EDITORIALS The exact drivers of these disparate responses to varying degree of hypoxia severity were not elucidated. What do we learn from the findings by Mahmoud and collaborators (11)? First, glomus cells in the carotid body do not appear to require AMPK for their function, even if the carotid body may use other metabolically related sensory processes (13,14). However, more specific in situ studies will be critically needed to confirm these findings. Second, rostral and caudal catecholaminergic brainstem neurons are critical for the late phase of HVR, independent from whether the function of these neuronal populations represents a primarily metabolic response, a strictly respiratory response, or both. In this setting, the role of AMPK will undoubtedly be a major one. However, increased clarity as to the specific role of AMPK in these neurons during HVR will have to await critical future studies, including optogenetic approaches, isolated preparations, selective deafferentation procedures, and concurrent assessments of the metabolic responses, and will also require particular attention to the environmental temperature range (homeothermic or hypothermic) in which mice are subjected to the respiratory challenges. Third, the major differences in HVR that occurred when poikilocapnic hypoxia was employed as the stimulus, potentially point to altered intracellular acid–base balance (15). The emergence of apnea during severe poikilocapnic hypoxia further suggests that AMPK gain of function may represent the maturational element underlying the central nervous system component of the shift from neonatal HVR to the adult HVR patterning. Finally, the unknown role of AMPK in the adaptive and maladaptive respiratory features elicited by the wide range of potential hypoxic stimulus presentations (intermittent, sustained, chronic, etc.) is a formidable question that will have to await further research. In summary, the analogies between the integration of breathing with the operational demands of cellular and organismal energy homeostasis and those required for seamless integration of global energy sources toward a more sustainable world remind us that AMPK constitutes one of the central operators of the respiratory arm of the bioenergetics supply chain logistics. Take a deep breath, the energy race has just begun. n
References
David Gozal, M.D., M.B.A. Department of Pediatrics University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois
1. Hardie DG. AMPK: positive and negative regulation, and its role in whole-body energy homeostasis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015;33:1–7. 2. Woods A, Johnstone SR, Dickerson K, Leiper FC, Fryer LG, Neumann D, Schlattner U, Wallimann T, Carlson M, Carling D. LKB1 is the upstream kinase in the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade. Curr Biol 2003;13:2004–2008. 3. Hurley RL, Anderson KA, Franzone JM, Kemp BE, Means AR, Witters LA. The Ca21/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinases are AMP-activated protein kinase kinases. J Biol Chem 2005;280: 29060–29066. 4. di Prampero PE. Metabolic and circulatory limitations to VO2 max at the whole animal level. J Exp Biol 1985;115:319–331. 5. Mortola JP, Maskrey M. Metabolism, temperature, and ventilation. Compr Physiol 2011;1:1679–1709. 6. Teppema LJ, Dahan A. The ventilatory response to hypoxia in mammals: mechanisms, measurement, and analysis. Physiol Rev 2010;90:675–754. 7. Evans AM. AMP-activated protein kinase underpins hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and carotid body excitation by hypoxia in mammals. Exp Physiol 2006;91:821–827. 8. Kemp PJ. Detecting acute changes in oxygen: will the real sensor please stand up? Exp Physiol 2006;91:829–834. 9. Ross FA, Rafferty JN, Dallas ML, Ogunbayo O, Ikematsu N, McClafferty H, Tian L, Widmer H, Rowe IC, Wyatt CN, et al. Selective expression in carotid body type I cells of a single splice variant of the large conductance calcium- and voltage-activated potassium channel confers regulation by AMP-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 2011;286:11929–11936. 10. Culmsee C, Monnig J, Kemp BE, Mattson MP. AMP-activated protein kinase is highly expressed in neurons in the developing rat brain and promotes neuronal survival following glucose deprivation. J Mol Neurosci 2001;17:45–58. 11. Mahmoud AD, Lewis S, Jurici ˇ c´ L, Utibe-Abasi U, Hartmann S, Jansen MA, Ogunbayo OA, Puggioni P, Holmes AP, Kumar P, et al. AMPactivated protein kinase deficiency blocks the hypoxic ventilatory response and thus precipitates hypoventilation and apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016;193:1032–1043. 12. Reeves SR, Carter ES, Guo SZ, Gozal D. Calcium/calmodulindependent kinase II mediates critical components of the hypoxic ventilatory response within the nucleus of the solitary tract in adult rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005;289: R871–R876. 13. Gonzalez C, Agapito MT, Rocher A, Gomez-Niño A, Rigual R, Castañeda J, Conde SV, Obeso A. A revisit to O2 sensing and transduction in the carotid body chemoreceptors in the context of reactive oxygen species biology. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2010;174:317–330. 14. Chang AJ, Ortega FE, Riegler J, Madison DV, Krasnow MA. Oxygen regulation of breathing through an olfactory receptor activated by lactate. Nature 2015;527:240–244. 15. Basting TM, Burke PG, Kanbar R, Viar KE, Stornetta DS, Stornetta RL, Guyenet PG. Hypoxia silences retrotrapezoid nucleus respiratory chemoreceptors via alkalosis. J Neurosci 2015;35: 527–543.
ORCID ID: 0000-0001-8195-6036 (D.G.).
Copyright © 2016 by the American Thoracic Society
Author disclosures are available with the text of this article at www.atsjournals.org.
Looking Back at My American Thoracic Society Presidency Attracting and Retaining the Next Generation As I reflect on my American Thoracic Society (ATS) presidency, I am proud of what we have achieved. With my colleagues on the Executive Committee and ATS staff and volunteers, we have committed to focusing on the next generation. The ATS has been
946
working to attract and retain the best and brightest into our field; time will tell whether we have been successful in paving the way for future leaders. This editorial will summarize some of our efforts.
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Volume 193 Number 9 | May 1 2016
EDITORIALS 1. ATS Global Scholars Program: In June 2015, we started our new webinar-based lecture series to build capacity among trainees around the world. We started our efforts in Mozambique and Uganda, but we are now at 11 sites in 8 countries involving more than 130 trainees and growing. We have identified local champions at each site to help facilitate completion of a pre- and posttest for all participants. At the completion of our 25-lecture curriculum, participants will receive a certificate designating them as Global Scholars of the ATS. The top students will be awarded a free trip to our international conference. Students are also offered mentors in the United States who help navigate the program and provide advice more broadly. Peter Moschovis, Stephen Altobelli, and Erin Marie Nebel have helped in our efforts to achieve this goal. This program is generating considerable excitement and, it is hoped, will yield benefits for years to come (1). See http://www.thoracic.org/advocacy/global-public-health/globalscholars-program/. 2. ATS Student Scholars Program: We have developed a program to allow local students to attend our international conference for free. The program was started at the 2013 ATS International Conference in Philadelphia and has grown from local medical students to include nursing students, respiratory therapy students, graduate students, and others. Each student is assigned a mentor to help them navigate the meeting and meet key opinion leaders. Thus far, more than 50% of our attendees have expressed interest in joining our field as a direct result of this program. The student group is diverse and has been equally distributed across pulmonary, critical care, sleep, pediatrics, and nursing, allowing for a broad impact for many years to come. The program has primarily targeted local students, but more recently it has extended throughout North America and around the world. Thanks to Eileen Larsson and all of the local champions for helping us show the next generation how exciting our field can be (2–4). See http://conference.thoracic.org/program/early-careerprofessionals/student-scholars-program.php. 3. ATS Resident Boot Camp: This program started at the 2014 ATS International Conference in San Diego under the leadership of Laura Crotty Alexander, M.D., and the ATS Training Committee. The idea was to invite residents who were matched in pulmonary fellowships in July to come to the ATS to learn the basics of respiratory medicine so they would hit the ground running at the start of their fellowship. The speakers have included top-notch faculty from throughout the ATS; they have received superb reviews. This program grew rapidly from an anticipated 20 participants to more than 300 applications for the 2016 ATS International Conference in San Francisco and is now under the leadership of Brendan Clarke, M.D. The program has created considerable loyalty to the ATS, which it is hoped will encourage life-long membership. See http://conference.thoracic.org/program/early-careerprofessionals/resident-boot-camp.php. 4. ATS Fellows Track Symposium: We have a long-standing goal to provide didactic education to fellows in training in pulmonary and/or critical care medicine. The program includes more than 200 participants who are given financial support to attend the ATS conference. The program has received excellent feedback and continues to grow in Editorials
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
popularity. See http://conference.thoracic.org/program/ early-career-professionals/fellows-track-symposium.php. ATS Remote Mentoring Programs: We have developed remote mentoring programs for trainees both in the United States and around the world by pairing hundreds of junior people with mentors from outside institutions. Such relationships have resulted in important friendships and funded grant applications, and have fostered robust collaborations. The feedback has been strongly positive from all parties involved. See https://www.thoracic.org/members/assemblies/atsmentoring-programs.php. ATS Foundation Grants: We have expanded ATS Foundation grants considerably. Working with Public Advisory Roundtable groups, we provided joint funding in various areas of interest. We are helping our Public Advisory Roundtable colleagues on innovative approaches (e.g., using crowdsourcing) to fund new grants to support young investigators and generate excitement about scientific investigation. We have also expanded our bridge awards to help investigators at all stages (in National Institutes of Health [NIH] terms: pre-K, K to R, and R to R for the range of scientific experience) remain in academia and have leveraged considerable NIH support. In fact, we estimate a more than 10-to-1 return on investment for our research funding initiatives. Furthermore, we are now working on joint programs with the NIH for bridge funding, which will help support the pipeline of physician scientists. Many ATS grants are available to people around the world and are not limited to U.S. participants. See http://foundation.thoracic.org/. Advocacy: We have done considerable work through our Washington, D.C. office to advocate for increased research funding, clean air, Medicare reimbursement, and other issues. Perhaps most exciting for me is the Next Generation Researchers Act, a bill that just passed the Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions committee. Aimed at increasing opportunities for young investigators, it would create a “Next Generation of Researchers” initiative in the NIH Office of the Director to coordinate policies and programs for new researchers. Fingers crossed . . . Respiratory Sleep and Pediatric Pulmonology: These two areas are both small and underrepresented. It is concerning that the pipeline into these small areas is diminishing, leading to uncertainty regarding the future (5–7). We have allocated funds through the ATS Foundation to encourage individuals to join academic programs in these areas. These programs are still evolving but will, it is hoped, create rich networks for sharing resources, delivering didactic training, and providing financial support to draw new leaders into these fields, ultimately helping us identify our replacements. Scholarships: We have increased research prizes for meritorious abstracts in various areas. These awards include international scholars from various countries in partnership with various sister societies around the world. We have also expanded research prizes in critical care through the Critical Care Societies Collaborative, a group that is working to advance the field of critical care (http://ccsconline.org/). These abstract awards will help to encourage and recognize junior people involved with critical care research. 947
EDITORIALS 10. Methods in Epidemiologic, Clinical, and Operations Research (MECOR): Our MECOR program, in place for more than 20 years, involves approximately 1,800 students on five continents. The program provides intensive training for students in underresourced areas to build research capacity locally and, ultimately, to become self-sustaining so that over time the students become the teachers. The program has graduated many outstanding future leaders and has been one of the crown jewels of the ATS. Please join us at the opening ceremonies in San Francisco when we honor Sonia Buist, M.D., with the Vision Award and thank her for her leadership of this program. See https://www.thoracic.org/advocacy/globalpublic-health/mecor-courses/. 11. Pulmonary Board Review book: Our Pulmonary Board Review book, edited by Tao Le, M.D., M.H.S., was extremely popular. We recorded approximately 10,000 downloads in the first month it was released and more than 60,000 unique downloads to date. The book was offered for free to members, and we are still hearing great feedback from readers. We are now working on a Critical Care Board Review book and will plan a Sleep Board Review book in the future. See http://www.thoracic.org/professionals/education/review-forthe-pulmonary-boards.php. 12. Best of the ATS videos: Under the leadership of Nitin Seam, M.D., we are collecting educational videos to help disseminate knowledge about various topics in pulmonary, critical care, and sleep medicine worldwide. Other educational initiatives for millennials, including Instagram images and so forth, are ongoing. We are also keen to emphasize that teaching and education is not just about clinical medicine but also will involve clinical, translational, and basic research training. This list is not exhaustive but represents a good illustration of all of our ongoing activities. At the beginning of my president’s year, I charged all of the ATS committees to address how they might impact the next generation, a theme that was echoed by my
948
predecessors and successors. The results have been a huge success, and my guess is that we will see the dividends for years to come. I thank the other members of the ATS Executive Committee for their leadership on these important issues and the countless people involved in executing these exciting programs. n Author disclosures are available with the text of this article at www.atsjournals.org. Atul Malhotra, M.D. ATS President (2015–2016) Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California
References 1. Finn PW, Malhotra A. Health equality for pulmonary, critical care, and sleep medicine: opportunities for professional societies. Glob Heart 2014;9:359–360. 2. Blackwell TS, Tager AM, Borok Z, Moore BB, Schwartz DA, Anstrom KJ, Bar-Joseph Z, Bitterman P, Blackburn MR, Bradford W, et al. Future directions in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis research: an NHLBI workshop report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014;189:214–222. 3. Kotton DN. The 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: democratizing pluripotency for lung researchers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012;186:1080–1081. 4. Kotton DN. Next-generation regeneration: the hope and hype of lung stem cell research. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012;185: 1255–1260. 5. Phillips B, Gozal D, Malhotra A. What is the future of sleep medicine in the United States? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015;192:915–917. 6. Pack AI, Zee PC. The pipeline of investigators for sleep research—a crisis! Sleep 2006;29:1260–1261. 7. Ferkol T, Zeitlin P, Abman S, Blaisdell CJ, O’Brodovich H. NHLBI training workshop report: the vanishing pediatric pulmonary investigator and recommendations for recovery. Pediatr Pulmonol 2010;45:25–33.
Copyright © 2016 by the American Thoracic Society
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Volume 193 Number 9 | May 1 2016
References
David Gozal, M.D., M.B.A. Department of Pediatrics University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois
1. Hardie DG. AMPK: positive and negative regulation, and its role in whole-body energy homeostasis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015;33:1–7. 2. Woods A, Johnstone SR, Dickerson K, Leiper FC, Fryer LG, Neumann D, Schlattner U, Wallimann T, Carlson M, Carling D. LKB1 is the upstream kinase in the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade. Curr Biol 2003;13:2004–2008. 3. Hurley RL, Anderson KA, Franzone JM, Kemp BE, Means AR, Witters LA. The Ca21/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinases are AMP-activated protein kinase kinases. J Biol Chem 2005;280: 29060–29066. 4. di Prampero PE. Metabolic and circulatory limitations to VO2 max at the whole animal level. J Exp Biol 1985;115:319–331. 5. Mortola JP, Maskrey M. Metabolism, temperature, and ventilation. Compr Physiol 2011;1:1679–1709. 6. Teppema LJ, Dahan A. The ventilatory response to hypoxia in mammals: mechanisms, measurement, and analysis. Physiol Rev 2010;90:675–754. 7. Evans AM. AMP-activated protein kinase underpins hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and carotid body excitation by hypoxia in mammals. Exp Physiol 2006;91:821–827. 8. Kemp PJ. Detecting acute changes in oxygen: will the real sensor please stand up? Exp Physiol 2006;91:829–834. 9. Ross FA, Rafferty JN, Dallas ML, Ogunbayo O, Ikematsu N, McClafferty H, Tian L, Widmer H, Rowe IC, Wyatt CN, et al. Selective expression in carotid body type I cells of a single splice variant of the large conductance calcium- and voltage-activated potassium channel confers regulation by AMP-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 2011;286:11929–11936. 10. Culmsee C, Monnig J, Kemp BE, Mattson MP. AMP-activated protein kinase is highly expressed in neurons in the developing rat brain and promotes neuronal survival following glucose deprivation. J Mol Neurosci 2001;17:45–58. 11. Mahmoud AD, Lewis S, Jurici ˇ c´ L, Utibe-Abasi U, Hartmann S, Jansen MA, Ogunbayo OA, Puggioni P, Holmes AP, Kumar P, et al. AMPactivated protein kinase deficiency blocks the hypoxic ventilatory response and thus precipitates hypoventilation and apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016;193:1032–1043. 12. Reeves SR, Carter ES, Guo SZ, Gozal D. Calcium/calmodulindependent kinase II mediates critical components of the hypoxic ventilatory response within the nucleus of the solitary tract in adult rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005;289: R871–R876. 13. Gonzalez C, Agapito MT, Rocher A, Gomez-Niño A, Rigual R, Castañeda J, Conde SV, Obeso A. A revisit to O2 sensing and transduction in the carotid body chemoreceptors in the context of reactive oxygen species biology. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2010;174:317–330. 14. Chang AJ, Ortega FE, Riegler J, Madison DV, Krasnow MA. Oxygen regulation of breathing through an olfactory receptor activated by lactate. Nature 2015;527:240–244. 15. Basting TM, Burke PG, Kanbar R, Viar KE, Stornetta DS, Stornetta RL, Guyenet PG. Hypoxia silences retrotrapezoid nucleus respiratory chemoreceptors via alkalosis. J Neurosci 2015;35: 527–543.
ORCID ID: 0000-0001-8195-6036 (D.G.).
Copyright © 2016 by the American Thoracic Society
Author disclosures are available with the text of this article at www.atsjournals.org.
Looking Back at My American Thoracic Society Presidency Attracting and Retaining the Next Generation As I reflect on my American Thoracic Society (ATS) presidency, I am proud of what we have achieved. With my colleagues on the Executive Committee and ATS staff and volunteers, we have committed to focusing on the next generation. The ATS has been
946
working to attract and retain the best and brightest into our field; time will tell whether we have been successful in paving the way for future leaders. This editorial will summarize some of our efforts.
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Volume 193 Number 9 | May 1 2016
EDITORIALS 1. ATS Global Scholars Program: In June 2015, we started our new webinar-based lecture series to build capacity among trainees around the world. We started our efforts in Mozambique and Uganda, but we are now at 11 sites in 8 countries involving more than 130 trainees and growing. We have identified local champions at each site to help facilitate completion of a pre- and posttest for all participants. At the completion of our 25-lecture curriculum, participants will receive a certificate designating them as Global Scholars of the ATS. The top students will be awarded a free trip to our international conference. Students are also offered mentors in the United States who help navigate the program and provide advice more broadly. Peter Moschovis, Stephen Altobelli, and Erin Marie Nebel have helped in our efforts to achieve this goal. This program is generating considerable excitement and, it is hoped, will yield benefits for years to come (1). See http://www.thoracic.org/advocacy/global-public-health/globalscholars-program/. 2. ATS Student Scholars Program: We have developed a program to allow local students to attend our international conference for free. The program was started at the 2013 ATS International Conference in Philadelphia and has grown from local medical students to include nursing students, respiratory therapy students, graduate students, and others. Each student is assigned a mentor to help them navigate the meeting and meet key opinion leaders. Thus far, more than 50% of our attendees have expressed interest in joining our field as a direct result of this program. The student group is diverse and has been equally distributed across pulmonary, critical care, sleep, pediatrics, and nursing, allowing for a broad impact for many years to come. The program has primarily targeted local students, but more recently it has extended throughout North America and around the world. Thanks to Eileen Larsson and all of the local champions for helping us show the next generation how exciting our field can be (2–4). See http://conference.thoracic.org/program/early-careerprofessionals/student-scholars-program.php. 3. ATS Resident Boot Camp: This program started at the 2014 ATS International Conference in San Diego under the leadership of Laura Crotty Alexander, M.D., and the ATS Training Committee. The idea was to invite residents who were matched in pulmonary fellowships in July to come to the ATS to learn the basics of respiratory medicine so they would hit the ground running at the start of their fellowship. The speakers have included top-notch faculty from throughout the ATS; they have received superb reviews. This program grew rapidly from an anticipated 20 participants to more than 300 applications for the 2016 ATS International Conference in San Francisco and is now under the leadership of Brendan Clarke, M.D. The program has created considerable loyalty to the ATS, which it is hoped will encourage life-long membership. See http://conference.thoracic.org/program/early-careerprofessionals/resident-boot-camp.php. 4. ATS Fellows Track Symposium: We have a long-standing goal to provide didactic education to fellows in training in pulmonary and/or critical care medicine. The program includes more than 200 participants who are given financial support to attend the ATS conference. The program has received excellent feedback and continues to grow in Editorials
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
popularity. See http://conference.thoracic.org/program/ early-career-professionals/fellows-track-symposium.php. ATS Remote Mentoring Programs: We have developed remote mentoring programs for trainees both in the United States and around the world by pairing hundreds of junior people with mentors from outside institutions. Such relationships have resulted in important friendships and funded grant applications, and have fostered robust collaborations. The feedback has been strongly positive from all parties involved. See https://www.thoracic.org/members/assemblies/atsmentoring-programs.php. ATS Foundation Grants: We have expanded ATS Foundation grants considerably. Working with Public Advisory Roundtable groups, we provided joint funding in various areas of interest. We are helping our Public Advisory Roundtable colleagues on innovative approaches (e.g., using crowdsourcing) to fund new grants to support young investigators and generate excitement about scientific investigation. We have also expanded our bridge awards to help investigators at all stages (in National Institutes of Health [NIH] terms: pre-K, K to R, and R to R for the range of scientific experience) remain in academia and have leveraged considerable NIH support. In fact, we estimate a more than 10-to-1 return on investment for our research funding initiatives. Furthermore, we are now working on joint programs with the NIH for bridge funding, which will help support the pipeline of physician scientists. Many ATS grants are available to people around the world and are not limited to U.S. participants. See http://foundation.thoracic.org/. Advocacy: We have done considerable work through our Washington, D.C. office to advocate for increased research funding, clean air, Medicare reimbursement, and other issues. Perhaps most exciting for me is the Next Generation Researchers Act, a bill that just passed the Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions committee. Aimed at increasing opportunities for young investigators, it would create a “Next Generation of Researchers” initiative in the NIH Office of the Director to coordinate policies and programs for new researchers. Fingers crossed . . . Respiratory Sleep and Pediatric Pulmonology: These two areas are both small and underrepresented. It is concerning that the pipeline into these small areas is diminishing, leading to uncertainty regarding the future (5–7). We have allocated funds through the ATS Foundation to encourage individuals to join academic programs in these areas. These programs are still evolving but will, it is hoped, create rich networks for sharing resources, delivering didactic training, and providing financial support to draw new leaders into these fields, ultimately helping us identify our replacements. Scholarships: We have increased research prizes for meritorious abstracts in various areas. These awards include international scholars from various countries in partnership with various sister societies around the world. We have also expanded research prizes in critical care through the Critical Care Societies Collaborative, a group that is working to advance the field of critical care (http://ccsconline.org/). These abstract awards will help to encourage and recognize junior people involved with critical care research. 947
EDITORIALS 10. Methods in Epidemiologic, Clinical, and Operations Research (MECOR): Our MECOR program, in place for more than 20 years, involves approximately 1,800 students on five continents. The program provides intensive training for students in underresourced areas to build research capacity locally and, ultimately, to become self-sustaining so that over time the students become the teachers. The program has graduated many outstanding future leaders and has been one of the crown jewels of the ATS. Please join us at the opening ceremonies in San Francisco when we honor Sonia Buist, M.D., with the Vision Award and thank her for her leadership of this program. See https://www.thoracic.org/advocacy/globalpublic-health/mecor-courses/. 11. Pulmonary Board Review book: Our Pulmonary Board Review book, edited by Tao Le, M.D., M.H.S., was extremely popular. We recorded approximately 10,000 downloads in the first month it was released and more than 60,000 unique downloads to date. The book was offered for free to members, and we are still hearing great feedback from readers. We are now working on a Critical Care Board Review book and will plan a Sleep Board Review book in the future. See http://www.thoracic.org/professionals/education/review-forthe-pulmonary-boards.php. 12. Best of the ATS videos: Under the leadership of Nitin Seam, M.D., we are collecting educational videos to help disseminate knowledge about various topics in pulmonary, critical care, and sleep medicine worldwide. Other educational initiatives for millennials, including Instagram images and so forth, are ongoing. We are also keen to emphasize that teaching and education is not just about clinical medicine but also will involve clinical, translational, and basic research training. This list is not exhaustive but represents a good illustration of all of our ongoing activities. At the beginning of my president’s year, I charged all of the ATS committees to address how they might impact the next generation, a theme that was echoed by my
948
predecessors and successors. The results have been a huge success, and my guess is that we will see the dividends for years to come. I thank the other members of the ATS Executive Committee for their leadership on these important issues and the countless people involved in executing these exciting programs. n Author disclosures are available with the text of this article at www.atsjournals.org. Atul Malhotra, M.D. ATS President (2015–2016) Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California
References 1. Finn PW, Malhotra A. Health equality for pulmonary, critical care, and sleep medicine: opportunities for professional societies. Glob Heart 2014;9:359–360. 2. Blackwell TS, Tager AM, Borok Z, Moore BB, Schwartz DA, Anstrom KJ, Bar-Joseph Z, Bitterman P, Blackburn MR, Bradford W, et al. Future directions in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis research: an NHLBI workshop report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014;189:214–222. 3. Kotton DN. The 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: democratizing pluripotency for lung researchers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012;186:1080–1081. 4. Kotton DN. Next-generation regeneration: the hope and hype of lung stem cell research. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012;185: 1255–1260. 5. Phillips B, Gozal D, Malhotra A. What is the future of sleep medicine in the United States? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015;192:915–917. 6. Pack AI, Zee PC. The pipeline of investigators for sleep research—a crisis! Sleep 2006;29:1260–1261. 7. Ferkol T, Zeitlin P, Abman S, Blaisdell CJ, O’Brodovich H. NHLBI training workshop report: the vanishing pediatric pulmonary investigator and recommendations for recovery. Pediatr Pulmonol 2010;45:25–33.
Copyright © 2016 by the American Thoracic Society
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Volume 193 Number 9 | May 1 2016
