Int Urogynecol J DOI 10.1007/s00192-014-2584-6
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Measurements of female genital appearance in Chinese adults seeking genital cosmetic surgery: a preliminary report from a gynecological center Yujiao Cao & Qiang Li & Chuande Zhou & Fengyong Li & Senkai Li & Yu Zhou
Received: 11 July 2014 / Accepted: 10 November 2014 # The International Urogynecological Association 2014
Abstract Introduction and hypothesis Accurate and comprehensive measurements of the external genitalia in female adults are of great significance in surgery designs and for aesthetic evaluation in genital plastic surgeries. The authors carried out a 319-case study and provided baseline data and morphometric reference for plastic surgery involving the genital deformity caused by trauma or burns and male-to-female transsexual operations. Methods Our study design recruited 319 women referred to the out-patient clinic from August 2010 to August 2013. From each individual we measured 16 parameters and assessed the significance of variations in age, height, weight, BMI, and marital status (as a proxy for parity). We tried to establish a female external genitalia database of the population presenting for cosmetic surgery and define the general proportions of female genitalia in Chinese adults from the data we obtained. Results A wide range of values was noted in female genital measurements especially in labia minora parameters. Four parameters, including clitoral prepuce length, clitoris to urethra, labial length, and perineal body length had a proportional relationship to some extent. The position of the clitoris and urethral orifice was found to be regular in female adults. Compared with unmarried women, perineal body length decreased (P=0.048), while the apex to perineum (bilateral) and labial length increased (P=0.005, 0.006, 2 pelvic organ prolapse, urinary incontinence, and pregnancy. We took the examinations using a standard gynecological examination table before the surgery started, with patients in the lithotomy position. A stainless steel vernier caliper sterilized by ethylene oxide was used to take the measurements. All measurements were straight-line distances measured with this instrument. From each individual we obtained the 16 parameters listed in Table 1, the locations of which are illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2. All data were collected by the corresponding author to minimize the interobserver variability. An assistant recorded the data simultaneously. The 16 parameters were used as dependent variables, and age, weight, height, and body mass index were considered independent variables. Analysis of data was performed using Table 1
SPSS for Windows, version 11.5 (Chicago, IL, USA). Comparisons between unmarried and married groups were conducted using independent samples Student’s t tests. Spearman’s or Pearson’s correlations were used to assess correlations between measurement parameters and demographic characteristics. Univariable and multivariable linear regressions were used to identify factors associated with measurement parameters. All reported p values were two-sided, and p values
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Measurements of female genital appearance in Chinese adults seeking genital cosmetic surgery: a preliminary report from a gynecological center Yujiao Cao & Qiang Li & Chuande Zhou & Fengyong Li & Senkai Li & Yu Zhou
Received: 11 July 2014 / Accepted: 10 November 2014 # The International Urogynecological Association 2014
Abstract Introduction and hypothesis Accurate and comprehensive measurements of the external genitalia in female adults are of great significance in surgery designs and for aesthetic evaluation in genital plastic surgeries. The authors carried out a 319-case study and provided baseline data and morphometric reference for plastic surgery involving the genital deformity caused by trauma or burns and male-to-female transsexual operations. Methods Our study design recruited 319 women referred to the out-patient clinic from August 2010 to August 2013. From each individual we measured 16 parameters and assessed the significance of variations in age, height, weight, BMI, and marital status (as a proxy for parity). We tried to establish a female external genitalia database of the population presenting for cosmetic surgery and define the general proportions of female genitalia in Chinese adults from the data we obtained. Results A wide range of values was noted in female genital measurements especially in labia minora parameters. Four parameters, including clitoral prepuce length, clitoris to urethra, labial length, and perineal body length had a proportional relationship to some extent. The position of the clitoris and urethral orifice was found to be regular in female adults. Compared with unmarried women, perineal body length decreased (P=0.048), while the apex to perineum (bilateral) and labial length increased (P=0.005, 0.006, 2 pelvic organ prolapse, urinary incontinence, and pregnancy. We took the examinations using a standard gynecological examination table before the surgery started, with patients in the lithotomy position. A stainless steel vernier caliper sterilized by ethylene oxide was used to take the measurements. All measurements were straight-line distances measured with this instrument. From each individual we obtained the 16 parameters listed in Table 1, the locations of which are illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2. All data were collected by the corresponding author to minimize the interobserver variability. An assistant recorded the data simultaneously. The 16 parameters were used as dependent variables, and age, weight, height, and body mass index were considered independent variables. Analysis of data was performed using Table 1
SPSS for Windows, version 11.5 (Chicago, IL, USA). Comparisons between unmarried and married groups were conducted using independent samples Student’s t tests. Spearman’s or Pearson’s correlations were used to assess correlations between measurement parameters and demographic characteristics. Univariable and multivariable linear regressions were used to identify factors associated with measurement parameters. All reported p values were two-sided, and p values
