MEDICAL NOTES FROM THE CITY OF THE SAINTS.
By
a
Pebipatetic Contkibutoe.
A HUN of two days in the Silver Palace Car8 of the Pacific Railway brought us from Stockton in California to Ogden in the territory of Utah, where the Utali Central Railway branches off to the holy city, formerly named Desoret, but now known as Salt Lake City. The country from Humbolt, a day's journey from Ogden, is a perfect abomination of desolation, not without a certain weird picturesqueness. Imagine a more or less lovel plain, with low bare hills in the distance, dry and dusty and barren, without a tree or a spring of water, growing nothing but sage brush?a low stunted bush resembling heather at a little distance, and supporting nothing living but a few prairie hens, dogs, and rattle snakes, and you have a good idea of tho alkali desert, in the midst of which the latter day saints driven from Ilanvas and Council Bluffs took refuge from tho persecu-
tions of their enemies twenty-seven years ago. For miles and " blasted miles around them the inhospitable desert, a veritable heath" still stretches undisturbed, and no one however prejudiced against them and their peculiar institution can deny them credit for the honest and persevering industry by which they
April 1,
MEDICAL NOTES EROM THE CITY OE THE SAINTS.
1875.]
have reclaimed and rendered fruitful as
could well be
imagined.
as
unpromising
a
country Valley
It is true that tlie Salt Lake
the surrounding country, and that an was less desolate than unlimited water supply could be got from the springs and snows of the Wasatch Mountains, but enormous labour had to be undergone before the water could be utilized and the sage bush exterminated, and occasional patches of unreclaimed land still shew that its general character when the Mormons the same as in the desert proper. The patches however, and the line from Ogden to Salt Lake City passes though a constant succession of pleasant fields ?cultivated in the rough American fashion?with many comfortable homesteads bowered in trees, speaking well for the material prosperity of the people. The city itself seems wellto-do and prosperous, and though there are still many ?' frair e," i. e., wooden houses, possesses many handsome and imposing buildings. The great majority of the population of 25,000 is still Mormon, but the opening of the railway and the discovery of the rich silver and lead mines in the south " of the territory has led to a great influx of gentiles," who are already striving for the mastery at the municipal and other elections. The streets are broad and regularly laid out, with shade trees along the side walks and small streams of running settled there
are now
was
rare,
water from the mountains down each side. The houses except in the business parts of the town are detached, each in its com-
pound can
or
orchard,
sometimes bo
for their
and
seen.
supplementary houses
for extra wives rare, and many houses depend the street supply, which, though
Wells
are
drinking water on usually abundant, is not always pure, and to the use of which may probably be attributed a good deal of the excessive infant mortality. The shops or stores are good and well supplied, and prices are considerably lower than in California. There are large manufactories, which turn out admirable agricultural implements and other things needed by a simple community : much cloth is spun, and the people are, to a great extent, independent of imports for their daily wants, though piece goods and objets die luxe are in considerable demand, the female Mormons, like their sisters elsewhere, being fond of finery.
day being Sunday, wo went to the tabernacle, whore worship was conducted much as in any respectable dissenting chapel at home. An excellent choir accompanied a good and a well known anthem, organ, sang several Mormon hymns and the prayers except for a few Mormon allusions were strictly orthodox. The people, almost all of whom seemed well-to-do labourers of no elevated position of life or culture of mind, but of quite the average intelligence of their class, were most uttentive and devout; and though ignorant and deluded, there is no reason to doubt that they aro in the main sincere in their (to us) absurd belief. Tho sermon?which lasted an hour and a half?was preached by Orson Pratt, the great theologian of tho Mormon church, and though this is not the placo to disouss Mormon theology, was interesting from a medical point of view. Its subject was the disappearance of "the kingdomof God" from among tho nations of Christendom, which he seemed to regard as "a civilized heathenism" as evidenced by tho admitted withdrawal from them of " the gifts The
once
delivered to the saints."
He went on to say?
Jesus mado certain precious promises to children of the kingdom, and these promises wore extended to all who fulfil the conditions of obedience. ' Whoso believeth and is baptized shall oast out devils, shall speak with new tongues, shall take up serpents; if they drink any deadly thing it shall not hurt them ; they shall lay hands on the sick and they shall recover.' llere is something by which children of the kingdom can distinguish themselves from other people. Kemomber this is promised to all believers. Here is a line chance for us latter-day saints to prove ourselves. If these signs follow us we have reason to believe indeed that wo are the childron of God ; if they do not follow us, we are unbelievers like the Qontilos, and will go down to Hull with them."
97
This is pretty strong, but we ascertained that the Mormon elders do claim these powers, and that the people believe or profess to believe that they have tliem. While not absolute-
like the " peculiar people" all medical aid, and while many of them, like the ignorant people, believe strongly in quack and domestic medicines, they yet in all
ly rejecting
and at the outset of
simple,
serious, diseases trust mainly to prayer and to the laying on of hands. Should the patient recover, his faith and the laying on of hands are credited the cure,
with
strengthened
parallel be done
instances in because
glorified
had
apostle
unless it be
works
"
delusions of the he chance to
was
the
of his
die,
people thereby it
is either as-
wanting, in which case (as in gospel) "no mighty work could unbelief"; or that his time to
"
If a wicked and adulterous generaseek after a sign " and request a Bishop to take up a rattle snake " no sign is given the prophet Joseph Smith." So that every thing for the Mormon hierarchy. come.
tion" of Gentiles or an
the
while if
;
that his faith
serted
bo
and
even
"
pleasantly
we were fortunate enough to witness the Jubilee children in the great tabernacle, which School Sunday
The next day of
though sufficiently ugly outside, resembling as it does a gigantic dish cover, is one of the largest buildings in the States, and is said to accommodate 13,000 people. Some 8,000 school children, the great majority of whom were girls, dressed in white, with many coloured ribands, filled the body of the hall and sang Mormon hymns with wonderful fervour and The side aisles and galleries were reserved for effect. spectators and adults, and the great hall had been most tastefully decorated for the occasion with flags, evergreens, " Utah's and appropriate mottoes and legends, one of which, best crop children," gave considerable amusement to the gentile spectators. The sight was very interesting and impressive, and the children seemed to enter into the spirit of the thing with great zest. They were bright and healthy and happy looking, which is more than can be said for their mothers, most of whom are exceedingly plain and uninteresting. The rest of our time we employed in picking up general information concerning the people and their ways from saints, gentiles, and "jack" Mormons. These latter are born Mormons, who still profess the creed of their childhood, but who are
supposed to be lukewarm Gallios, caring little for religion. As such, their testimony to the state of things in Utah is probably more trustworthy than that of the saints on the one hand or gentiles on the other. Concerning " the peculiar institution," polygamy, opinions were less divided than might have been expected. Even, orthodox Mormons admit that the women are often unhappy, and that, as humau nature is consti. tuted, they must be so; but this, they say, is no argument against the divine ordinance, and the unbappiness is a cross to be borne in this world, to entitle them to a more exceeding far less great reward hereafter. The practice is, however, of the common than is usually supposed j the great majority the leaders men have but one wife, and only a very few of have more than two. Many orthodox saints reject the doctrine ; while the two others who think it right refuse to practice it, it as contrary to the sons of Joseph Smith openly denounce of Mormon. There commands of God contained in the book be a pretty general belief that when Bringham seems to
his strong personal influence Young dies (he is now 73), and is lost, the practice will be allowed to die out; but at present the leaders are committed to it, and no man can rise in the church unless he will bind himself to its fortunes by taking at least a second wife. The rising generation of Mormon girls are
helping
to solve the
difficulty by
marry any one who is already a promiso not to take a second wife.
very
generally refusing
husband,
or
to
who will not
THE INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE.
98 The effect of
polygamy on the birth-rate is not very apparent, and the proportion of children of each sex seems The immense preponderance to be much what it is elsewhere. Jubilee, which has already been noticed, was atpolygamy by more than one observer, but one of the leading physicians explained this by " the greater piety of the female mind," and the fact that many of the boys are occupied in farm labour and other work. His own experience is that polygamy makes no difference in the proportion of boys and girls, and lie told us that one Mormon elder with 3 wives has twelve children, the last of which is the only girl, another ha3 5 boys and 3 girls, aud a third 7 boys and 2 girls. The Mormon census of 1871 gives 14,431 boys to 14,303 girls between four and sixteen years of age, which, if correct, settles the question. From the same physician, who, though a Mormon by birth, was exceedingly frank in his statements and admissions about the sect, aud seemed to be somewhat of a "jack," we learned many interesting particulars as to the diseases prevalent in the valley. Its climate generally is excellent, especially for adults, the air being pure and invigorating, and good water (except in the city) abundant. There is however much sickness, and a large mortality among children, especially in the city and large villages. This he attributes partly to the bad water, but chiefly to the gross ignorance of the Mormon mothers, who continually dose their children with nostrums, let them play about in the streets, where they paddle in the running water, stuff them with unripe fruit, candy, and other abominations, and feed them on unwholesome food. Slight attacks of ague, credited to the constant exposure called for by the hard western life, are common, but easy of cure ; diarrhoea and dysentery are all but unknown in the valley, and among the Mormons themselves, who are chiefly sober agriculturalists, but are frequent among the miners in the mountains, who are chiefly hard drinking gentiles, much exposed to over-work He spoke in terms of high praise of our cold and damp. Indian mode of treating dysentery with large doses of ipecacuanha, which he thoroughly understands and practises. Lead poisoning is extremely common among the workers in the silver and galena mine3 in the form of colic and blue gum, but he has seen only one case of wrist drop. Cholera is unknown ; phthisis and other chest diseases prevail much as elsewhere, and are neither specially common nor specially rare. Mining accidents are frequent, and when a surgical operation is required some inconvenience is met with from the want of a hospital. The Mormon theories are against it, but their good sense has led them to admit its necessity, although the admission ha3 not yet led to practical results. The gentiles have Mormons are occasionally received, a small one, into which but the mutual antipathies of the two parlies are so great that, as a rule, the Mormons prefer to make the best of it in their own homes. The healthy climate and the generally are very favourable to success good physique of the people of
girls
at the
tributed to
in
operating,
seen
a
case
told us that he had never and Dr. of erysipelas, pyoemia, or other hospital disease ?'
1
following operation. Like most of his confreres in America, he is a practising surgeon as well as a physician, and he shewed us some interesting specimens of his skill. He performed in a few months ago the first operation for ovariotomy Utah. The tumour was removed without difficulty, great part of the wound healed by first intention, and the patient was doing well till the thirteenth day, when severe diarrhoea Stone seems to be came on, ending in collapse and death. pretty common, considering the small and scattered population, but lithotomy is readily undertaken by almost all the practitioners in Utah, whether Mormon or gentile, and the cases usually do well. Gentile report says that lunacy is very common among
[Apbil 1,
1875.
the Mormon women, and that many others who are not mad, but rebellious or recalcitrant, are shut up in the asylum to stoutly denies these get them out of the way; but Dr.
statements, and asserts that they contradict each other, since there
are
but
thirty
inmates
in the lunatic
asylum
total population of over a quarter of a million. asked to visit the asylum, but as it is some two miles
out of
a
We were out of town
had not time to do so. The story is probably a calumny any authentic case would be at once seized on by the gentile population as an excuse for the interference of the United
we as
States authorities, and the days when the Mormons could dare these authorities with a high hand are gone by. Before
concluding,
it must in
justice
be
said tliat however
sensual and immoral polygamy may appear to the outside world, the Mormons have grappled the social evil question a boldness and apparent success unattempted and probably unattemptable elsewhere. No Phrynne or Aspasia dare appear in the streets, and although the gentile immigration has led to sotne prostitution, which is said to have been formerly unknown, it has to be carried on with great secrecy and precaution, as detection is certainly followed by fine and imprisonment, and Mormon censors, commonly called spies,
with
on the watch. The wisdom of the course may be but those who consider all Mormons to be lecherous satyrs should consider this fact. Peculiar as their institutions and theological notions are, especially to Europeans of the ever
are
doubted,
nineteenth century, they seemed to
us much like other people, belonging as they do to a persecuted and much reviled sect, it is probable enough that there is a higher average of sincerity among them than among the followers of less obnoxious religions. As Sam Slick says, ther's a deal of human human nature" that a man nature in man," and it is hardly should cast his lot with a despised people, unless he believes
and
"
"
their doctrines to be true. "
And being of that honest few, Who give the fiend himself his due,"
we
credit the just majority of them with sincerety and
in their convictions ; conduct; and thrift,
as a
own
fashion)
honesty in their
in their management
practical concerns of life ; whilo objecting strongly to peculiar customs, and regarding their religion, considered theological system, as beneath contempt.
of the their
morality (after their industry, and skill
By
a
Pebipatetic Contkibutoe.
A HUN of two days in the Silver Palace Car8 of the Pacific Railway brought us from Stockton in California to Ogden in the territory of Utah, where the Utali Central Railway branches off to the holy city, formerly named Desoret, but now known as Salt Lake City. The country from Humbolt, a day's journey from Ogden, is a perfect abomination of desolation, not without a certain weird picturesqueness. Imagine a more or less lovel plain, with low bare hills in the distance, dry and dusty and barren, without a tree or a spring of water, growing nothing but sage brush?a low stunted bush resembling heather at a little distance, and supporting nothing living but a few prairie hens, dogs, and rattle snakes, and you have a good idea of tho alkali desert, in the midst of which the latter day saints driven from Ilanvas and Council Bluffs took refuge from tho persecu-
tions of their enemies twenty-seven years ago. For miles and " blasted miles around them the inhospitable desert, a veritable heath" still stretches undisturbed, and no one however prejudiced against them and their peculiar institution can deny them credit for the honest and persevering industry by which they
April 1,
MEDICAL NOTES EROM THE CITY OE THE SAINTS.
1875.]
have reclaimed and rendered fruitful as
could well be
imagined.
as
unpromising
a
country Valley
It is true that tlie Salt Lake
the surrounding country, and that an was less desolate than unlimited water supply could be got from the springs and snows of the Wasatch Mountains, but enormous labour had to be undergone before the water could be utilized and the sage bush exterminated, and occasional patches of unreclaimed land still shew that its general character when the Mormons the same as in the desert proper. The patches however, and the line from Ogden to Salt Lake City passes though a constant succession of pleasant fields ?cultivated in the rough American fashion?with many comfortable homesteads bowered in trees, speaking well for the material prosperity of the people. The city itself seems wellto-do and prosperous, and though there are still many ?' frair e," i. e., wooden houses, possesses many handsome and imposing buildings. The great majority of the population of 25,000 is still Mormon, but the opening of the railway and the discovery of the rich silver and lead mines in the south " of the territory has led to a great influx of gentiles," who are already striving for the mastery at the municipal and other elections. The streets are broad and regularly laid out, with shade trees along the side walks and small streams of running settled there
are now
was
rare,
water from the mountains down each side. The houses except in the business parts of the town are detached, each in its com-
pound can
or
orchard,
sometimes bo
for their
and
seen.
supplementary houses
for extra wives rare, and many houses depend the street supply, which, though
Wells
are
drinking water on usually abundant, is not always pure, and to the use of which may probably be attributed a good deal of the excessive infant mortality. The shops or stores are good and well supplied, and prices are considerably lower than in California. There are large manufactories, which turn out admirable agricultural implements and other things needed by a simple community : much cloth is spun, and the people are, to a great extent, independent of imports for their daily wants, though piece goods and objets die luxe are in considerable demand, the female Mormons, like their sisters elsewhere, being fond of finery.
day being Sunday, wo went to the tabernacle, whore worship was conducted much as in any respectable dissenting chapel at home. An excellent choir accompanied a good and a well known anthem, organ, sang several Mormon hymns and the prayers except for a few Mormon allusions were strictly orthodox. The people, almost all of whom seemed well-to-do labourers of no elevated position of life or culture of mind, but of quite the average intelligence of their class, were most uttentive and devout; and though ignorant and deluded, there is no reason to doubt that they aro in the main sincere in their (to us) absurd belief. Tho sermon?which lasted an hour and a half?was preached by Orson Pratt, the great theologian of tho Mormon church, and though this is not the placo to disouss Mormon theology, was interesting from a medical point of view. Its subject was the disappearance of "the kingdomof God" from among tho nations of Christendom, which he seemed to regard as "a civilized heathenism" as evidenced by tho admitted withdrawal from them of " the gifts The
once
delivered to the saints."
He went on to say?
Jesus mado certain precious promises to children of the kingdom, and these promises wore extended to all who fulfil the conditions of obedience. ' Whoso believeth and is baptized shall oast out devils, shall speak with new tongues, shall take up serpents; if they drink any deadly thing it shall not hurt them ; they shall lay hands on the sick and they shall recover.' llere is something by which children of the kingdom can distinguish themselves from other people. Kemomber this is promised to all believers. Here is a line chance for us latter-day saints to prove ourselves. If these signs follow us we have reason to believe indeed that wo are the childron of God ; if they do not follow us, we are unbelievers like the Qontilos, and will go down to Hull with them."
97
This is pretty strong, but we ascertained that the Mormon elders do claim these powers, and that the people believe or profess to believe that they have tliem. While not absolute-
like the " peculiar people" all medical aid, and while many of them, like the ignorant people, believe strongly in quack and domestic medicines, they yet in all
ly rejecting
and at the outset of
simple,
serious, diseases trust mainly to prayer and to the laying on of hands. Should the patient recover, his faith and the laying on of hands are credited the cure,
with
strengthened
parallel be done
instances in because
glorified
had
apostle
unless it be
works
"
delusions of the he chance to
was
the
of his
die,
people thereby it
is either as-
wanting, in which case (as in gospel) "no mighty work could unbelief"; or that his time to
"
If a wicked and adulterous generaseek after a sign " and request a Bishop to take up a rattle snake " no sign is given the prophet Joseph Smith." So that every thing for the Mormon hierarchy. come.
tion" of Gentiles or an
the
while if
;
that his faith
serted
bo
and
even
"
pleasantly
we were fortunate enough to witness the Jubilee children in the great tabernacle, which School Sunday
The next day of
though sufficiently ugly outside, resembling as it does a gigantic dish cover, is one of the largest buildings in the States, and is said to accommodate 13,000 people. Some 8,000 school children, the great majority of whom were girls, dressed in white, with many coloured ribands, filled the body of the hall and sang Mormon hymns with wonderful fervour and The side aisles and galleries were reserved for effect. spectators and adults, and the great hall had been most tastefully decorated for the occasion with flags, evergreens, " Utah's and appropriate mottoes and legends, one of which, best crop children," gave considerable amusement to the gentile spectators. The sight was very interesting and impressive, and the children seemed to enter into the spirit of the thing with great zest. They were bright and healthy and happy looking, which is more than can be said for their mothers, most of whom are exceedingly plain and uninteresting. The rest of our time we employed in picking up general information concerning the people and their ways from saints, gentiles, and "jack" Mormons. These latter are born Mormons, who still profess the creed of their childhood, but who are
supposed to be lukewarm Gallios, caring little for religion. As such, their testimony to the state of things in Utah is probably more trustworthy than that of the saints on the one hand or gentiles on the other. Concerning " the peculiar institution," polygamy, opinions were less divided than might have been expected. Even, orthodox Mormons admit that the women are often unhappy, and that, as humau nature is consti. tuted, they must be so; but this, they say, is no argument against the divine ordinance, and the unbappiness is a cross to be borne in this world, to entitle them to a more exceeding far less great reward hereafter. The practice is, however, of the common than is usually supposed j the great majority the leaders men have but one wife, and only a very few of have more than two. Many orthodox saints reject the doctrine ; while the two others who think it right refuse to practice it, it as contrary to the sons of Joseph Smith openly denounce of Mormon. There commands of God contained in the book be a pretty general belief that when Bringham seems to
his strong personal influence Young dies (he is now 73), and is lost, the practice will be allowed to die out; but at present the leaders are committed to it, and no man can rise in the church unless he will bind himself to its fortunes by taking at least a second wife. The rising generation of Mormon girls are
helping
to solve the
difficulty by
marry any one who is already a promiso not to take a second wife.
very
generally refusing
husband,
or
to
who will not
THE INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE.
98 The effect of
polygamy on the birth-rate is not very apparent, and the proportion of children of each sex seems The immense preponderance to be much what it is elsewhere. Jubilee, which has already been noticed, was atpolygamy by more than one observer, but one of the leading physicians explained this by " the greater piety of the female mind," and the fact that many of the boys are occupied in farm labour and other work. His own experience is that polygamy makes no difference in the proportion of boys and girls, and lie told us that one Mormon elder with 3 wives has twelve children, the last of which is the only girl, another ha3 5 boys and 3 girls, aud a third 7 boys and 2 girls. The Mormon census of 1871 gives 14,431 boys to 14,303 girls between four and sixteen years of age, which, if correct, settles the question. From the same physician, who, though a Mormon by birth, was exceedingly frank in his statements and admissions about the sect, aud seemed to be somewhat of a "jack," we learned many interesting particulars as to the diseases prevalent in the valley. Its climate generally is excellent, especially for adults, the air being pure and invigorating, and good water (except in the city) abundant. There is however much sickness, and a large mortality among children, especially in the city and large villages. This he attributes partly to the bad water, but chiefly to the gross ignorance of the Mormon mothers, who continually dose their children with nostrums, let them play about in the streets, where they paddle in the running water, stuff them with unripe fruit, candy, and other abominations, and feed them on unwholesome food. Slight attacks of ague, credited to the constant exposure called for by the hard western life, are common, but easy of cure ; diarrhoea and dysentery are all but unknown in the valley, and among the Mormons themselves, who are chiefly sober agriculturalists, but are frequent among the miners in the mountains, who are chiefly hard drinking gentiles, much exposed to over-work He spoke in terms of high praise of our cold and damp. Indian mode of treating dysentery with large doses of ipecacuanha, which he thoroughly understands and practises. Lead poisoning is extremely common among the workers in the silver and galena mine3 in the form of colic and blue gum, but he has seen only one case of wrist drop. Cholera is unknown ; phthisis and other chest diseases prevail much as elsewhere, and are neither specially common nor specially rare. Mining accidents are frequent, and when a surgical operation is required some inconvenience is met with from the want of a hospital. The Mormon theories are against it, but their good sense has led them to admit its necessity, although the admission ha3 not yet led to practical results. The gentiles have Mormons are occasionally received, a small one, into which but the mutual antipathies of the two parlies are so great that, as a rule, the Mormons prefer to make the best of it in their own homes. The healthy climate and the generally are very favourable to success good physique of the people of
girls
at the
tributed to
in
operating,
seen
a
case
told us that he had never and Dr. of erysipelas, pyoemia, or other hospital disease ?'
1
following operation. Like most of his confreres in America, he is a practising surgeon as well as a physician, and he shewed us some interesting specimens of his skill. He performed in a few months ago the first operation for ovariotomy Utah. The tumour was removed without difficulty, great part of the wound healed by first intention, and the patient was doing well till the thirteenth day, when severe diarrhoea Stone seems to be came on, ending in collapse and death. pretty common, considering the small and scattered population, but lithotomy is readily undertaken by almost all the practitioners in Utah, whether Mormon or gentile, and the cases usually do well. Gentile report says that lunacy is very common among
[Apbil 1,
1875.
the Mormon women, and that many others who are not mad, but rebellious or recalcitrant, are shut up in the asylum to stoutly denies these get them out of the way; but Dr.
statements, and asserts that they contradict each other, since there
are
but
thirty
inmates
in the lunatic
asylum
total population of over a quarter of a million. asked to visit the asylum, but as it is some two miles
out of
a
We were out of town
had not time to do so. The story is probably a calumny any authentic case would be at once seized on by the gentile population as an excuse for the interference of the United
we as
States authorities, and the days when the Mormons could dare these authorities with a high hand are gone by. Before
concluding,
it must in
justice
be
said tliat however
sensual and immoral polygamy may appear to the outside world, the Mormons have grappled the social evil question a boldness and apparent success unattempted and probably unattemptable elsewhere. No Phrynne or Aspasia dare appear in the streets, and although the gentile immigration has led to sotne prostitution, which is said to have been formerly unknown, it has to be carried on with great secrecy and precaution, as detection is certainly followed by fine and imprisonment, and Mormon censors, commonly called spies,
with
on the watch. The wisdom of the course may be but those who consider all Mormons to be lecherous satyrs should consider this fact. Peculiar as their institutions and theological notions are, especially to Europeans of the ever
are
doubted,
nineteenth century, they seemed to
us much like other people, belonging as they do to a persecuted and much reviled sect, it is probable enough that there is a higher average of sincerity among them than among the followers of less obnoxious religions. As Sam Slick says, ther's a deal of human human nature" that a man nature in man," and it is hardly should cast his lot with a despised people, unless he believes
and
"
"
their doctrines to be true. "
And being of that honest few, Who give the fiend himself his due,"
we
credit the just majority of them with sincerety and
in their convictions ; conduct; and thrift,
as a
own
fashion)
honesty in their
in their management
practical concerns of life ; whilo objecting strongly to peculiar customs, and regarding their religion, considered theological system, as beneath contempt.
of the their
morality (after their industry, and skill
