
Appetizer
İştah açıcı
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Ceviz
L, Fru
Ringworm, calluses, hemorrhoids
Kellik, nasır, hemoroid
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Ballıbaba
F, St
Influenza, constipation
Grip, kabızlık
I
3 4 1 0.066
Lavanta
F
Diuretic
İdrar söktürücü
I
Int
0.033
B. Güler et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 173 (2015) 39–47
43
Table 1 (continued ) BN-VS
LN
PU
Us/Ai-treated
LNA
PR
MU
Use value (UV)
Lamiaceae Lavandula stoechas L. ETN.CBU.250 Lamiaceae Melissa officinalis L. ETN.CBU.251 Lamiaceae Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson ETN.CBU.252 Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum L. ETN.CBU.253 Lamiaceae Rosmarinus officinalis L. ETN.CBU.254 Lamiaceae Salvia officinalis L. ETN.CBU.255 Lamiaceae Thymus vulgaris L. ETN.CBU.256 Lauraceae a Laurus nobilis L. ETN.CBU.257 Liliaceae a Allium cepa L. ETN.CBU.258 Liliaceae a Allium sativum L. ETN.CBU.259 Liliaceae a Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F. ETN.CBU.260 Linaceae Linum usitatissimum L. ETN.CBU.261 Loranthaceae Viscum album L. ETN.CBU.262 Malvaceae Althaea officinalis L. ETN.CBU.263 Malvaceae Malva sylvestris L. ETN.CBU.264 Moraceae a Ficus carica L. ETN.CBU.265 Moraceae Morus alba L.. ETN.CBU.266 Oleaceae Jasminum officinale L. ETN.CBU.267 Papaveraceae Papaver somniferum L. ETN.CBU.268 Pinaceae Pinus sylvestris L. ETN.CBU.269 Plantaginaceae Plantago major L. ETN.CBU.270 Poaceae Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv. ETN.CBU.271 Poaceae a Hordeum vulgare L. ETN.CBU.272 Poaceae a Triticum aestivum L. ETN.CBU.273 Poaceae a Zea mays L. ETN.CBU.274
Karabaş otu
F, L
Expectorant, eczema
Balgam sökücü, egzema
I
Int
0.033
Oğulotu
L
Stomachache, diuretic
Mide, idrar söktürücü
I
Int
0.050
Nane
L, St
Stomachache, diuretic
Mide, idrar söktürücü
I
Int
0.033
Fesleğen
S, St
Bee sting
Arı sokması
I
2 3 1 0.033
Biberiye
S
Stomachache
Mide
I
Int
0.033
Adaçayı
L
Abdominal pain, cough
Karın ağrısı, öksürük
I
Int
0.050
Kekik
F, L
Vasodilator
Kan damarları genişletici
I
31
0.033
Defne
L, Fru
Stomachache
Mide
I
Int
0.033
Soğan
L
Bronchitis, cough
Bronşit, öksürük
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Sarımsak
L
Ear pain, intestinal parasites
Kulak ağrısı, bağırsak parazitleri
Ea
Eaten
0.033
Sarısabır
L
Hair loss
Saç dökülmesi
Cr
Ext
0.050
Keten
S
Herpes, eczema, rheumatism
Uçuk, egzema, romatizma I
Int
0.083
Ökse otu
L
Anodyne
Ağrı kesici
I
Int
0.016
Hatmi
L, F, R
Insect and fly bites
Böcek ve sinek ısırıkları
Cr
Ext
0.050
Ebegümeci
F, L
Stomachache, constipation
Mide, kabızlık
I
31
0.050
İncir
LT
Wart
Siğil
Ea
Ext
0.050
Dut
Fru
Herpes
Uçuk
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Yasemin
F
Neuroleptic
Sinir yatıştırıcı
I
Int
0.050
Haşhaş
L, S, Fru
Tooth diseases
Diş hastalıkları
D
Int
0.050
Sarı çam
Gu
Gingivitis, herpes, asthma, cough, bronchitis
Dişeti iltihabı, uçuk, astım, öksürük, bronşit
Ea
Ext
0.050
Sinir otu
L
Inflammation
İltihap
Cr
Ext
0.050
Ayrık otu
Riz
Urethritis
İdrar yolu iltihabı
D
31
0.050
Arpa
S
Bronchitis, herpes, forage
Bronşit, uçuk, hayvan yemi
AF
Int
0.050
Buğday
S
Diuretic
İdrar söktürücü
Cr
Eaten
0.050
Mısır
Sty
Diuretic
İdrar söktürücü
I
2 3 1 0.033
44
B. Güler et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 173 (2015) 39–47
Table 1 (continued ) BN-VS
LN
PU
Us/Ai-treated
LNA
PR
MU
Use value (UV)
Polygonaceae Rumex acetosella L. ETN.CBU.275 Polygonaceae Rumex patienta L. ETN.CBU.276 Polygonaceae Polygonum cognatum Meissn. ETN.CBU.277 Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea L. ETN.CBU.278 Punicaceae a Punica granatum L. ETN.CBU.279 Ranunculaceae Nigella sativa L. ETN.CBU.280 Rosaceae Crataegus monogyna Jacq. subsp. azarella (Gris.) Franco ETN.CBU.281 Rosaceae a Cydonia oblonga Miller ETN.CBU.282 Rosaceae a Fragaria vesca L. ETN.CBU.283 Rosaceae a Malus domestica Borkh. ETN.CBU.284 Rosaceae a Prunus domestica L. ETN.CBU.285 Rosaceae a Prunus armeniaca L. ETN.CBU.286 Rosaceae a Prunus avium (L.) L. ETN.CBU.287 Rosaceae a Prunus cerasus L. ETN.CBU.288 Rosaceae a Prunus dulcis L. ETN.CBU.289 Rosaceae a Pyrus communis L. ETN.CBU.290 Rosaceae Pyrus pyraster Borkh. ETN.CBU.291 Rosaceae a Rosa gallica L. ETN.CBU.292 Rosaceae a Rosa canina L. ETN.CBU.293 Rosaceae Rubus caesius L. ETN.CBU.294 Rosaceae Spirea crenata L. ETN.CBU.295 Rutaceae a Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck ETN.CBU.296 Schrophulariaceae Antirrhinum majus L. ETN.CBU.297 Solanaceae Nicotiana rustica L. ETN.CBU.298 Solanaceae a Solanum melongena L.
Kuzukulağı
L, R
Furuncular, diuretic
Çıban, idrar söktürücü
Cr
Ext
0.033
Labada(Efelek)
R, St
Skin diseases, constipation
Cilt hastalıkları, kabızlık
I
Int
0.033
Madımak otu
L, F
Abdominal pain
Karın ağrısı
D
Int
0.016
Semiz otu
Ae
Diabetes
Diyabet
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Nar
R, S, L, StB
Intestinal parasites
Bağırsak parazitleri
I
21
0.050
Çörek otu
Fru
Expectorant, diuretic
Balgam sökücü, idrar söktürücü
I
Int
0.066
Alıç
Fru
Diabetes
Diyabet
I
Int
0.066
Ayva
Fru
Inflammation of the throat
Boğaz iltihabı
Garg Gargle
0.050
Çilek
L, Fru
Diuretic
İdrar söktürücü
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Elma
Fru
Herpes
Uçuk
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Erik
Fru
Chlorothiazide, stomachache
Tansiyon, mide
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Kayısı
L, S, Fru
Constipation
Kabızlık
D
Int
0.033
Kiraz
F, St, Fru
Diuretic, influenza
İdrar söktürücü, grip
D
31
0.033
Vişne
Fru
Stomachache, diuretic
Mide, idrar söktürücü
Ea
Eaten
0.033
Badem
S
Inflammation of the throat
Boğaz iltihabı
Ea
Eaten
0.033
Armut
S
Chest and lungs pains
Göğüs ve akciğer ağrıları
P
Int
0.033
Ahlat
Fru
Diarrhea
İshal
Ea
Eaten
0.033
Gül
F
Conjunctivitis
Göz nezlesi
I
Int
0.050
Kuşburnu
Fru
Blood pressure
Tansiyon
D
Int
0.050
Böğürtlen
L, F
Gingivitis, tonsils and throat inflammation
Dişeti iltihabı, boğaz ve bademcik iltihabı
Cr
Ext
0.033
Keçisakalı
L, R
Ringworm
Kellik
I
Int
0.016
Portakal
L, F, Fru, StB
Stomachache, influenza
Mide, grip
I
Int
0.066
Aslanağzı
L
Bronchitis, cough, expectorant
Bronşit, öksürük, balgam sökücü
D
Int
0.033
Deli tütün
L
Eczema
Egzema
Cr
Ext
0.016
Patlıcan
Fru
Anemia
Anemi
Ea
Eaten
0.033
B. Güler et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 173 (2015) 39–47
45
Table 1 (continued ) BN-VS
ETN.CBU.299 Solanaceae a Solanum tuberosum L. ETN.CBU.300 Tiliaceae Tilia argentea Desf. ETN.CBU.301 Urticaceae Urtica dioica L. ETN.CBU.302 Vitaceae a Vitis vinifera L. ETN.CBU.303 Zygophyllaceae Peganum harmala L. ETN.CBU.304
LN
PU
Us/Ai-treated
LNA
PR
MU
Use value (UV)
Patates
Tu
Diabetes
Diyabet
Ea
Eaten
0.033
Ihlamur
L, S
Cough
Öksürük
I
31
0.066
Isırgan
R, S
Constipation
Kabızlık
I
Int
0.050
Üzüm
Fru
Anemia, diuretic
Anemi, idrar söktücü
Ea
Eaten
0.033
Üzerlik tohumu
S
Eczema, hemorrhoids
Egzema, hemoroid
P
Ext
0.050
Abbreviations BN–VS: Family, botanical name, voucher specimen number LN: Local name(s); LNA: Local names of ailments; PU: Part(s) used; Ae: Aerial part; F: Flowers; Fru: Fruits; Gu: Gum; L: Leaves; LT: Latex; R: Roots; Riz: Rizome; S: Seeds; St: Stem; StB: Stem bark; Sty: Styles; Tu: Tuber; Ai-treated: Ailments treated. PR: Preparation(s); MU: Modes of use; AF: Animal food; B: Bath; Cr: Crushed; D: Decoction; DN: Drop nostril; Ea: Eaten; Garg: Gargle; I: Infusion; P: powdered. Int: internal use; Ext: external use; 1 1 once per day, Citations %: relative ratio to 60 informants that cited the plant. a
Cultivated plant.
plant species to treat a particular disease, N ¼number of informants that use the plants as a medicine to treat any given disease (Alexiades, 1996)( Fig. 1).
3. Results and discussion
Fig. 2. The most common families in terms of species richness.
30.2% 20.4% 13.0%12.3% 9.9%
7.4%
Fig. 3. Parts of the medicinal plants that commonly used.
Infusion
Eaten Decoction Crushed Powdered Animal food Drop nostril Gargle Fig. 4. Percentage of preperation methods.
Rizome
Latex
Styles
Gum
Aerial parts
Stem bark
Tuber
Stem
Roots
Flowers
Seeds
Fruit
2.5% 1.2% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6%
Leaves
Sixty people were interviewed in this survey and 109 specimens belonging to 51 families were collected in the research area. 65 wild and 44 cultivated species were found in this study. The plants that are used for medicinal purposes in Bozüyük are shown in Table 1 in an alphabetical order of their family, botanical names, herbarium codes and local names. The present study includes information on 104 plant species belonging to 47 families and used to relieve various ailments (Table 1). Among them 59 (56.7%) species are wild and 45 (43.3%) species are cultivated plants. Wild plants grow in the wild and are not taken care by humans, while cultivated plants are grown and watered by humans. The survey was interviewed with 60 informants that consist of 22 men and 38 women. Mean age of men is 61.3 and 63.0 for women. Laurus nobilis a widespread species in the costal places of Turkey is accepted as a cultivated plant because no wild sample of Laurus nobilis has been found at the survey. According to our results the families that have maximum number of species are Rosaceae (14.4%), Lamiaceae (8.7%), Apiaceae (7.7%), Fabaceae (7.7%), Asteraceae (4.8%), Brassicaceae (3.8%), Poaceae (3.8%), Liliaceae (2.9%), Solanaceae (2.8%) and Polygonaceae (2.8%). Regarding to wild spieces the most common families are Lamiaceae (15.3%), Apiaceae (6.8%), Fabaceae (5.1%), Asteraceae (5.1%) and Polygonaceae (5.1%). As concerns to cultivated species the most common families are Rosaceae (24.4%), Apiaceae (11.1%), Fabaceae (11.1%), Brassicaceae (8.9%) and Poaceae (6.7%) (Fig. 2). We found that the most commonly used parts of plants are leaves, fruits, seeds, flowers and roots (Fig. 3). The most common preperation method is infusion with the rate of 45.2%. Eaten and decoction is 28.9%, 11.5%, respectively. The other preperation methods including crushed, powdered, animal food, drop nostril and gargle could be seen in Fig. 4. The results of the analysis showed that wild plants (56.7%) are more preferable than
46
B. Güler et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 173 (2015) 39–47
cultivated plants (47.3%) for medicinal purposes. The ailments of expectorant, stomachache upset, herpes, eczema, diuretic, constipation and cough are used for the treatments as mostly preferable. Purposes of using the medicinal plants was compared with the relevant papers in Turkey and strong suitibility was found with the ethnobotanical usage (Akbulut and Bayramoğlu, 2013; Sağıroğlu et al., 2013, 2012; Özgen et al., 2012; Polat et al., 2011; Koyuncu et al., 2010; Doğru-Koca and Yıldırımlı, 2010; Ugulu et al., 2009; Fakir et al., 2009; Uğurlu and Seçmen, 2008; Elçi and Erik, 2006; Ezer and Mumcu-Arısan, 2006; Tuzlacı and Aymaz, 2001; Tuzlacı and Tolon, 2000; Baytop, 1999; Tuzlacı and Erol, 1999; Tanker et al., 1998). That coherence was also obtained for treatment of eaten plants in the surround of the research area. When we focus non drug-food usages here we highlight the following species; Crocus sativus L. and Juglans regia L. is used as textile dyes and the oil of Liquidambar orientalis Miller var. orientalis is used as Table 2 Comparison of wild and cultivated species with other studies located nearby. Güler et al.
Bozüyük (Bilecik) Number/ ratio Wild (%) 59/56.7 Cultivated (%) 45/43.3 Total 104
Tuzlacı and Aymaz (2001)
Uğurlu and Seçmen (2008)
Ugulu et al. (2009)
Sağıroğlu et al. (2013)
Gönen (Balıkesir) Number/ ratio 73/86.9 11/13.1 84
Yunt (Manisa) Number/ ratio 41/75.9 13/24.1 54
İzmir
Dalaman (Muğla) Number/ ratio 64/67.4 31/32.6 95
Number/ ratio 94/87.0 14/13.0 108
Table 3 Categories of ailments and informant consensus factor (FIC) for each category. Use categories
Number of taxa (Nt)
Number of use report (Nur)
Consensus factor
Skeletomuscular Conjunctivitis Diabetes Respiratory disease Dermatological disease Gastrointestinal disease Kidney disease Blood disorders Anodyne
3 2 4 34 28 42 24 6 3
11 6 12 99 77 109 61 14 5
0.80 0.80 0.73 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.50
flavoring in herbal medicine. To make lake fishes dizzy Prunus armeniaca L. is common and Prunus domestica L. is utilized as anti odor and taste remover. Vicia faba L. is used as depilatory and barks of Zea mays L. is used to produce rush mat and tote bag. When the comparison in terms of species richness/ratio between the closest studies is made it would be seen that the similarity of the results attracts attention. In this research we identified a total number of 104 species, 59 of which were wild and 45 were cultivated. Uğurlu and Seçmen (2008) identified 54 plant species (41 wild and 13 cultivated) in the ethnobotanical survey that they conducted in Yunt Mountain in Manisa. Tuzlacı and Aymaz (2001) identified 84 plant species (73 wild and 11 cultivated) in their study in Gönen in Balıkesir and Ugulu et al. (2009) identified 108 plant species (94 wild and 14 cultivated) in the study that they have conducted in İzmir (Table 2). The FIC values are presented in the Table 3. It is clear that the FIC values range between 0.50 and 1.00. Skeletomuscular and conjunctivitis has the highest FIC value with the rate of 0.80. Diabetes, respiratory and dermatological diseases had rather high FIC value as 0.73, 0.66 and 0.64, respectively, while gastrointestinal, kidney diseases and blood disorders had the same amount of FIC value as 0.62. The ailment of anodyne was lowest FIC value as 0.50. The plants which are above 10% fidelity level were listed at the Table 4. Regarding to this results Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson has the highest rate as 88.33% with ailment category of diuretic. The species of Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson, Tilia argentea Desf., Lamium purpureum L., Ceratonia siliqua L., Nigella sativa L., Peganum harmala L. and Juglans regia L. has the highest amount of fidelity level (FL 420%). When we compare with other studies which were conducted similarly to ours, both methodologically and georaphically, (Uğurlu and Seçmen, 2008; Polat and Satıl, 2012; Bulut and Tuzlacı, 2013; Sargın et al., 2013) the families of Asteraceae, Lamiaceae and Rosaceae are the most common families for all of them. Common species are diverse for these studies because of different geographical regions and vegetation types. Respiratory, gastrointestinal and dermatological ailments were commonly treated by the local medicinal plants.
4. Conclusion The present study was conducted in Bozüyük and its villages at the first time and provided to document herbal richness of medicinal plants in the region. The uses of plants show considerable smilarity between studies, which is conducted nearby. The analysis of the results revealed that local people mostly prefer to use
Table 4 Most frequently used plants for different ailments based on highest FL (%) in each ailment (Total informants ¼ 60). Botanical name of the species
Ailments
Citation for particular disease (use-report)
Fidelity level (%)
Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson Tilia argentea Desf. Lamium purpureum L. Linum usitatissimum L. Linum usitatissimum L. Ceratonia siliqua L., Nigella sativa L. Lamium purpureum L. Peganum harmala L., Juglans regia L. Crataegus monogyna Jacq. subsp. azarella (Gris.) Franco Pinus sylvestris L. Pinus sylvestris L. Plantago major L., Cydonia oblonga Miller Pyrus pyraster Borkh., Cornus mas L., Castanea sativa Miller Spinacia oleracea L., Solanum melongena L., Vitis vinifera L.
Diuretic Stomachache Cough Constipation Herpes Eczema Expectorant Influenza Hemorrhoids Diabetes Bronchitis Asthma Inflammation Diarrhea Anemia
53 46 24 20 17 14 14 13 13 12 10 9 8 6 6
88.33 76.67 40.00 33.33 28.33 23.33 23.33 21.67 21.67 20.00 16.67 15.00 13.33 10.00 10.00
B. Güler et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 173 (2015) 39–47
wild plants rather than cultivated plants. The results of interviews showed that medicinal plants are still popularly used for traditional healers by inhabitants. Although this widely usage, it is still essential to consider conservation and management for the species. According to our observations elderly (age4 60) people have more information about the usage of plants than younger people. The most important reason is that elderly people are mostly farmers and they practiced traditional agriculture for most of their lives, so they have interest in using the plants for many applications in their daily life. In addition to this medicinal plants are supplied easily by folks and economic reasons also play an important role in prefering medicinal plants. Some folks stated during the interviews that the older generation that is not alive had much more knowledge about the usage of medicinal plants. Our study preserved the valuable information about medicinal plants in Bozüyük for the future generation. Reported medicinal plants in our study need to be studied through phytochemical and pharmacological for bioactive compounds. Further detailed lobaratory investigation should be conducted to reveal the benefits of plants.
Acknowledgments We thank all the people of Bozüyük and its villages who participated the survey and shared valuable information and helped us during field trips. We thank to Kerem Taşkın for his valuable linguistic contributions.
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Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep
Medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Bozüyük (Bilecik–Turkey) Behlül Güler n, Esra Manav, Emin Uğurlu Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Biology, Botany Section, 45040 Manisa, Turkey
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 30 March 2015 Received in revised form 5 July 2015 Accepted 8 July 2015 Available online 15 July 2015
Ethnobotanical relevance: Turkey is one of the richest countries in terms of plant diversity, owing to its unique geographical location with different climatic and geomorphological structures. For this reason interest in ethnobotanical studies has been rising. The goal of this study is to document traditional uses of medicinal plants and supply phytomedicines with efficacy and safety for use in primary health care in Bozüyük in Bilecik district, located in the nortwestern part of Anatolia in Turkey. Materials and methods: The ethnomedicinal data was collected during 2009–2010 using semi-structured questionnaires, personal interviews and group discussion with 60 informants (22 men and 38 women). As a statistical method, informant consensus factors (FIC) and fidelity level (FL) values were calculated to analyze the importance of ethnobotanical plant species. Results: 104 Plant species belonging to 47 families were found in this study. Among them 59 species were wild and 45 species were cultivated plants. The most common wild species belongs to Lamiaceae (15.3%), Apiaceae (6.8%), Fabaceae (5.1%), Asteraceae (5.1%), Polygonaceae (5.1%) and the most common cultivated species belongs to Rosaceae (24.4%), Apiaceae (11.1%), Fabaceae (11.1%), Brassicaceae (8.9%) and Poaceae (6.7%) families. The most common preperation method is infusion with the rate of 45%. According to use value (UV) the most important plant is Linum usitatissimum L. (0.86). The highest Consensus Informants Factor (FIC) of the ailments are skeletomuscular and conjunctivitis diseases with the same value of 0.80. The most frequent species is Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson which is used for diuretic ailments with the amount of 88.33% fidelity level. Conclusions: This paper reserves valuable ethnobotanical information for research area. The importance of traditional medicines and indigenous knowledge should be conserved and encouraged. In addition to this further laboratory investigations should be conducted on plants to produce pharmaceutical output. & 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Medicinal plants Ethnobotany Bozüyük Bilecik Turkey
1. Introduction World Health Organization forecasts indicate that 80% of the population mostly in developing countries (about 4 billion people) still relies on plant based medicines for primary health care (FAO) (1997). Herbal traditions are important component for cultural heritage of the world (Sofowora, 1982). Between 50,000 and 70,000 plants species are used in traditional and modern medicinal methods (Schippmann et al., 2006). Turkey has a large cultural history, thereby presenting a valuable ethnobotanical knowledge on the part of its citizens. Usages of medicinal plants in Turkey has a long history deriving from ancient times, and documentation of this local knowledge is quite important for conservation of biological reserve (Muthu et al., n
Corresponding author. Fax: þ 90 2362013040. E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Güler).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.007 0378-8741/& 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
2006; Ugulu, 2013). About 10,500 plant species have been identified in Turkey and approximately 30% of these are endemic (Davis, 1965–1985; Davis et al., 1988; Güner et al., 2001). In addition to this more than 1100 plant species are used as medicinal treatments (Yesilada, 2002). Turkish people are intensively concerned with the medicinal plants therefore the scientists have focused their attention on this research. Many studies have been published about usages of medicinal plants in Turkey in recent years (Doğan et al., 2011, 2013; Ugulu, 2011, 2012; Ugulu and Aydın, 2011; Tuzlacı et al., 2010; Bulut, 2011; Çakılcıoglu et al., 2011; Güneş and Özhatay, 2011; Öztürk and Ölçücü, 2011; Sağıroğlu et al., 2013; Şenkardeş and Tuzlacı, 2014; Kaval et al., 2014; Hayta et al., 2014; Polat et al., 2015). The goal of this study is to supply phytomedicines with efficacy and safety for use in primary health care. On the other hand, the importance of conservation of the biocultural data about medicinal plants is unquestionable, because this knowledge represents
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B. Güler et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 173 (2015) 39–47
additional data for selecting plants that also should be used in studies focusing on ecosystem conservation in order to promote a good standard of life for local inhabitants. Also there have been no previous studies about the medicinal plants used by villagers of the Bozüyük area and therefore this is the first comprehensive investigation.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Study area The district of Bozüyük, with its 46 villages in an area of 928 km2 in Bilecik, is situated between 39° 55′ N and 30° 02′ E in Western Anatolia in Turkey, 37 km from Bilecik. In the research area there is mostly brown soil without calcerous. In the south region there is alluvial soil and in the west region there is saline– alkali soils. Climate conditions of the research area are cold and rainy in winters, hot and dry in summers, while frost is mostly seen during the months of January and February according to data from the National Weather Service of Turkey (1950–2014, http:// www.mgm.gov.tr/). The total population of Bozüyük is 66,250, of which 57,500 live in the city center and 8750 live in the villages. The inhabitants main sources of living in this region are farming, livestock and agriculture.
of 1 year. The interviews were conducted in the Turkish language. We asked informants detailed questions about the medicinal plants after explaining the aims of the study. Information was compared with other places in Bozüyük to verify the accuracy. Interviews were conducted in public places like parks, tea/coffee houses, bazaars and meeting points. The medicinal plants listed in this inventory were only included if they met two criteria, whether they were herbal remedies handed down by oral tradition and whether they were plant species that could be directly identified and collected by the person interviewed. Regular field trips were made to the selected villages in different seasons of the year. During these visits contact was established with the villagers of Bozüyük by practicing the herbal medicine. “Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands” (Davis, 1965– 1985; Davis et al., 1988; Güner et al., 2001) was used as reference in the identification of the plant samples. The collected voucher specimens were stored in Celal Bayar University Herbarium. 2.3. Data analysis The mean values of data were used while calculating common families and most frequent parts of the plants. The use value as (Trotter and Logan, 1986) a quantitative method that demonstrates the relative importance of species known locally was calculated using by the following formula:
2.2. Field survey and data collection
UV = U / N
The survey carried out during the years 2009–2010 revealed that people living in the Bozüyük city center and surrounding 10 villages were using a large number of plants for medicinal purposes. The survey was carried out at the Bozüyük city center and villages of Akpınar, Aksutekke, Bozalan, Düzdağ, Günyarık, Kandilli, Kapanalan, Muratdere, Poyra and Saraycık. The data on the medicinal uses of plants were collected from villagers of Bozüyük. 60 inhabitants were selected based on one of the following criteria; that they have been living in the region for more than 10 years, use plants as the main medicine or identified as medicinal plant extractors or traditional healers. The selection of informants was performed based on a questionnaire which asked questions about personal experience with medicinal plants. Being personal interest in the plants as using them traditional remedial was the main criteria to select to informants. In addition to this we took care to select the informants as men and women with approximate number. The interviewers live in precarious conditions of basic sanitation, health, and nutrition with approximately six people per family. The interviews were carried out over the course
where UV is the use value of the species, U is the number of citations per species and N is the number of informants. The level of homogeneity among information provided by informants was calculated by the Consensus Informants Factor (FIC) (Trotter and Logan, 1986) using the following formula:
FIC = (Nur –Nt ) / (Nur –1) According to this formula, Nur refers to number of use reports from informants for a particular plant-use category; Nt refers to number of taxa or species that are used for that plant use category for all informants. FIC values range between 0 and 1, where “0” indicates the lowest level of informant consent while “1” indicates the highest level. The fidelity level (FL) calculate the percentage of informants claiming the use of a certain plant species for the same major purpose. The fidelity level (FL) was calculated for the most frequently reported diseases or ailments as
(
FL (%) = Np/N
)
× 100
In this formula, Np ¼number of informants that claim a use of a
Fig. 1. The map of study area.
B. Güler et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 173 (2015) 39–47
41
Table 1 Medicinal plants popularly used in Bozüyük (Bilecik–Turkey). BN-VS
LN
PU
Us/Ai-treated
LNA
PR
MU
Use value (UV)
Apiaceae a Anethum graveolens L. ETN.CBU.201 Apiaceae a Apium graveolens L. ETN.CBU.202 Apiaceae Conium maculatum L. ETN.CBU.203 Apiaceae a Daucus carota L. ETN.CBU.204 Apiaceae Foeniculum vulgare Miller ETN.CBU.205 Apiaceae a Petroselinum crispum (Miller) A. W. Hill ETN.CBU.206 Apiaceae a Pimpinella anisum L. ETN.CBU.207 Apiaceae Pimpinella saxisfraga L. ETN.CBU.208 Araceae Arum italicum Miller ETN.CBU.209 Asteraceae Achillea millefolium L. ETN.CBU.210 Asteraceae Artemisia absinthium L. ETN.CBU.211 Asteraceae a Cynara scolymus L. ETN.CBU.212 Asteraceae a Lactuca sativa L. ETN.CBU.213 Asteraceae Matricaria chamomilla L. ETN.CBU.214 Boraginaceae Symphytum officinale L. ETN.CBU.215 Brassicaceae a Brassica oleracea L. ETN.CBU.216 Brassicaceae a Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. ETN.CBU.217 Brassicaceae a Lepidium sativum L. ETN.CBU.218 Brassicaceae a Raphanus sativus L. ETN.CBU.219 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera etrusca Santi var. etrusca ETN.CBU.220 Caprifoliaceae Sambucus nigra L. ETN.CBU.221 Chenopodiaceae a Beta vulgaris L. ETN.CBU.222 Chenopodiaceae a Spinacia oleracea L. ETN.CBU.223 Cornaceae Cornus mas L. ETN.CBU.224
Dereotu
L, St
Kidney stone
Böbrektaşı
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Kereviz
L, S
Diabetes, ringworm
Diyabet, kellik
I
Int
0.050
Baldıran otu
F, L
Painkiller
Ağrı kesici
I
Int
0.033
Havuç
R, S
Sunburn
Güneş yanığı
Ea
Eaten
0.033
Rezene
L, R
Diuretic
İdrar söktürücü
D
Int
0.066
Maydanoz
L, St
Lowering blood pressure
Kan basıncı düşürücü
D
Int
0.033
Anason
Fru, F, L
Carminative
Gaz sökücü
I
Int
0.050
Abdestbozan
R, L
Stomachache, antifebrile
Mide, ateş düşürücü
I
Int
0.050
Yılan yastığı
Fru, S
Antifebrile
Ateş düşürücü
I
Int
0.033
Civanperçemi
L, St
Stomachache, cough
Mide, öksürük
D
Int
0.066
Acı pelin
L, St
Common cold
Soğuk algınlığı
I
2 3 1 0.050
Enginar
F, Tu
Hepatitis, stomachache, rheumatism
Hepatit, mide, romatizma
I
Int
0.050
Marul
L
Diuretic
İdrar söktürücü
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Papatya
F, R
Diuretic
İdrar söktürücü
I
Int
0.033
Karakafes out (Eşek otu)
L
Ulcer
Ülser
I
Int
0.050
Lahana
L
Asthma, bronchitis
Astım, bronşit
I
Int
0.050
Roka
L
Cough
Öksürük
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Tere otu
L
Appetizing
İştah açıcı
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Turp
R, L
Appetizing
İştah açıcı
D
Int
0.033
Hanımeli
F, Fru
Diuretic
İdrar söktürücü
I
Int
0.050
Mülver
Fru
Hemorrhoids
Hemoroid
Cr
Ext
0.033
Pancar
R, Tu
Stomachache
Mide
P
Eaten
0.050
Ispanak
S, L
Anemia
Anemi
Ea
Eaten
0.033
Kızılcık
Fru
Diarrhea
İshal
Ea
Eaten
0.033
42
B. Güler et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 173 (2015) 39–47
Table 1 (continued ) BN-VS
LN
PU
Us/Ai-treated
LNA
PR
MU
Use value (UV)
Corylaceae a Corylus colurna L. ETN.CBU.225 Moraceae Ficus pumila L. ETN.CBU.226 Cucurbitaceae Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. ETN.CBU.227 Cupressaceae Juniperus communis L. ETN.CBU.228 Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus angustifolia L. ETN.CBU.229 Ericaceae Arbutus unedo L. ETN.CBU.230 Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense L. ETN.CBU.231 Euphorbiaceae Mercurialis annua L. ETN.CBU.232 Fabaceae aAcacia longifolia Willd. ETN.CBU.233 Fabaceae Ceratonia siliqua L. ETN.CBU.234 Fabaceae Cercis siliquastrum L. ETN.CBU.235 Fabaceae a Cicer arietinum L. ETN.CBU.236 Fabaceae Medicago sativa L. ETN.CBU.237 Fabaceae a Pisum sativum L. ETN.CBU.238 Fabaceae a Vicia faba L. ETN.CBU.239 Fabaceae a Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ETN.CBU.240 Fagaceae Castanea sativa Miller ETN.CBU.241 Hamamelidaceae aLiquidambar orientalis Miller var. orientalis ETN.CBU.242 Hypericaceae Hypericum perforatum L. ETN.CBU.243 Hypolepidaceae Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn ETN.CBU.244 Iridaceae Crocus olivieri J.Gay ETN.CBU.245 Iridaceae Crocus sativus L. ETN.CBU.246 Juglandaceae a Juglans regia L. ETN.CBU.247 Lamiaceae Lamium purpureum L. ETN.CBU.248 Lamiaceae Lavandula angustifolia Miller ETN.CBU.249
Fındık
S
Nephralgia
Böbrek ağrısı
Ea
Eaten
0.033
Sarmaşık
L, Fru
Influenza
Grip
I
Int
0.050
Acı kavun
St, L, R
Sinusitis
Sinüzit
DN
Int
0.050
Ardıç
Fru, St
Menstrual pains, diuretic
Menstrüel ağrılar, idrar söktürücü
I
Int
0.050
İğde
Fru
Intestinal disorders
Bağırsak hastalıkları
Ea
Eaten
0.033
Ağaç çileği
Fru, L, F
Conjunctivitis, gingivitis
Göz neslesi, diş eti iltihabı I
Int
0.050
Kırk kilit
L, St
Kidney stone
Böbrek taşı
I
Int
0.050
Sultan otu
Fru
Diuretic
İdrar söktürücü
I
Int
0.016
Akasya
F
Asthma
Astım
I
Int
0.050
Keçiboynuzu
Fru
Expectorant, stomachache
Balgam sökücü, mide
Ea
Eaten
0.066
Erguvan
R, StB
Stomachache
Mide
I
Int
0.033
Nohut
Fru
Diuretic, cough
İdrar söktürücü, öksürük
Ea
Eaten
0.033
Yonca
L, R
Forage
Hayvan yemi
AF
Int
0.033
Bezelye
S, Fru
Constipation
Kabızlık
D
Int
0.033
Bakla
S, Fru
Depilatory, diuretic
Tüy dökücü, idrar söktürücü
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Börülce
Fru
Burns
Yanık
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Kestane
StB, Fru
Antipyretic, diarrhea, hemorrhoids
Ateş düşürücü, ishal, hemoroid
I
Int
0.033
Günlük
StB (with gashing)
Cough
Öksürük
I
Int
0.016
Kantaron
L
Stomachache
Mide
I
Int
0.050
Eğrelti
R, L
Constipation
Kabızlık
I
Int
0.033
Çiğdem
F, S, Tu
Expectorant, constipatio, diuretic
Balgam sökücü, kabızlık, idrar söktürücü
I
Int
0.033
Safran
Tu
Appetizer
İştah açıcı
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Ceviz
L, Fru
Ringworm, calluses, hemorrhoids
Kellik, nasır, hemoroid
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Ballıbaba
F, St
Influenza, constipation
Grip, kabızlık
I
3 4 1 0.066
Lavanta
F
Diuretic
İdrar söktürücü
I
Int
0.033
B. Güler et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 173 (2015) 39–47
43
Table 1 (continued ) BN-VS
LN
PU
Us/Ai-treated
LNA
PR
MU
Use value (UV)
Lamiaceae Lavandula stoechas L. ETN.CBU.250 Lamiaceae Melissa officinalis L. ETN.CBU.251 Lamiaceae Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson ETN.CBU.252 Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum L. ETN.CBU.253 Lamiaceae Rosmarinus officinalis L. ETN.CBU.254 Lamiaceae Salvia officinalis L. ETN.CBU.255 Lamiaceae Thymus vulgaris L. ETN.CBU.256 Lauraceae a Laurus nobilis L. ETN.CBU.257 Liliaceae a Allium cepa L. ETN.CBU.258 Liliaceae a Allium sativum L. ETN.CBU.259 Liliaceae a Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F. ETN.CBU.260 Linaceae Linum usitatissimum L. ETN.CBU.261 Loranthaceae Viscum album L. ETN.CBU.262 Malvaceae Althaea officinalis L. ETN.CBU.263 Malvaceae Malva sylvestris L. ETN.CBU.264 Moraceae a Ficus carica L. ETN.CBU.265 Moraceae Morus alba L.. ETN.CBU.266 Oleaceae Jasminum officinale L. ETN.CBU.267 Papaveraceae Papaver somniferum L. ETN.CBU.268 Pinaceae Pinus sylvestris L. ETN.CBU.269 Plantaginaceae Plantago major L. ETN.CBU.270 Poaceae Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv. ETN.CBU.271 Poaceae a Hordeum vulgare L. ETN.CBU.272 Poaceae a Triticum aestivum L. ETN.CBU.273 Poaceae a Zea mays L. ETN.CBU.274
Karabaş otu
F, L
Expectorant, eczema
Balgam sökücü, egzema
I
Int
0.033
Oğulotu
L
Stomachache, diuretic
Mide, idrar söktürücü
I
Int
0.050
Nane
L, St
Stomachache, diuretic
Mide, idrar söktürücü
I
Int
0.033
Fesleğen
S, St
Bee sting
Arı sokması
I
2 3 1 0.033
Biberiye
S
Stomachache
Mide
I
Int
0.033
Adaçayı
L
Abdominal pain, cough
Karın ağrısı, öksürük
I
Int
0.050
Kekik
F, L
Vasodilator
Kan damarları genişletici
I
31
0.033
Defne
L, Fru
Stomachache
Mide
I
Int
0.033
Soğan
L
Bronchitis, cough
Bronşit, öksürük
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Sarımsak
L
Ear pain, intestinal parasites
Kulak ağrısı, bağırsak parazitleri
Ea
Eaten
0.033
Sarısabır
L
Hair loss
Saç dökülmesi
Cr
Ext
0.050
Keten
S
Herpes, eczema, rheumatism
Uçuk, egzema, romatizma I
Int
0.083
Ökse otu
L
Anodyne
Ağrı kesici
I
Int
0.016
Hatmi
L, F, R
Insect and fly bites
Böcek ve sinek ısırıkları
Cr
Ext
0.050
Ebegümeci
F, L
Stomachache, constipation
Mide, kabızlık
I
31
0.050
İncir
LT
Wart
Siğil
Ea
Ext
0.050
Dut
Fru
Herpes
Uçuk
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Yasemin
F
Neuroleptic
Sinir yatıştırıcı
I
Int
0.050
Haşhaş
L, S, Fru
Tooth diseases
Diş hastalıkları
D
Int
0.050
Sarı çam
Gu
Gingivitis, herpes, asthma, cough, bronchitis
Dişeti iltihabı, uçuk, astım, öksürük, bronşit
Ea
Ext
0.050
Sinir otu
L
Inflammation
İltihap
Cr
Ext
0.050
Ayrık otu
Riz
Urethritis
İdrar yolu iltihabı
D
31
0.050
Arpa
S
Bronchitis, herpes, forage
Bronşit, uçuk, hayvan yemi
AF
Int
0.050
Buğday
S
Diuretic
İdrar söktürücü
Cr
Eaten
0.050
Mısır
Sty
Diuretic
İdrar söktürücü
I
2 3 1 0.033
44
B. Güler et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 173 (2015) 39–47
Table 1 (continued ) BN-VS
LN
PU
Us/Ai-treated
LNA
PR
MU
Use value (UV)
Polygonaceae Rumex acetosella L. ETN.CBU.275 Polygonaceae Rumex patienta L. ETN.CBU.276 Polygonaceae Polygonum cognatum Meissn. ETN.CBU.277 Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea L. ETN.CBU.278 Punicaceae a Punica granatum L. ETN.CBU.279 Ranunculaceae Nigella sativa L. ETN.CBU.280 Rosaceae Crataegus monogyna Jacq. subsp. azarella (Gris.) Franco ETN.CBU.281 Rosaceae a Cydonia oblonga Miller ETN.CBU.282 Rosaceae a Fragaria vesca L. ETN.CBU.283 Rosaceae a Malus domestica Borkh. ETN.CBU.284 Rosaceae a Prunus domestica L. ETN.CBU.285 Rosaceae a Prunus armeniaca L. ETN.CBU.286 Rosaceae a Prunus avium (L.) L. ETN.CBU.287 Rosaceae a Prunus cerasus L. ETN.CBU.288 Rosaceae a Prunus dulcis L. ETN.CBU.289 Rosaceae a Pyrus communis L. ETN.CBU.290 Rosaceae Pyrus pyraster Borkh. ETN.CBU.291 Rosaceae a Rosa gallica L. ETN.CBU.292 Rosaceae a Rosa canina L. ETN.CBU.293 Rosaceae Rubus caesius L. ETN.CBU.294 Rosaceae Spirea crenata L. ETN.CBU.295 Rutaceae a Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck ETN.CBU.296 Schrophulariaceae Antirrhinum majus L. ETN.CBU.297 Solanaceae Nicotiana rustica L. ETN.CBU.298 Solanaceae a Solanum melongena L.
Kuzukulağı
L, R
Furuncular, diuretic
Çıban, idrar söktürücü
Cr
Ext
0.033
Labada(Efelek)
R, St
Skin diseases, constipation
Cilt hastalıkları, kabızlık
I
Int
0.033
Madımak otu
L, F
Abdominal pain
Karın ağrısı
D
Int
0.016
Semiz otu
Ae
Diabetes
Diyabet
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Nar
R, S, L, StB
Intestinal parasites
Bağırsak parazitleri
I
21
0.050
Çörek otu
Fru
Expectorant, diuretic
Balgam sökücü, idrar söktürücü
I
Int
0.066
Alıç
Fru
Diabetes
Diyabet
I
Int
0.066
Ayva
Fru
Inflammation of the throat
Boğaz iltihabı
Garg Gargle
0.050
Çilek
L, Fru
Diuretic
İdrar söktürücü
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Elma
Fru
Herpes
Uçuk
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Erik
Fru
Chlorothiazide, stomachache
Tansiyon, mide
Ea
Eaten
0.050
Kayısı
L, S, Fru
Constipation
Kabızlık
D
Int
0.033
Kiraz
F, St, Fru
Diuretic, influenza
İdrar söktürücü, grip
D
31
0.033
Vişne
Fru
Stomachache, diuretic
Mide, idrar söktürücü
Ea
Eaten
0.033
Badem
S
Inflammation of the throat
Boğaz iltihabı
Ea
Eaten
0.033
Armut
S
Chest and lungs pains
Göğüs ve akciğer ağrıları
P
Int
0.033
Ahlat
Fru
Diarrhea
İshal
Ea
Eaten
0.033
Gül
F
Conjunctivitis
Göz nezlesi
I
Int
0.050
Kuşburnu
Fru
Blood pressure
Tansiyon
D
Int
0.050
Böğürtlen
L, F
Gingivitis, tonsils and throat inflammation
Dişeti iltihabı, boğaz ve bademcik iltihabı
Cr
Ext
0.033
Keçisakalı
L, R
Ringworm
Kellik
I
Int
0.016
Portakal
L, F, Fru, StB
Stomachache, influenza
Mide, grip
I
Int
0.066
Aslanağzı
L
Bronchitis, cough, expectorant
Bronşit, öksürük, balgam sökücü
D
Int
0.033
Deli tütün
L
Eczema
Egzema
Cr
Ext
0.016
Patlıcan
Fru
Anemia
Anemi
Ea
Eaten
0.033
B. Güler et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 173 (2015) 39–47
45
Table 1 (continued ) BN-VS
ETN.CBU.299 Solanaceae a Solanum tuberosum L. ETN.CBU.300 Tiliaceae Tilia argentea Desf. ETN.CBU.301 Urticaceae Urtica dioica L. ETN.CBU.302 Vitaceae a Vitis vinifera L. ETN.CBU.303 Zygophyllaceae Peganum harmala L. ETN.CBU.304
LN
PU
Us/Ai-treated
LNA
PR
MU
Use value (UV)
Patates
Tu
Diabetes
Diyabet
Ea
Eaten
0.033
Ihlamur
L, S
Cough
Öksürük
I
31
0.066
Isırgan
R, S
Constipation
Kabızlık
I
Int
0.050
Üzüm
Fru
Anemia, diuretic
Anemi, idrar söktücü
Ea
Eaten
0.033
Üzerlik tohumu
S
Eczema, hemorrhoids
Egzema, hemoroid
P
Ext
0.050
Abbreviations BN–VS: Family, botanical name, voucher specimen number LN: Local name(s); LNA: Local names of ailments; PU: Part(s) used; Ae: Aerial part; F: Flowers; Fru: Fruits; Gu: Gum; L: Leaves; LT: Latex; R: Roots; Riz: Rizome; S: Seeds; St: Stem; StB: Stem bark; Sty: Styles; Tu: Tuber; Ai-treated: Ailments treated. PR: Preparation(s); MU: Modes of use; AF: Animal food; B: Bath; Cr: Crushed; D: Decoction; DN: Drop nostril; Ea: Eaten; Garg: Gargle; I: Infusion; P: powdered. Int: internal use; Ext: external use; 1 1 once per day, Citations %: relative ratio to 60 informants that cited the plant. a
Cultivated plant.
plant species to treat a particular disease, N ¼number of informants that use the plants as a medicine to treat any given disease (Alexiades, 1996)( Fig. 1).
3. Results and discussion
Fig. 2. The most common families in terms of species richness.
30.2% 20.4% 13.0%12.3% 9.9%
7.4%
Fig. 3. Parts of the medicinal plants that commonly used.
Infusion
Eaten Decoction Crushed Powdered Animal food Drop nostril Gargle Fig. 4. Percentage of preperation methods.
Rizome
Latex
Styles
Gum
Aerial parts
Stem bark
Tuber
Stem
Roots
Flowers
Seeds
Fruit
2.5% 1.2% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6%
Leaves
Sixty people were interviewed in this survey and 109 specimens belonging to 51 families were collected in the research area. 65 wild and 44 cultivated species were found in this study. The plants that are used for medicinal purposes in Bozüyük are shown in Table 1 in an alphabetical order of their family, botanical names, herbarium codes and local names. The present study includes information on 104 plant species belonging to 47 families and used to relieve various ailments (Table 1). Among them 59 (56.7%) species are wild and 45 (43.3%) species are cultivated plants. Wild plants grow in the wild and are not taken care by humans, while cultivated plants are grown and watered by humans. The survey was interviewed with 60 informants that consist of 22 men and 38 women. Mean age of men is 61.3 and 63.0 for women. Laurus nobilis a widespread species in the costal places of Turkey is accepted as a cultivated plant because no wild sample of Laurus nobilis has been found at the survey. According to our results the families that have maximum number of species are Rosaceae (14.4%), Lamiaceae (8.7%), Apiaceae (7.7%), Fabaceae (7.7%), Asteraceae (4.8%), Brassicaceae (3.8%), Poaceae (3.8%), Liliaceae (2.9%), Solanaceae (2.8%) and Polygonaceae (2.8%). Regarding to wild spieces the most common families are Lamiaceae (15.3%), Apiaceae (6.8%), Fabaceae (5.1%), Asteraceae (5.1%) and Polygonaceae (5.1%). As concerns to cultivated species the most common families are Rosaceae (24.4%), Apiaceae (11.1%), Fabaceae (11.1%), Brassicaceae (8.9%) and Poaceae (6.7%) (Fig. 2). We found that the most commonly used parts of plants are leaves, fruits, seeds, flowers and roots (Fig. 3). The most common preperation method is infusion with the rate of 45.2%. Eaten and decoction is 28.9%, 11.5%, respectively. The other preperation methods including crushed, powdered, animal food, drop nostril and gargle could be seen in Fig. 4. The results of the analysis showed that wild plants (56.7%) are more preferable than
46
B. Güler et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 173 (2015) 39–47
cultivated plants (47.3%) for medicinal purposes. The ailments of expectorant, stomachache upset, herpes, eczema, diuretic, constipation and cough are used for the treatments as mostly preferable. Purposes of using the medicinal plants was compared with the relevant papers in Turkey and strong suitibility was found with the ethnobotanical usage (Akbulut and Bayramoğlu, 2013; Sağıroğlu et al., 2013, 2012; Özgen et al., 2012; Polat et al., 2011; Koyuncu et al., 2010; Doğru-Koca and Yıldırımlı, 2010; Ugulu et al., 2009; Fakir et al., 2009; Uğurlu and Seçmen, 2008; Elçi and Erik, 2006; Ezer and Mumcu-Arısan, 2006; Tuzlacı and Aymaz, 2001; Tuzlacı and Tolon, 2000; Baytop, 1999; Tuzlacı and Erol, 1999; Tanker et al., 1998). That coherence was also obtained for treatment of eaten plants in the surround of the research area. When we focus non drug-food usages here we highlight the following species; Crocus sativus L. and Juglans regia L. is used as textile dyes and the oil of Liquidambar orientalis Miller var. orientalis is used as Table 2 Comparison of wild and cultivated species with other studies located nearby. Güler et al.
Bozüyük (Bilecik) Number/ ratio Wild (%) 59/56.7 Cultivated (%) 45/43.3 Total 104
Tuzlacı and Aymaz (2001)
Uğurlu and Seçmen (2008)
Ugulu et al. (2009)
Sağıroğlu et al. (2013)
Gönen (Balıkesir) Number/ ratio 73/86.9 11/13.1 84
Yunt (Manisa) Number/ ratio 41/75.9 13/24.1 54
İzmir
Dalaman (Muğla) Number/ ratio 64/67.4 31/32.6 95
Number/ ratio 94/87.0 14/13.0 108
Table 3 Categories of ailments and informant consensus factor (FIC) for each category. Use categories
Number of taxa (Nt)
Number of use report (Nur)
Consensus factor
Skeletomuscular Conjunctivitis Diabetes Respiratory disease Dermatological disease Gastrointestinal disease Kidney disease Blood disorders Anodyne
3 2 4 34 28 42 24 6 3
11 6 12 99 77 109 61 14 5
0.80 0.80 0.73 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.50
flavoring in herbal medicine. To make lake fishes dizzy Prunus armeniaca L. is common and Prunus domestica L. is utilized as anti odor and taste remover. Vicia faba L. is used as depilatory and barks of Zea mays L. is used to produce rush mat and tote bag. When the comparison in terms of species richness/ratio between the closest studies is made it would be seen that the similarity of the results attracts attention. In this research we identified a total number of 104 species, 59 of which were wild and 45 were cultivated. Uğurlu and Seçmen (2008) identified 54 plant species (41 wild and 13 cultivated) in the ethnobotanical survey that they conducted in Yunt Mountain in Manisa. Tuzlacı and Aymaz (2001) identified 84 plant species (73 wild and 11 cultivated) in their study in Gönen in Balıkesir and Ugulu et al. (2009) identified 108 plant species (94 wild and 14 cultivated) in the study that they have conducted in İzmir (Table 2). The FIC values are presented in the Table 3. It is clear that the FIC values range between 0.50 and 1.00. Skeletomuscular and conjunctivitis has the highest FIC value with the rate of 0.80. Diabetes, respiratory and dermatological diseases had rather high FIC value as 0.73, 0.66 and 0.64, respectively, while gastrointestinal, kidney diseases and blood disorders had the same amount of FIC value as 0.62. The ailment of anodyne was lowest FIC value as 0.50. The plants which are above 10% fidelity level were listed at the Table 4. Regarding to this results Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson has the highest rate as 88.33% with ailment category of diuretic. The species of Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson, Tilia argentea Desf., Lamium purpureum L., Ceratonia siliqua L., Nigella sativa L., Peganum harmala L. and Juglans regia L. has the highest amount of fidelity level (FL 420%). When we compare with other studies which were conducted similarly to ours, both methodologically and georaphically, (Uğurlu and Seçmen, 2008; Polat and Satıl, 2012; Bulut and Tuzlacı, 2013; Sargın et al., 2013) the families of Asteraceae, Lamiaceae and Rosaceae are the most common families for all of them. Common species are diverse for these studies because of different geographical regions and vegetation types. Respiratory, gastrointestinal and dermatological ailments were commonly treated by the local medicinal plants.
4. Conclusion The present study was conducted in Bozüyük and its villages at the first time and provided to document herbal richness of medicinal plants in the region. The uses of plants show considerable smilarity between studies, which is conducted nearby. The analysis of the results revealed that local people mostly prefer to use
Table 4 Most frequently used plants for different ailments based on highest FL (%) in each ailment (Total informants ¼ 60). Botanical name of the species
Ailments
Citation for particular disease (use-report)
Fidelity level (%)
Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson Tilia argentea Desf. Lamium purpureum L. Linum usitatissimum L. Linum usitatissimum L. Ceratonia siliqua L., Nigella sativa L. Lamium purpureum L. Peganum harmala L., Juglans regia L. Crataegus monogyna Jacq. subsp. azarella (Gris.) Franco Pinus sylvestris L. Pinus sylvestris L. Plantago major L., Cydonia oblonga Miller Pyrus pyraster Borkh., Cornus mas L., Castanea sativa Miller Spinacia oleracea L., Solanum melongena L., Vitis vinifera L.
Diuretic Stomachache Cough Constipation Herpes Eczema Expectorant Influenza Hemorrhoids Diabetes Bronchitis Asthma Inflammation Diarrhea Anemia
53 46 24 20 17 14 14 13 13 12 10 9 8 6 6
88.33 76.67 40.00 33.33 28.33 23.33 23.33 21.67 21.67 20.00 16.67 15.00 13.33 10.00 10.00
B. Güler et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 173 (2015) 39–47
wild plants rather than cultivated plants. The results of interviews showed that medicinal plants are still popularly used for traditional healers by inhabitants. Although this widely usage, it is still essential to consider conservation and management for the species. According to our observations elderly (age4 60) people have more information about the usage of plants than younger people. The most important reason is that elderly people are mostly farmers and they practiced traditional agriculture for most of their lives, so they have interest in using the plants for many applications in their daily life. In addition to this medicinal plants are supplied easily by folks and economic reasons also play an important role in prefering medicinal plants. Some folks stated during the interviews that the older generation that is not alive had much more knowledge about the usage of medicinal plants. Our study preserved the valuable information about medicinal plants in Bozüyük for the future generation. Reported medicinal plants in our study need to be studied through phytochemical and pharmacological for bioactive compounds. Further detailed lobaratory investigation should be conducted to reveal the benefits of plants.
Acknowledgments We thank all the people of Bozüyük and its villages who participated the survey and shared valuable information and helped us during field trips. We thank to Kerem Taşkın for his valuable linguistic contributions.
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