Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport
ISSN: 0270-1367 (Print) 2168-3824 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/urqe20
Maximal Responses to Treadmill and Deep Water Running in High School Female Cross Country Runners Nancy Kay Butts , Mary Tucker & Robert Smith To cite this article: Nancy Kay Butts , Mary Tucker & Robert Smith (1991) Maximal Responses to Treadmill and Deep Water Running in High School Female Cross Country Runners, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 62:2, 236-239, DOI: 10.1080/02701367.1991.10608716 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1991.10608716
Published online: 26 Feb 2013.
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Citing articles: 6 View citing articles
Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=urqe20 Download by: [Deakin University Library]
Date: 07 November 2015, At: 14:59
Research Quarterly forExercise and Sport
Research Note
© 1991by the American Alliance for Health,
Physical Education, Recreation and Dance Vol. 62,No. 2, pp. 236·239
Maximal Responses to Treadmill and Deep Water Running in High School Female Cross Country Runners
Downloaded by [Deakin University Library] at 14:59 07 November 2015
Nancy Kay Butts, Mary Tucker, and Robert Smith
Key words: aerobic testing, maximal exercise, water exercise, females
T
h e recently developed ''Wet Vest" (Bioenergetics, Inc., Pelham, AL) potentially offers a viable training alternative for runners to supplement their normal training program without sacrificing specificity (Perry, 1986; Williams, 1987). This vest is a buoyancy device that provides upright support to the body in water while keeping the head above the surface, thus allowing the individual to simulate a running motion while in deep water. In addition to providing an acceptable method to continue training when the runner is injured, this vest has been advocated as a supplemental form of training. Maximal responses to running in deep water, however, have not been documented. The purpose ofthis research project was to compare maximal physiological responses of running in deep water to treadmill running in competitive high school female cross country runners.
Method Twelve competitive high school female cross co un try runners who were comfortable in a water medium volunteered to participate. Medical approval, parental consents, and informed consents were obtained prior to participation in any practice or data collection sessions. In addition to standard descriptive characteristics (i.e., height, weight, age), body composition was assessed via hydrostatic weighing. Residual volume was measured by the oxygen dilution technique (Wilmore, 1969) in a
Nancy Kay Butts, Mary Tucker, andRobert Smith areaffiliated with theHuman Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. Direct allcortespondence toN. K. Butts, 227 Mitchell Hall, University of Wisconsin-LaCrosse, La Crosse, WI 54601. Submitted: March 28, 7990 Revision accepted: August29, 7990 236
seated position outside the weighing tank. The underwater weighing procedures were performed 6 to 10 times until three similar readings to the nearest 25 g were obtained (Katch, 1968). Percent body fat was calculated according to the formula of Brozek, Grande, Anderson, and Keys (1963). Each subject performed two maximal V0 2 tests: one on the treadmill and one running in deep water using the wet vest. Prior to any testing the subjects were required to practice running on the treadmill and learn how to "run" in the wet vests. After a 5-min warm-up at 5 mph the treadmill speed was increased to 6 mph and 2.5% grade. After 2 min at this speed and grade, the treadmill was elevated by 2.5% every 2 min (Butts, 1982). In an attempt to reduce the diving bradycardia reflex (Natelson, Nary, Curtis, & Creighton, 1983), the subjects were required to keep their faces out of the water (T= 29° C) at all times. All subjects were given instructions and practiced the water running technique using the wet vest. Once they demonstrated proper running form in the pool, they completed a maximal V0 2 testwith the wet vest using a protocol similar to that used for the treadmill test. In an attempt to parallel the treadmill increments, preliminary experimentation indicated the pool warmup should consist ofleg strides (simulating running) ata rate or cadence of! 00 b-ruin". Rates lower than this were awkward for the subjects to maintain efficiently when fitted with the headgear necessary for gas collection. Each 2 min thereafter, the cadence was increased by 20 b-rnirr'. When subjects fell behind the cadence, or when their physiological responses did not increase in response to the higher cadence, they were strongly encouraged to complete at least another full minute. They had been previously instructed to "go all out" during this final minute. Due to the forward movement resulting from "running" in deep water, the subjects were tethered with a rope secured through the back of the vest to the end of the pool during all water tests. Gas samples were analyzed each minute throughout the treadmill and water tests using standard open-circuit techniques (Beckman Metabolic Measurement Cart).
ROES: June 1991
Downloaded by [Deakin University Library] at 14:59 07 November 2015
Butts, Tucker, and Smith
The gas analyzers (LB-2 & OM-II) were calibrated at the beginning and end of each test session using standard gases previously checked by the Scholander technique. A leveling ofV0 2 (
ISSN: 0270-1367 (Print) 2168-3824 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/urqe20
Maximal Responses to Treadmill and Deep Water Running in High School Female Cross Country Runners Nancy Kay Butts , Mary Tucker & Robert Smith To cite this article: Nancy Kay Butts , Mary Tucker & Robert Smith (1991) Maximal Responses to Treadmill and Deep Water Running in High School Female Cross Country Runners, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 62:2, 236-239, DOI: 10.1080/02701367.1991.10608716 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1991.10608716
Published online: 26 Feb 2013.
Submit your article to this journal
Article views: 5
View related articles
Citing articles: 6 View citing articles
Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=urqe20 Download by: [Deakin University Library]
Date: 07 November 2015, At: 14:59
Research Quarterly forExercise and Sport
Research Note
© 1991by the American Alliance for Health,
Physical Education, Recreation and Dance Vol. 62,No. 2, pp. 236·239
Maximal Responses to Treadmill and Deep Water Running in High School Female Cross Country Runners
Downloaded by [Deakin University Library] at 14:59 07 November 2015
Nancy Kay Butts, Mary Tucker, and Robert Smith
Key words: aerobic testing, maximal exercise, water exercise, females
T
h e recently developed ''Wet Vest" (Bioenergetics, Inc., Pelham, AL) potentially offers a viable training alternative for runners to supplement their normal training program without sacrificing specificity (Perry, 1986; Williams, 1987). This vest is a buoyancy device that provides upright support to the body in water while keeping the head above the surface, thus allowing the individual to simulate a running motion while in deep water. In addition to providing an acceptable method to continue training when the runner is injured, this vest has been advocated as a supplemental form of training. Maximal responses to running in deep water, however, have not been documented. The purpose ofthis research project was to compare maximal physiological responses of running in deep water to treadmill running in competitive high school female cross country runners.
Method Twelve competitive high school female cross co un try runners who were comfortable in a water medium volunteered to participate. Medical approval, parental consents, and informed consents were obtained prior to participation in any practice or data collection sessions. In addition to standard descriptive characteristics (i.e., height, weight, age), body composition was assessed via hydrostatic weighing. Residual volume was measured by the oxygen dilution technique (Wilmore, 1969) in a
Nancy Kay Butts, Mary Tucker, andRobert Smith areaffiliated with theHuman Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. Direct allcortespondence toN. K. Butts, 227 Mitchell Hall, University of Wisconsin-LaCrosse, La Crosse, WI 54601. Submitted: March 28, 7990 Revision accepted: August29, 7990 236
seated position outside the weighing tank. The underwater weighing procedures were performed 6 to 10 times until three similar readings to the nearest 25 g were obtained (Katch, 1968). Percent body fat was calculated according to the formula of Brozek, Grande, Anderson, and Keys (1963). Each subject performed two maximal V0 2 tests: one on the treadmill and one running in deep water using the wet vest. Prior to any testing the subjects were required to practice running on the treadmill and learn how to "run" in the wet vests. After a 5-min warm-up at 5 mph the treadmill speed was increased to 6 mph and 2.5% grade. After 2 min at this speed and grade, the treadmill was elevated by 2.5% every 2 min (Butts, 1982). In an attempt to reduce the diving bradycardia reflex (Natelson, Nary, Curtis, & Creighton, 1983), the subjects were required to keep their faces out of the water (T= 29° C) at all times. All subjects were given instructions and practiced the water running technique using the wet vest. Once they demonstrated proper running form in the pool, they completed a maximal V0 2 testwith the wet vest using a protocol similar to that used for the treadmill test. In an attempt to parallel the treadmill increments, preliminary experimentation indicated the pool warmup should consist ofleg strides (simulating running) ata rate or cadence of! 00 b-ruin". Rates lower than this were awkward for the subjects to maintain efficiently when fitted with the headgear necessary for gas collection. Each 2 min thereafter, the cadence was increased by 20 b-rnirr'. When subjects fell behind the cadence, or when their physiological responses did not increase in response to the higher cadence, they were strongly encouraged to complete at least another full minute. They had been previously instructed to "go all out" during this final minute. Due to the forward movement resulting from "running" in deep water, the subjects were tethered with a rope secured through the back of the vest to the end of the pool during all water tests. Gas samples were analyzed each minute throughout the treadmill and water tests using standard open-circuit techniques (Beckman Metabolic Measurement Cart).
ROES: June 1991
Downloaded by [Deakin University Library] at 14:59 07 November 2015
Butts, Tucker, and Smith
The gas analyzers (LB-2 & OM-II) were calibrated at the beginning and end of each test session using standard gases previously checked by the Scholander technique. A leveling ofV0 2 (
