Journal of Religion and Health, Vol. 13, No. 3, 1974
Editorial
Marriage and Psychoanalysis For several years we have subscribed to a lively and informative newsletter called Moueysworth, published by Ralph Ginzburg. Designed to be an aid to the hard-pressed consumer .in our society, it always contains some interesting facts ab o u t the various ways he is being cheated in his efforts to make his shrinking dollar buy as much value as possible. A recent issue of this newsletter, April 15, 1974, carried a feature article under the title "Divorce Yourself from Marriage Counselors." The major part of the article is, in our view, a well-founded warning against irresponsible and inadequately trained marriage counselors who are receiving this year between one and two billion dollars of the m o n e y Americans will spend in desperate efforts to heal the sources of conflict in their marriages and prevent divorce. Even so, Moueysworth cites the familiar figure that one-third of all marriages taking place in America this year will end in divorce. It also points o u t that only three states--~ichigan, California, and New Jersey--have any legal r e q u i r e m e n t that counselors be licensed. According to Moneysworth, the best unlicensed counselors are those accredited by the American Association of Marriage and Family Counselors, with fewer than 2,000 members, and the Family Service Association, which certifies marriage counselors at its 330 agency centers around the c o u n t r y , mostly in urban areas. Moneysworth quotes a psychiatrist, Dr. R o b e r t G. Kaplan of San Diego, to the e f f e c t that mo s t unlicensed counseling is administered by "pseudo-psychologists, par~ tially trained social workers, and oddly qualified ministers." In the light of this situation, Moneysworth concludes that it must restrict its recommenda~ tions for those seeking help with faltering marriages to members of the American Psychoanalytic Association, all of whom are M.D.s, about 1,800 in all. While we agree with most of what Moueysworth has to say a b o u t the counseling qualifications of m os t marriage counselors, "pseudo-psychologists, partially trained social workers, and oddly qualified ministers" (we are, we suppose, ourself an oddl y qualified minister), we do n o t agree that the situation is quite as bleak f or the millions of persons who need help with the strains and conflicts of their marriages. It is f o r t u n a t e not o n l y for married people with problems, but for all individuals who suffer f r o m various kinds of mental and emotional stress, that t hey do n o t have t o rely solely for positive and sympathetic help on the 1,800 members o f the American Psychoanalytic Association. N ot that these professionals are n o t highly co mp e t e nt , but we believe t hat t hey would be among the first to 157
158
Journal of Religion and Health
concede that they are not numerous enough to meet the counseling needs of 200,000 million Americans, married or not. Psychoanalysis is a long, difficult, and very expensive process, requiring not only a prolonged relationship between doctor and patient, but a degree of geographical stability and perseverance that are hard to achieve in our society today. You cannot usually take your analyst with you, for example, if your business or vocation requires a move; and most Americans move once every five years. Nor is psychoanalysis by any means always successful, as the analysts themselves would admit. We know some patients who have been in analysis for as long as 15 years or even longer. They are stable for longer or shorter periods; but they are far from cured, as they will usually demonstrate and often admit. Psychoanalysis is practically impossible for the poor or even the members of most middle-class families, who have more money but many demands upon their already strained incomes. In our late 40s we were fortunate enough to receive some marriage counseling from a distinguished and highly competent member of the American Psychoanalytic Association. Somewhere in the process we asked him if we should have and could profit by a full-scale analysis. He smiled and shook his head. "If I could have got hold of you 25 years ago," he said, "it might have done you some good, but now we'll just have to patch you up as best we can and hope you'll run fairly well in the years ahead." That verdict made us feel like an old-model car, but we did understand what he meant. Luckily there are some reliable resources available to those seeking help in solving marital problems or in creating better marriages. We agree that there are many quacks and poorly qualified counselors in the field of marriage counseling, but we think that, with a certain amount of caution and discrimination, intelligent people who really want to improve their existing marriages or solve specific problems within marriage that are causing them tension and anguish can find help. In the first place, there have been some changes in the normal social attitudes toward marriage in recent years that offer hope. As an " o d d l y qualified minister" who does a considerable a m o u n t of premarital and postmarital counseling in the normal course of his professional life we have noticed that it is m uch easier to c o m m u n i c a t e directly with married people and people a bout to get married who come for help with planning their marriages or advice a bout their problems. No longer is premarital intercourse regarded as a sin by most people, and this removes a tremendous weight of tension and guilt from people who have experienced it. They do not feel the weight of religious disapproval and c o n d e m n a t i o n because they have responded to quite normal and natural desires. T hey are aware t hat premarital sex experience, especially with those they love and intend to marry, often adds to their mutual understanding and s y m p a t h y as well as their pleasure. Go n e also are the days when a husband's or a wife's casual love affair sends his mate in a frenzy of outraged righteousness rushing to a lawyer. People are beginning to see these experiences as part of life and growth rather than
Marriage and Psychoanalysis
159
sinful a b e r r a t i o n s o f the flesh. H e n c e , it is possible f o r t h e m i n i s t e r or o t h e r c o u n s e l o r s to talk w i t h p e o p l e a b o u t these e x p e r i e n c e s w i t h a view to getting at t h e i r real m e a n i n g and t h e i r u n d e r l y i n g causes. T w e n t y years ago few c l e r g y m e n h a d a n y training or e x p e r i e n c e with situations o f this kind. T o d a y the graduates of a n y a c c r e d i t e d s e m i n a r y will h a v e h a d s o m e clinical training a n d i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e kind o f m a r i t a l p r o b l e m s t h e y are likely to m e e t in the course o f their ministries. A t t h e very least, t h e y will k n o w t h a t it is p a r t o f their p r o f e s s i o n a l business to k n o w h o w to m a k e an i n f o r m e d and sensitive referral to qualified p s y c h o l o g i s t s , social w o r k e r s , p h y s i c i a n s , or p s y c h i a t r i s t s as the s i t u a t i o n m a y indicate. F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e r e are t h o u s a n d s o f m a r r i a g e counselors, b o t h m a l e and f e m a l e , w h o are highly qualified f o r their w o r k t h r o u g h y e a r s o f training and e x p e r i e n c e , b o t h t h e o r e t i c a l and clinical. We do n o t t h i n k it is a n y h a r d e r to find a g o o d o n e t h a n it is t o find a g o o d general p r a c t i t i o n e r , internist, or surgeon. We agree with M o n e y s w o r t h t h a t t h e r e are irresponsible p e o p l e in the field, b u t t h e y reveal t h e m s e l v e s r a t h e r clearly b y their a t t i t u d e s and tactics. An e x p e r i e n c e d m i n i s t e r or p h y s i c i a n can a l m o s t always guide t h o s e seeking h e l p with their marital p r o b l e m s to a reliable c o u n s e l o r . If t h e r e is o n e lesson t h a t the clergy, f o r c e n t u r i e s the o n l y r e s o u r c e f o r m a r i t a l counseling, have learned in r e c e n t years, it is t h a t t h e y s h o u l d n o t get o u t of t h e i r d e p t h in the counseling field. S o m e t i m e s , it s e e m s to us, t h e y have b e c o m e so c a u t i o u s and t e n t a t i v e in their e f f o r t s n o t to a t t e m p t t o o m u c h t h a t t h e y fail to a t t e m p t w h a t t h e y c o u l d do quite well. A n o t h e r positive and s u p p o r t i v e r e s o u r c e in h e l p i n g p e o p l e to face, consider, and o f t e n to solve their m a r i t a l p r o b l e m s is the use of g r o u p techniques. Married p e o p l e w h o have achieved a s u f f i c i e n t degree o f o p e n n e s s and s e c u r i t y to discuss their o w n p r o b l e m s freely in a c h u r c h or social a g e n c y o f t e n t u r n o u t to be their o w n b e s t c o u n s e l o r s . T h e loneliness o f the m a r i t a l p r o b l e m is o f t e n o v e r c o m e in t h e g r o u p s i t u a t i o n . M a n y c o u p l e s used to s u f f e r f r o m the illusion, especially in sexually related p r o b l e m s , t h a t n o b o d y b u t t h e m ever c o n f r o n t e d such bizarre, painful, and a p p a r e n t l y p e r v e r t e d situations. A little e x p e r i e n c e in a r e s p o n s i b l y r u n m a r i t a l discussion g r o u p quickly reveals t h a t t h e y are n o t alone, n o t i n o r d i n a t e l y sinful or a b n o r m a l , and can a c c e p t , change, or r e c o n s i d e r t h e i r b e h a v i o r t o w a r d one a n o t h e r as the s i t u a t i o n m a y indicate. A l m o s t a n y c o m m u n i t y o f m o d e r a t e size or larger c o n t a i n s a n u m b e r o f g r o u p s o f this kind t h a t e n c o u r a g e f r a n k and sensitive discussion of the n o r m a l stresses, strains, dangers, and possibilities o f the m a r i t a l c o n d i t i o n . Again, in r e c e n t years t h e r e has b e e n an a v a l a n c h e o f b o o k s on m a r r i a g e . S o m e t i m e s the c o u p l e w h o are shy a b o u t s e e k i n g c o u n s e l i n g help or g r o u p discussion a b o u t t h e i r m a r i t a l p r o b l e m s can find in a b o o k t h e s t i m u l u s t h e y n e e d to get t h e m s t a r t e d in a c o n s t r u c t i v e e f f o r t to deal w i t h t h e i r s i t u a t i o n . O f c o u r s e s o m e b o o k s are b e t t e r t h a n others, a n d s o m e are j u s t plain trash. D i s c r i m i n a t i o n is a l w a y s necessary, d i s c r i m i n a t i o n and the c a p a c i t y to sift o u t n o n s e n s e f r o m w i s d o m . B u t m o s t p e o p l e h a v e these abilities if t h e y will
160
Journal of Religion and Health
o n l y use t h e m . T w o r e c e n t b o o k s have s e e m e d excellent to us. One is Open Marriage, available in p a p e r b a c k , w r i t t e n b y George and Nena O'Neill, w h o are, incidentally, h u s b a n d and wife. We have c o m m e n d e d this b o o k , which has been a best-seller, to a n u m b e r o f p e o p l e w h o have b e e n either cont e m p l a t i n g marriage or e x p e r i e n c i n g difficulties within it. We always comm e n d it with the warning t h a t the reader does n o t have to a c c e p t e v e r y t h i n g the O'Neills, or a n y o n e else for t h a t m a t t e r , have to say, b u t t h a t t h e y m a y find some o f the things related to the c o n c e p t o f " o p e n m a r r i a g e " possible and helpful. A second, m o r e recent, b o o k is a small v o l u m e b y David and Vera Mace, We Can Have Better Marriages. David Mace was the f o u n d e r of the American Association of Marriage Counselors. He and his wife have b e e n married to each o t h e r for 40 years. The b o o k is full o f t h o u g h t f u l and sensitive suggestions as to h o w marriages can be sustained and i m p r o v e d . One of the things we liked a b o u t it is that, while it accepts the fact o f new styles and attitudes in marriage, it also retains its balance and finds a place for old-fashioned m o n o g a m y in which t w o p e o p l e really do love each o t h e r on a p e r m a n e n t basis and with deep c o m m i t m e n t and c o n t i n u e to grow t o g e t h e r over the years. Thus, while we agree with Moneysworth ~ cautions a b o u t marriage counseling in m a n y respects, we w o u l d add these positive resources t h a t do exist in increasing n u m b e r s for those w h o really w a n t to solve their marital p r o b l e m s and i m p r o v e their relationships. We would also p o i n t out w h a t is o f t e n f o r g o t t e n w h e n it comes to assessing professional qualifications. No a m o u n t of training and e d u c a t i o n alone can p r o d u c e a good counselor. T h e r e are some o t h e r ingredients t h a t are essential to the p e r s o n who w o u l d counsel with others, n o m a t t e r w h a t his f o r m a l training m a y be. Karl Menninger has stated it effectively in his b o o k The Vital Balance: " F a i t h , h o p e , love: t o d a y , after 20 centuries, this p r e s c r i p t i o n is t a k e n very seriously in p s y c h i a t r y . We could even go so far as to say it describes the basic p h i l o s o p h y o f the psychiatrist. Faith, h o p e , and love are the three great intangibles in his effective f u n c t i o n i n g . " (New York, Viking Press, 1965, p. 358) In short, we w o u l d advise the seekers after help in their marital situations to watch out for the quacks, as Moneysworth suggests, b u t to realize also t h a t c o n c e r n e d , intelligent, and c o m p e t e n t helpers exist in o t h e r fields and with o t h e r m e t h o d s besides those of psychoanalysis, and finally to seek in a c o u n s e l o r and practice b e t w e e n themselves the faith, h o p e , and love t h a t are the priceless and essential ingredients of all good and growing h u m a n relationships. Harry C. Meserve
Editorial
Marriage and Psychoanalysis For several years we have subscribed to a lively and informative newsletter called Moueysworth, published by Ralph Ginzburg. Designed to be an aid to the hard-pressed consumer .in our society, it always contains some interesting facts ab o u t the various ways he is being cheated in his efforts to make his shrinking dollar buy as much value as possible. A recent issue of this newsletter, April 15, 1974, carried a feature article under the title "Divorce Yourself from Marriage Counselors." The major part of the article is, in our view, a well-founded warning against irresponsible and inadequately trained marriage counselors who are receiving this year between one and two billion dollars of the m o n e y Americans will spend in desperate efforts to heal the sources of conflict in their marriages and prevent divorce. Even so, Moueysworth cites the familiar figure that one-third of all marriages taking place in America this year will end in divorce. It also points o u t that only three states--~ichigan, California, and New Jersey--have any legal r e q u i r e m e n t that counselors be licensed. According to Moneysworth, the best unlicensed counselors are those accredited by the American Association of Marriage and Family Counselors, with fewer than 2,000 members, and the Family Service Association, which certifies marriage counselors at its 330 agency centers around the c o u n t r y , mostly in urban areas. Moneysworth quotes a psychiatrist, Dr. R o b e r t G. Kaplan of San Diego, to the e f f e c t that mo s t unlicensed counseling is administered by "pseudo-psychologists, par~ tially trained social workers, and oddly qualified ministers." In the light of this situation, Moneysworth concludes that it must restrict its recommenda~ tions for those seeking help with faltering marriages to members of the American Psychoanalytic Association, all of whom are M.D.s, about 1,800 in all. While we agree with most of what Moueysworth has to say a b o u t the counseling qualifications of m os t marriage counselors, "pseudo-psychologists, partially trained social workers, and oddly qualified ministers" (we are, we suppose, ourself an oddl y qualified minister), we do n o t agree that the situation is quite as bleak f or the millions of persons who need help with the strains and conflicts of their marriages. It is f o r t u n a t e not o n l y for married people with problems, but for all individuals who suffer f r o m various kinds of mental and emotional stress, that t hey do n o t have t o rely solely for positive and sympathetic help on the 1,800 members o f the American Psychoanalytic Association. N ot that these professionals are n o t highly co mp e t e nt , but we believe t hat t hey would be among the first to 157
158
Journal of Religion and Health
concede that they are not numerous enough to meet the counseling needs of 200,000 million Americans, married or not. Psychoanalysis is a long, difficult, and very expensive process, requiring not only a prolonged relationship between doctor and patient, but a degree of geographical stability and perseverance that are hard to achieve in our society today. You cannot usually take your analyst with you, for example, if your business or vocation requires a move; and most Americans move once every five years. Nor is psychoanalysis by any means always successful, as the analysts themselves would admit. We know some patients who have been in analysis for as long as 15 years or even longer. They are stable for longer or shorter periods; but they are far from cured, as they will usually demonstrate and often admit. Psychoanalysis is practically impossible for the poor or even the members of most middle-class families, who have more money but many demands upon their already strained incomes. In our late 40s we were fortunate enough to receive some marriage counseling from a distinguished and highly competent member of the American Psychoanalytic Association. Somewhere in the process we asked him if we should have and could profit by a full-scale analysis. He smiled and shook his head. "If I could have got hold of you 25 years ago," he said, "it might have done you some good, but now we'll just have to patch you up as best we can and hope you'll run fairly well in the years ahead." That verdict made us feel like an old-model car, but we did understand what he meant. Luckily there are some reliable resources available to those seeking help in solving marital problems or in creating better marriages. We agree that there are many quacks and poorly qualified counselors in the field of marriage counseling, but we think that, with a certain amount of caution and discrimination, intelligent people who really want to improve their existing marriages or solve specific problems within marriage that are causing them tension and anguish can find help. In the first place, there have been some changes in the normal social attitudes toward marriage in recent years that offer hope. As an " o d d l y qualified minister" who does a considerable a m o u n t of premarital and postmarital counseling in the normal course of his professional life we have noticed that it is m uch easier to c o m m u n i c a t e directly with married people and people a bout to get married who come for help with planning their marriages or advice a bout their problems. No longer is premarital intercourse regarded as a sin by most people, and this removes a tremendous weight of tension and guilt from people who have experienced it. They do not feel the weight of religious disapproval and c o n d e m n a t i o n because they have responded to quite normal and natural desires. T hey are aware t hat premarital sex experience, especially with those they love and intend to marry, often adds to their mutual understanding and s y m p a t h y as well as their pleasure. Go n e also are the days when a husband's or a wife's casual love affair sends his mate in a frenzy of outraged righteousness rushing to a lawyer. People are beginning to see these experiences as part of life and growth rather than
Marriage and Psychoanalysis
159
sinful a b e r r a t i o n s o f the flesh. H e n c e , it is possible f o r t h e m i n i s t e r or o t h e r c o u n s e l o r s to talk w i t h p e o p l e a b o u t these e x p e r i e n c e s w i t h a view to getting at t h e i r real m e a n i n g and t h e i r u n d e r l y i n g causes. T w e n t y years ago few c l e r g y m e n h a d a n y training or e x p e r i e n c e with situations o f this kind. T o d a y the graduates of a n y a c c r e d i t e d s e m i n a r y will h a v e h a d s o m e clinical training a n d i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e kind o f m a r i t a l p r o b l e m s t h e y are likely to m e e t in the course o f their ministries. A t t h e very least, t h e y will k n o w t h a t it is p a r t o f their p r o f e s s i o n a l business to k n o w h o w to m a k e an i n f o r m e d and sensitive referral to qualified p s y c h o l o g i s t s , social w o r k e r s , p h y s i c i a n s , or p s y c h i a t r i s t s as the s i t u a t i o n m a y indicate. F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e r e are t h o u s a n d s o f m a r r i a g e counselors, b o t h m a l e and f e m a l e , w h o are highly qualified f o r their w o r k t h r o u g h y e a r s o f training and e x p e r i e n c e , b o t h t h e o r e t i c a l and clinical. We do n o t t h i n k it is a n y h a r d e r to find a g o o d o n e t h a n it is t o find a g o o d general p r a c t i t i o n e r , internist, or surgeon. We agree with M o n e y s w o r t h t h a t t h e r e are irresponsible p e o p l e in the field, b u t t h e y reveal t h e m s e l v e s r a t h e r clearly b y their a t t i t u d e s and tactics. An e x p e r i e n c e d m i n i s t e r or p h y s i c i a n can a l m o s t always guide t h o s e seeking h e l p with their marital p r o b l e m s to a reliable c o u n s e l o r . If t h e r e is o n e lesson t h a t the clergy, f o r c e n t u r i e s the o n l y r e s o u r c e f o r m a r i t a l counseling, have learned in r e c e n t years, it is t h a t t h e y s h o u l d n o t get o u t of t h e i r d e p t h in the counseling field. S o m e t i m e s , it s e e m s to us, t h e y have b e c o m e so c a u t i o u s and t e n t a t i v e in their e f f o r t s n o t to a t t e m p t t o o m u c h t h a t t h e y fail to a t t e m p t w h a t t h e y c o u l d do quite well. A n o t h e r positive and s u p p o r t i v e r e s o u r c e in h e l p i n g p e o p l e to face, consider, and o f t e n to solve their m a r i t a l p r o b l e m s is the use of g r o u p techniques. Married p e o p l e w h o have achieved a s u f f i c i e n t degree o f o p e n n e s s and s e c u r i t y to discuss their o w n p r o b l e m s freely in a c h u r c h or social a g e n c y o f t e n t u r n o u t to be their o w n b e s t c o u n s e l o r s . T h e loneliness o f the m a r i t a l p r o b l e m is o f t e n o v e r c o m e in t h e g r o u p s i t u a t i o n . M a n y c o u p l e s used to s u f f e r f r o m the illusion, especially in sexually related p r o b l e m s , t h a t n o b o d y b u t t h e m ever c o n f r o n t e d such bizarre, painful, and a p p a r e n t l y p e r v e r t e d situations. A little e x p e r i e n c e in a r e s p o n s i b l y r u n m a r i t a l discussion g r o u p quickly reveals t h a t t h e y are n o t alone, n o t i n o r d i n a t e l y sinful or a b n o r m a l , and can a c c e p t , change, or r e c o n s i d e r t h e i r b e h a v i o r t o w a r d one a n o t h e r as the s i t u a t i o n m a y indicate. A l m o s t a n y c o m m u n i t y o f m o d e r a t e size or larger c o n t a i n s a n u m b e r o f g r o u p s o f this kind t h a t e n c o u r a g e f r a n k and sensitive discussion of the n o r m a l stresses, strains, dangers, and possibilities o f the m a r i t a l c o n d i t i o n . Again, in r e c e n t years t h e r e has b e e n an a v a l a n c h e o f b o o k s on m a r r i a g e . S o m e t i m e s the c o u p l e w h o are shy a b o u t s e e k i n g c o u n s e l i n g help or g r o u p discussion a b o u t t h e i r m a r i t a l p r o b l e m s can find in a b o o k t h e s t i m u l u s t h e y n e e d to get t h e m s t a r t e d in a c o n s t r u c t i v e e f f o r t to deal w i t h t h e i r s i t u a t i o n . O f c o u r s e s o m e b o o k s are b e t t e r t h a n others, a n d s o m e are j u s t plain trash. D i s c r i m i n a t i o n is a l w a y s necessary, d i s c r i m i n a t i o n and the c a p a c i t y to sift o u t n o n s e n s e f r o m w i s d o m . B u t m o s t p e o p l e h a v e these abilities if t h e y will
160
Journal of Religion and Health
o n l y use t h e m . T w o r e c e n t b o o k s have s e e m e d excellent to us. One is Open Marriage, available in p a p e r b a c k , w r i t t e n b y George and Nena O'Neill, w h o are, incidentally, h u s b a n d and wife. We have c o m m e n d e d this b o o k , which has been a best-seller, to a n u m b e r o f p e o p l e w h o have b e e n either cont e m p l a t i n g marriage or e x p e r i e n c i n g difficulties within it. We always comm e n d it with the warning t h a t the reader does n o t have to a c c e p t e v e r y t h i n g the O'Neills, or a n y o n e else for t h a t m a t t e r , have to say, b u t t h a t t h e y m a y find some o f the things related to the c o n c e p t o f " o p e n m a r r i a g e " possible and helpful. A second, m o r e recent, b o o k is a small v o l u m e b y David and Vera Mace, We Can Have Better Marriages. David Mace was the f o u n d e r of the American Association of Marriage Counselors. He and his wife have b e e n married to each o t h e r for 40 years. The b o o k is full o f t h o u g h t f u l and sensitive suggestions as to h o w marriages can be sustained and i m p r o v e d . One of the things we liked a b o u t it is that, while it accepts the fact o f new styles and attitudes in marriage, it also retains its balance and finds a place for old-fashioned m o n o g a m y in which t w o p e o p l e really do love each o t h e r on a p e r m a n e n t basis and with deep c o m m i t m e n t and c o n t i n u e to grow t o g e t h e r over the years. Thus, while we agree with Moneysworth ~ cautions a b o u t marriage counseling in m a n y respects, we w o u l d add these positive resources t h a t do exist in increasing n u m b e r s for those w h o really w a n t to solve their marital p r o b l e m s and i m p r o v e their relationships. We would also p o i n t out w h a t is o f t e n f o r g o t t e n w h e n it comes to assessing professional qualifications. No a m o u n t of training and e d u c a t i o n alone can p r o d u c e a good counselor. T h e r e are some o t h e r ingredients t h a t are essential to the p e r s o n who w o u l d counsel with others, n o m a t t e r w h a t his f o r m a l training m a y be. Karl Menninger has stated it effectively in his b o o k The Vital Balance: " F a i t h , h o p e , love: t o d a y , after 20 centuries, this p r e s c r i p t i o n is t a k e n very seriously in p s y c h i a t r y . We could even go so far as to say it describes the basic p h i l o s o p h y o f the psychiatrist. Faith, h o p e , and love are the three great intangibles in his effective f u n c t i o n i n g . " (New York, Viking Press, 1965, p. 358) In short, we w o u l d advise the seekers after help in their marital situations to watch out for the quacks, as Moneysworth suggests, b u t to realize also t h a t c o n c e r n e d , intelligent, and c o m p e t e n t helpers exist in o t h e r fields and with o t h e r m e t h o d s besides those of psychoanalysis, and finally to seek in a c o u n s e l o r and practice b e t w e e n themselves the faith, h o p e , and love t h a t are the priceless and essential ingredients of all good and growing h u m a n relationships. Harry C. Meserve
