Journal of Dietary Supplements
ISSN: 1939-0211 (Print) 1939-022X (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ijds20
Lipid Profile and Electrolyte Composition in Diabetic Rats Treated With Leaf Extract of Musa sapientum E. O. Adewoye & A. O. Ige To cite this article: E. O. Adewoye & A. O. Ige (2016) Lipid Profile and Electrolyte Composition in Diabetic Rats Treated With Leaf Extract of Musa sapientum, Journal of Dietary Supplements, 13:1, 106-117, DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2014.965866 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/19390211.2014.965866
Published online: 16 Oct 2014.
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Date: 22 November 2015, At: 02:46
Journal of Dietary Supplements, 13(1):106–117, 2016 C Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Copyright DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2014.965866
ARTICLE
Lipid Profile and Electrolyte Composition in Diabetic Rats Treated With Leaf Extract of Musa sapientum Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 02:46 22 November 2015
E. O. Adewoye & A. O. Ige Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
ABSTRACT. Diabetes mellitus affects lipid levels resulting in diabetic dyslipidemia as well as electrolyte loss from the body. Musa sapientum has been reported to possess antidiabetic properties. This study assessed the lipid profile and electrolyte composition in alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with methanol leaf extract of M. sapientum (cMEMSL). Diabetes was induced with alloxan (120 mg/kg i.p.). Seventy-five male albino rats were divided into 5 groups of 15 rats each. Group 1 was control; groups 2–5 were made diabetic and treated with 0.2 ml 0.9% NaCl, cMEMSL (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg), and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), respectively, for 14 days. Blood samples were obtained from the retro orbital sinus after light anesthesia from 5 animals in each group on days 2, 7, and 14 for lipids and electrolyte analysis. Lipid profile of diabetic treated (cMEMSL and glibenclamide) animals showed significant reduction (p < .05) in total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. The high density lipoprotein (HDL) level in the treatment groups increased significantly (p < .05) compared with diabetic untreated. Sodium, potassium, and phosphate ions significantly increased in all diabetic treatment groups while chloride ion significantly decreased compared with diabetic untreated. There was no significant difference in calcium and bicarbonate ion concentration in all the groups. This study has showed additional properties of Musa sapientum to include its ability to restore electrolyte balance, reduce cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and increase the HDL levels in diabetic animals. KEYWORDS. tum
Diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, electrolytes alteration, Musa sapien-
INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder, which results from dysfunction of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids metabolism (Tiwari and Rao, 2002). Its primary manifestation is an increase in blood glucose level, which if left untreated can result in debilitating disease conditions. It is reported to affect lipid levels resulting in changes characterized as diabetic dyslipidemia (VinodMahato et al., 2011). The reported dyslipidemia in diabetes mellitus may be classified into quantitative and qualitative changes (Arora, Koley, Gupta, & Sandhu, 2007; Berthezene, 2002). Quantitative Address correspondence to: E. O. Adewoye, Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. (E-mail: [email protected])
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changes include increased very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), decreased lipoprotein lipase activity, increased low density lipoprotein-C (LDL-C), and decreased high density lipoprotein-C (HDL-C) levels (Arora et al., 2007; Berthezene, 2002). Qualitative changes in lipid profile affect the composition and structure of lipoprotein. These changes occur as a result of altered cholesterol transport, decreased content of free and esterified cholesterol, and reduced content of phospholipids leading to marked changes in the viscosity of HDL particles. There is also a preponderance of small dense HDL particles, resulting in an increased atherogenic potential (Berthezene, 2002). Insulin resistance has been reported to be involved in this process, however the pathophysiology of lipid abnormalities in diabetes is not yet totally explained (Joshua, Becham, & Libby, 2002). Electrolytes have been reported to play an important role in many body processes such as controlling fluid levels, acid–base balance (pH), nerve conduction, blood clotting, and muscle contraction (Rao, 1992; Tanko et al., 2013). Electrolyte imbalance resulting from kidney failure, dehydration, fever, and vomiting has been suggested as one of the contributing factors toward complications observed in diabetes and other endocrine disorders (Tanko et al., 2013). Musa sapientum is a large tropical plant with a succulent pseudo-stem. Different parts of this plant have been studied, and it has been reported to have antidiabetic properties among others (Dhanabal, Sureshkumar, Ramanathan, & Suresh, 2005; Ingale, Ingale, & Josh, 2009; Morton, 1987; Oke, Achife, & Adefisan, 1999; Pari & Maheshwari, 2000). In an earlier study, Adewoye, Taiwo, and Olayioye (2009) reported the hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of root extracts of Musa sapientum (Banana), they also reported the effect of the leaf extract of Musa sapientum on gastrointestinal transit (Adewoye, Ige, & Latona, 2011), liver glycogen content, and alpha amylase inhibitory activity (Adewoye & Ige, 2013). This report focuses on the effect of methanol leaf extract of M. sapientum on the lipid profile and electrolyte composition in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHOD Plant Collection and Extraction Fresh Musa sapientum leaves were collected and identified (Identification No. UIH - 22304) at the Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Ibadan. Plant extraction was carried out using the cold extraction method as described by Owoyele, Wuraola, Soladoye, & Olaleye (2004) and Adewoye et al. (2011). Animal Grouping and Experimental Protocol Male albino Wistar rats weighing between 180 and 220 g were used in the study. They were obtained from the Central Animal House, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan. They were fed with standard rat chow and allowed free access to drinking water according to guidelines and regulations of the National Institute of Health (NIH) (1985) for laboratory animal care and use. Seventy-five rats were divided into 5 groups of 15 rats each. Diabetes was induced with a single intraperitoneal dose of alloxan monohydrate (120 mg/kg) (Adewoye, Ige, & Latona, 2011). Group 1 served as control; groups 2–5 were made diabetic and treated with 0.2 ml
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NaCl, cMEMSL (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg), and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), respectively, for 14 days. Blood samples were obtained from the tail vein on day 2, 4, 7, and 14 for glucose analysis and from the retro orbital sinus after light anesthesia from 5 animals in each group on day 2, 7, and 14 for lipid profile and blood electrolyte analysis.
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Analytical Methods Blood glucose level was measured using the glucose oxidase method as described by Trinder (1969). Calcium and chloride level was measured using standard lab kits supplied by BIOLAB. Serum cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides were determined by enzymatic procedures also using BIOLAB kit (France), while low density lipoprotein (LDL) was calculated using Friedewalds equation (Friedewald, Levy, & Fredrickson, 1972; Warnick, Knopp, Fitzpatrick, & Branson, 1990). Sodium and potassium ions levels were determined by flame photometry, phosphate ion was assessed using colorimetric method, and serum bicarbonate was determined by back titration method (Tietz, Pruden, & SiggaardAndersen, 1994). Results obtained are expressed as mean ± SEM. Level of statistical significance is taken at p < .05 using Student’s T test.
RESULTS Weight Changes in Control, Untreated Diabetic, and Treated Diabetic Animals In the control animals, a relatively constant body weight was observed throughout the study while in the diabetic untreated animals, a significant (p < .05) percent change of 8.9%, 11.5%, 20.4%, and 27.9% in body weight were observed on days 2, 4, 7, and 14, respectively (Table 1). In diabetic animals treated with cMEMSL and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), a gradual recovery in bodyweight was observed from the initial weight reduction caused by the induction of diabetes mellitus. The increase in body weight observed in all treated groups by day 14 was not up to their initial weights (Day 0) but was still significantly different from diabetic untreated rats. (Table 1).
TABLE 1. Body Weight Changes (g) in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats Day 0 Control 210 ± 9.0 Diab untreated 226.7 ± 6.7 Diab cMEMSL 250 mg/kg treated 220.5 ± 9.1 Diab cMEMSL 500 mg/kg treated 240 ± 7.3 Diab Gli (5 mg/kg) treated 226.7 ± 11.2 a b
Day 2
Day 4
Day 7
216.7 ± 6.7 220.7 ± 6.7 230.7 ± 3.3 206.7 ± 6.7 200.5 ± 5.5 180.7 ± 6.7 213.3 ± 10.3 190 ± 5.5 196.7 ± 3.3 213.3 ± 6.7 203.3 ± 3.3 213.3 ± 3.3 223.3 ± 8.8 215.50 ± 10 223.33 ± 8.8
Indicates values that are significantly different (p < .05) from day 0 values. Indicates values that are significantly (p < .05) different from diabetic untreated values on day 14.
Day 14 226.7 ± 6.7 163.3 ± 3.6a 200.5 ± 5.5b 216.7 ± 3.3b 220 ± 5.8b
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Blood Glucose Level Changes in Control, Untreated Diabetic, and Treated Diabetic Animals Blood glucose in control animals remained within normal throughout the duration of the study while a significant increase in blood glucose level was observed in the diabetic untreated group within 48 hr of diabetes induction (p < .01). By days 7 and 14, blood glucose values in the diabetic untreated rats were still significantly higher than day 0 values (Figure 1). Diabetic rats treated with cMEMSL (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) still had significant increase in blood glucose level within 48 hr of inducing diabetes (p < .01) however, values obtained by day 7 showed 61.4%, 72.2%, and 78.3% reduction, respectively (p < .05) when compared with diabetic untreated. By day 14, a 76.3% and 77.2% reduction in blood glucose level was observed in the 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg cMEMSL treated diabetic animals while glibenclamide treatment caused an 84.2% reduction in blood glucose level compared with diabetic untreated animals (Figure 1). Lipid Profile in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats Total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and HDL levels remained relatively constant in the control untreated animals while diabetic untreated showed a significant increase in total cholesterol and triglyceride level throughout the study. In diabetic animals treated with the crude extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) and glibenclamide, a significant reduction (p < .05) in total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL level was observed by days 7 and 14 of the experiment when compared with diabetic untreated animals (Tables 2 and 3). HDL levels were also significantly increased in all the diabetic treated rats compared with diabetic untreated (Table 3).
FIGURE 1. Blood glucose levels (mg/dl) in normal, diabetic untreated, cMEMSL (250 and 500 mg/kg) treated diabetic, and glibenclamide treated diabetic rats. Values are mean ± SEM. ∗∗ indicates values that are significantly different (p < .01) from diabetic untreated values on day 14.
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c
b
a
99.33 ± 0.67 443.33 ± 34.20 363.67 ± 64.96 377.33 ± 31.18 405.50 ± 27.50
86.00 ± 3.05 107.67 ± 5.36 112.33 ± 2.03 110.67 ± 2.33 94.33 ± 2.33
TC 88.00 ± 1.16 153.67 ± 15.65 67.00 ± 1.73 95.00 ± 2.52 98.00 ± 1.73
Indicates values that are significantly different (p < .01) from day 2 values within same group. Indicates values that are significantly (p < .01) different from diabetic control values. Indicates values that are significantly different (p < .05) day 2 values within same group.
Control Diab untreated Diab cMEMSL 250 mg/kg treated Diab cMEMSL 500 mg/kg treated Diab Gli (5 mg/kg) treated
TG
TC
Day 2
Day 7
102 ± 1.53 877.33 ± 18.89 287.33 ± 29.76 217.67 ± 18.59 152.33 ± 14.34
TG
87.33 ± 1.77 186.0 ± 10.6 64.67 ± 1.77a,b 57.33 ± 4.81a,b 82.33 ± 1.46b,c
TC
TABLE 2. Total Cholesterol (TC) and Triglycerides (TG) Levels (mg/dl) in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats
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TG 102.33 ± 1.46 938.67 ± 31.30a 136.67 ± 8.82a,b 140.00 ± 20.82a,b 111.67 ± 4.41b,c
Day 14
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c
b
a
46.33 ± 2.96 84.67 ± 2.33 87.33 ± 3.89 67.0 ± 5.29 86.67 ± 3.18
24.33 ± 2.33 28.0 ± 2.08 30.67 ± 2.33 41.33 ± 3.48 32.0 ± 1.73
HDL 25.67 ± 1.2 21.0 ± 0.58 40.33 ± 2.33 60.33 ± 4.49 64.67 ± 6.99
Indicates values that are significantly different (p < .05) from day 2 values within same group. Indicates values that are significantly different (p < .01) from day 2 values within the same group. Indicates values that are significantly (p < .01) different from diabetic control values.
Control Diab untreated Diab cMEMSL 250 mg/kg treated Diab cMEMSL 500 mg/kg treated Diab Gli (5 mg/kg) treated
LDL
HDL
Day 2
Day 7
46.33 ± 2.96 106.0 ± 3.22 70.67 ± 3.48 47.0 ± 4.36 56.0 ± 2.31
LDL
23.00 ± 1.00 19.67 ± 0.34a 56.67 ± 3.53a,c 66.67 ± 2.4a,c 71.67 ± 2.03b,c
HDL
LDL 45.67 ± 4.27 143.67 ± 13.3b 26.0 ± 2.08b,c 38.33 ± 3.85b,c 25.67 ± 2.33b,c
Day 14
TABLE 3. High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Levels (mg/dl) in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats
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Plasma Electrolyte Composition in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats
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Electrolyte composition remained relatively constant in control animals while diabetic untreated animals showed a progressive decline (p < .05) in sodium, potassium, and phosphate ion levels and an increase (p < .05) in chloride ion level by day 14 of the study. In diabetic animals treated with cMEMSL (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) and glibenclamide, increase in sodium, potassium, and phosphate ion levels was observed by day 14 with values significantly different from diabetic untreated values. Chloride ion levels were significantly lower in the treatment groups by day 14 when compared with diabetic untreated. There was no statistically significant difference in plasma calcium and bicarbonate ion in all treatment groups when compared with either day 2 or diabetic untreated values.
DISCUSSION Diabetes mellitus has been reported to affect blood lipid levels resulting in changes characterized as diabetic dyslipidemia. The lipoproteins abnormalities associated with diabetes mellitus are reported to be responsible for the increased risk of macrovascular disease (Krentz, 2003). Insulin affects the liver apolipoprotein production, regulates the enzymatic activities of lipoprotein lipase and cholesterol ester transport protein (Verges, 2009). Hence, insulin deficiency as observed in diabetes mellitus may reduce the activity of hepatic lipase and several steps in the production of biologically active lipoprotein lipase (Verges, 2009). In this study, untreated alloxan-induced diabetic rats had hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, elevated LDL, and low HDL levels. Alloxan monohydrate induces diabetes by causing selective necrosis of pancreatic beta cells and hence insulin deficiency (Szkudelski, 2001). The dyslipidemia observed in the diabetic untreated animals may therefore be due to disorder in fat metabolism caused by deficiency in insulin secretion and action as a result of alloxan administration. This study has also shown that the methanol extract of Musa sapientum leaves has hypoglycemic properties, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL lowering, and HDL increasing activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats (Figure 1, Tables 2 and 3). Glibenclamide is a sulfonylurea that exacts its antidiabetic effect by stimulating insulin release from the pancreatic beta cells. It is not therefore unlikely that in diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide, the observed hypoglycemic, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL lowering, and HDL increasing activity may be a direct effect of an increase in insulin output from the pancreatic beta cells caused by glibenclamide stimulation (Figure 1, Tables 2 and 3). Plasma Electrolyte Composition in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats Electrolyte composition remained relatively constant in control animals while diabetic untreated animals showed a progressive decline (p < .05) in sodium, potassium, and phosphate ion levels (Table 4, 5 and 7) and an increase (p < .05) in chloride ion level (Table 6) by day 14 of the study. In diabetic animals treated with cMEMSL (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) and glibenclamide, increase in sodium, potassium, and phosphate ion levels was observed by day 14 (Table 4, 5 and 7) with values significantly different from diabetic untreated values. Chloride
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TABLE 4. Sodium Ion Concentration (mmol/l) in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats
Control Diab untreated Diab cMEMSL 250 mg/kg treated Diab cMEMSL 500 mg/kg treated Diab Gli (5 mg/kg) treated a b
Day 2
Day 7
Day 14
140 ± 1.15 128 ± 2.52 134.33 ± 0.88 130 ± 1.92 131.67 ± 0.88
140.67 ± 0.67 119.67 ± 1.46 127.33 ± 2.19b 132.67 ± 1.08b 134.33 ± 0.33b
140.67 ± 1.33 114.3 ± 1.86a 138.33 ± 0.88b 133.33 ± 2.33b 142 ± 1.16b
Indicates values that are significantly different (p < .05) from day 2 values. Indicates values that are significantly (p < .05) different from diabetic untreated values.
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TABLE 5. Potassium Ion Concentration (mmol/l) in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats
Control Diab untreated Diab cMEMSL 250 mg/kg treated Diab cMEMSL 500 mg/kg treated Diab Gli (5 mg/kg) treated a b
Day 2
Day 7
Day 14
5.20 ± 0.12 3.53 ± 0.2 3.77 ± 0.14 3.93 ± 0.12 3.8 ± 0.06
4.86 ± 0.18 2.1 ± 0.12 5.3 ± 0.42b 5.27 ± 0.29b 4.8 ± 0.23b
5.0 ± 0.12 1.3 ± 0.16a 5.1 ± 0.21b 5.8 ± 0.3a,b 5.23 ± 0.09a,b
Indicates values that are significantly different (p < .05) from day 2 values. Indicates values that are significantly (p < .01) different from diabetic untreated values.
ion levels were significantly lower in the treatment groups by day 14 when compared with diabetic untreated (Table 6). There was no statistically significant difference in plasma calcium and bicarbonate ion in all treatment groups when compared with either day 2 or diabetic untreated values (Tables 8 and 9). Musa sapientum has been reported to possess different phytochemical substances that have shown antidiabetic properties in different animal models of diabetes mellitus (Adewoye et al. 2011; Ingale et al., 2009; Lewis, Field, & Shaw, 1999; Nickavar & Yousefiana, 2009). Waalkes, Sjoerdsma, Creveling, Weissbach, and Udenfriend (1958) and Vettorazz (1974) reported the presence of catecholamines in M. sapientum pulp while Layden, Durai, and Lowe (2010) reported the presence of adrenergic receptors in pancreatic beta cells. It is therefore possible that the catecholamines in M. sapientum could have stimulated the adrenergic receptors in the beta cells to produce insulin, which then results in reduction of the
TABLE 6. Chloride Ion Concentration (mmol/l) in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats
Control Diab untreated Diab cMEMSL 250 mg/kg treated Diab cMEMSL 500 mg/kg treated Diab Gli (5 mg/kg) treated a b
Day 2
Day 7
Day 14
91 ± 0.58 88 ± 1.16 86 ± 1.16 85.67 ± 0.88 85.33 ± 1.77
91 ± 0.58 91.67 ± 1.46 82.67 ± 1.77 82.67 ± 1.2 84 ± 1.16
91.67 ± 0.33 97.67 ± 0.88a 83.33 ± 0.67b 78.67 ± 0.67b 85.33 ± 1.7b
Indicates values that are significantly different (p < .05) from day 2 values. Indicates values that are significantly (p < .05) different from diabetic untreated values.
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TABLE 7. Phosphate Ion Concentration (mg/dl) in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats
Control Diab untreated Diab cMEMSL 250 mg/kg treated Diab cMEMSL 500 mg/kg treated Diab Gli (5 mg/kg) treated a b
Day 2
Day 7
Day 14
6.0 ± 0.16 4.37 ± 0.09 4.23 ± 0.14 4.03 ± 0.09 4.03 ± 0.09
5.2 ± 0.16 2.27 ± 0.33 3.2 ± 0.36 3.6 ± 0.17 3.27 ± 0.15
6.07 ± 0.07 1.77 ± 0.09a 4.0 ± 0.06b 4.37 ± 0.23b 5.47 ± 0.18b
Indicates values that are significantly different (p < .01) from day 2 values. Indicates values that are significantly (p < .01) different from diabetic untreated values.
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TABLE 8. Calcium Ion Concentration (mg/dl) in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats
Control Diab untreated Diab cMEMSL 250 mg/kg treated Diab cMEMSL 500 mg/kg treated Diab Gli (5 mg/kg) treated
Day 2
Day 7
Day 14
8.17 ± 0.12 8.5 ± 0.27 8.8 ± 0.23 9.0 ± 0.16 8.5 ± 0.06
8.27 ± 0.18 9.43 ± 0.2 9.67 ± 0.24 9.0 ± 0.16 8.53 ± 0.07
8.27 ± 0.13 10.4 ± 0.25 8.67 ± 0.07 8.6 ± 0.12 8.67 ± 0.09
Results from the table above indicate that there was no statistically significant difference in blood calcium ion concentration.
glucose concentration. The insulin released could also have acted on liver enzymes to affect lipid metabolism (Verges, 2009) resulting in the reduction of cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL levels as well as an increase in HDL levels. This study is in agreement with the report of Gomathy, Vijayalekshmi, and Kurup (1990) and Mallick, Maiti, and Ghosh (2006) who reported that the pectin content in the juice of inflorescence stalk of M. sapientum and methanol root extract of M. paradisiaca possesses cholesterol and triglyceride lowering effects in rats. In diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia has been reported to offset the proportional distribution of serum electrolytes (Rao, 1992; Shah et al., 2011; Tanko et al., 2013). Serum electrolyte imbalance in type-1-diabetes is primarily a result of elevated blood glucose resulting in glucosuria, diuresis, and electrolyte loss, which then offsets the body’s balance of electrolytes (Tanko et al., 2013). The balance especially disturbed between sodium and potassium is often leading to hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hyperkalemia (Haque et al., 2012). Furthermore, insulin deficiency TABLE 9. Bicarbonate Ion Concentration (mmol/l) in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats
Control Diab untreated Diab cMEMSL 250 mg/kg treated Diab cMEMSL 500 mg/kg treated Diab Gli (5 mg/kg) treated
Day 2
Day 7
Day 14
22.33 ± 0.88 19.33 ± 0.67 20.33 ± 0.34 19.67 ± 0.88 19.67 ± 0.88
23.33 ± 0.88 17.33 ± 0.67 23.33 ± 0.67 21.33 ± 0.34 20.67 ± 0.34
22.33 ± 0.88 15.33 ± 0.67 21.33 ± 0.67 17.33 ± 0.67 19.33 ± 0.67
Results from the table above indicate that there was no statistically significant difference in blood bicarbonate ion concentration.
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and plasma hypertonicity as a result of hyperglycemia has also been reported to promote K+ shift from the intracellular fluid (ICF) to the extracellular fluid (ECF) (Haque et al., 2012). In this study, there was a decrease in plasma level of sodium, potassium, and phosphate ions in diabetic untreated rats. The reduction in the level of these electrolytes might be attributed to the electrolyte loss usually observed in poorly controlled diabetes (Haque et al., 2012), however, the mechanism of this loss could be the subject of further studies. The observed reduction in these electrolytes could have been produced by dehydration or as a result of kidney dysfunction caused by diabetes (Kitabchi et al., 2001). Results from this study also indicate an attenuation of electrolyte loss in the extract and glibenclamide treated diabetic rats. This may not be unconnected with the observed hypoglycemic properties, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL lowering, and HDL increasing activities of the extract, which might have restored normoglycemia hence prevented excessive loss of electrolytes in urine. In conclusion, the methanol leaf extract of Musa sapientum possesses hypoglycemic properties, restores electrolyte balance, possesses cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL lowering, and HDL increasing activities, which may be due to the action of its active constituents on the pancreatic beta cells in a manner similar to that of glibenclamide. It is suggested that further studies on the active constituents of Musa sapientum and their effects on pancreatic beta cell function be carried out. Declaration of interest: The authors report no conflict of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this paper.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS Dr. E. O Adewoye (PhD) and Dr. A. O Ige (PhD), Applied and Environmental Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Lipid Profile and Electrolyte Composition in Diabetic Rats Treated With Leaf Extract of Musa sapientum E. O. Adewoye & A. O. Ige To cite this article: E. O. Adewoye & A. O. Ige (2016) Lipid Profile and Electrolyte Composition in Diabetic Rats Treated With Leaf Extract of Musa sapientum, Journal of Dietary Supplements, 13:1, 106-117, DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2014.965866 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/19390211.2014.965866
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Journal of Dietary Supplements, 13(1):106–117, 2016 C Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Copyright DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2014.965866
ARTICLE
Lipid Profile and Electrolyte Composition in Diabetic Rats Treated With Leaf Extract of Musa sapientum Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 02:46 22 November 2015
E. O. Adewoye & A. O. Ige Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
ABSTRACT. Diabetes mellitus affects lipid levels resulting in diabetic dyslipidemia as well as electrolyte loss from the body. Musa sapientum has been reported to possess antidiabetic properties. This study assessed the lipid profile and electrolyte composition in alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with methanol leaf extract of M. sapientum (cMEMSL). Diabetes was induced with alloxan (120 mg/kg i.p.). Seventy-five male albino rats were divided into 5 groups of 15 rats each. Group 1 was control; groups 2–5 were made diabetic and treated with 0.2 ml 0.9% NaCl, cMEMSL (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg), and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), respectively, for 14 days. Blood samples were obtained from the retro orbital sinus after light anesthesia from 5 animals in each group on days 2, 7, and 14 for lipids and electrolyte analysis. Lipid profile of diabetic treated (cMEMSL and glibenclamide) animals showed significant reduction (p < .05) in total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. The high density lipoprotein (HDL) level in the treatment groups increased significantly (p < .05) compared with diabetic untreated. Sodium, potassium, and phosphate ions significantly increased in all diabetic treatment groups while chloride ion significantly decreased compared with diabetic untreated. There was no significant difference in calcium and bicarbonate ion concentration in all the groups. This study has showed additional properties of Musa sapientum to include its ability to restore electrolyte balance, reduce cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and increase the HDL levels in diabetic animals. KEYWORDS. tum
Diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, electrolytes alteration, Musa sapien-
INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder, which results from dysfunction of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids metabolism (Tiwari and Rao, 2002). Its primary manifestation is an increase in blood glucose level, which if left untreated can result in debilitating disease conditions. It is reported to affect lipid levels resulting in changes characterized as diabetic dyslipidemia (VinodMahato et al., 2011). The reported dyslipidemia in diabetes mellitus may be classified into quantitative and qualitative changes (Arora, Koley, Gupta, & Sandhu, 2007; Berthezene, 2002). Quantitative Address correspondence to: E. O. Adewoye, Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. (E-mail: [email protected])
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changes include increased very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), decreased lipoprotein lipase activity, increased low density lipoprotein-C (LDL-C), and decreased high density lipoprotein-C (HDL-C) levels (Arora et al., 2007; Berthezene, 2002). Qualitative changes in lipid profile affect the composition and structure of lipoprotein. These changes occur as a result of altered cholesterol transport, decreased content of free and esterified cholesterol, and reduced content of phospholipids leading to marked changes in the viscosity of HDL particles. There is also a preponderance of small dense HDL particles, resulting in an increased atherogenic potential (Berthezene, 2002). Insulin resistance has been reported to be involved in this process, however the pathophysiology of lipid abnormalities in diabetes is not yet totally explained (Joshua, Becham, & Libby, 2002). Electrolytes have been reported to play an important role in many body processes such as controlling fluid levels, acid–base balance (pH), nerve conduction, blood clotting, and muscle contraction (Rao, 1992; Tanko et al., 2013). Electrolyte imbalance resulting from kidney failure, dehydration, fever, and vomiting has been suggested as one of the contributing factors toward complications observed in diabetes and other endocrine disorders (Tanko et al., 2013). Musa sapientum is a large tropical plant with a succulent pseudo-stem. Different parts of this plant have been studied, and it has been reported to have antidiabetic properties among others (Dhanabal, Sureshkumar, Ramanathan, & Suresh, 2005; Ingale, Ingale, & Josh, 2009; Morton, 1987; Oke, Achife, & Adefisan, 1999; Pari & Maheshwari, 2000). In an earlier study, Adewoye, Taiwo, and Olayioye (2009) reported the hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of root extracts of Musa sapientum (Banana), they also reported the effect of the leaf extract of Musa sapientum on gastrointestinal transit (Adewoye, Ige, & Latona, 2011), liver glycogen content, and alpha amylase inhibitory activity (Adewoye & Ige, 2013). This report focuses on the effect of methanol leaf extract of M. sapientum on the lipid profile and electrolyte composition in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHOD Plant Collection and Extraction Fresh Musa sapientum leaves were collected and identified (Identification No. UIH - 22304) at the Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Ibadan. Plant extraction was carried out using the cold extraction method as described by Owoyele, Wuraola, Soladoye, & Olaleye (2004) and Adewoye et al. (2011). Animal Grouping and Experimental Protocol Male albino Wistar rats weighing between 180 and 220 g were used in the study. They were obtained from the Central Animal House, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan. They were fed with standard rat chow and allowed free access to drinking water according to guidelines and regulations of the National Institute of Health (NIH) (1985) for laboratory animal care and use. Seventy-five rats were divided into 5 groups of 15 rats each. Diabetes was induced with a single intraperitoneal dose of alloxan monohydrate (120 mg/kg) (Adewoye, Ige, & Latona, 2011). Group 1 served as control; groups 2–5 were made diabetic and treated with 0.2 ml
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NaCl, cMEMSL (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg), and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), respectively, for 14 days. Blood samples were obtained from the tail vein on day 2, 4, 7, and 14 for glucose analysis and from the retro orbital sinus after light anesthesia from 5 animals in each group on day 2, 7, and 14 for lipid profile and blood electrolyte analysis.
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Analytical Methods Blood glucose level was measured using the glucose oxidase method as described by Trinder (1969). Calcium and chloride level was measured using standard lab kits supplied by BIOLAB. Serum cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides were determined by enzymatic procedures also using BIOLAB kit (France), while low density lipoprotein (LDL) was calculated using Friedewalds equation (Friedewald, Levy, & Fredrickson, 1972; Warnick, Knopp, Fitzpatrick, & Branson, 1990). Sodium and potassium ions levels were determined by flame photometry, phosphate ion was assessed using colorimetric method, and serum bicarbonate was determined by back titration method (Tietz, Pruden, & SiggaardAndersen, 1994). Results obtained are expressed as mean ± SEM. Level of statistical significance is taken at p < .05 using Student’s T test.
RESULTS Weight Changes in Control, Untreated Diabetic, and Treated Diabetic Animals In the control animals, a relatively constant body weight was observed throughout the study while in the diabetic untreated animals, a significant (p < .05) percent change of 8.9%, 11.5%, 20.4%, and 27.9% in body weight were observed on days 2, 4, 7, and 14, respectively (Table 1). In diabetic animals treated with cMEMSL and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), a gradual recovery in bodyweight was observed from the initial weight reduction caused by the induction of diabetes mellitus. The increase in body weight observed in all treated groups by day 14 was not up to their initial weights (Day 0) but was still significantly different from diabetic untreated rats. (Table 1).
TABLE 1. Body Weight Changes (g) in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats Day 0 Control 210 ± 9.0 Diab untreated 226.7 ± 6.7 Diab cMEMSL 250 mg/kg treated 220.5 ± 9.1 Diab cMEMSL 500 mg/kg treated 240 ± 7.3 Diab Gli (5 mg/kg) treated 226.7 ± 11.2 a b
Day 2
Day 4
Day 7
216.7 ± 6.7 220.7 ± 6.7 230.7 ± 3.3 206.7 ± 6.7 200.5 ± 5.5 180.7 ± 6.7 213.3 ± 10.3 190 ± 5.5 196.7 ± 3.3 213.3 ± 6.7 203.3 ± 3.3 213.3 ± 3.3 223.3 ± 8.8 215.50 ± 10 223.33 ± 8.8
Indicates values that are significantly different (p < .05) from day 0 values. Indicates values that are significantly (p < .05) different from diabetic untreated values on day 14.
Day 14 226.7 ± 6.7 163.3 ± 3.6a 200.5 ± 5.5b 216.7 ± 3.3b 220 ± 5.8b
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Blood Glucose Level Changes in Control, Untreated Diabetic, and Treated Diabetic Animals Blood glucose in control animals remained within normal throughout the duration of the study while a significant increase in blood glucose level was observed in the diabetic untreated group within 48 hr of diabetes induction (p < .01). By days 7 and 14, blood glucose values in the diabetic untreated rats were still significantly higher than day 0 values (Figure 1). Diabetic rats treated with cMEMSL (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) still had significant increase in blood glucose level within 48 hr of inducing diabetes (p < .01) however, values obtained by day 7 showed 61.4%, 72.2%, and 78.3% reduction, respectively (p < .05) when compared with diabetic untreated. By day 14, a 76.3% and 77.2% reduction in blood glucose level was observed in the 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg cMEMSL treated diabetic animals while glibenclamide treatment caused an 84.2% reduction in blood glucose level compared with diabetic untreated animals (Figure 1). Lipid Profile in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats Total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and HDL levels remained relatively constant in the control untreated animals while diabetic untreated showed a significant increase in total cholesterol and triglyceride level throughout the study. In diabetic animals treated with the crude extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) and glibenclamide, a significant reduction (p < .05) in total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL level was observed by days 7 and 14 of the experiment when compared with diabetic untreated animals (Tables 2 and 3). HDL levels were also significantly increased in all the diabetic treated rats compared with diabetic untreated (Table 3).
FIGURE 1. Blood glucose levels (mg/dl) in normal, diabetic untreated, cMEMSL (250 and 500 mg/kg) treated diabetic, and glibenclamide treated diabetic rats. Values are mean ± SEM. ∗∗ indicates values that are significantly different (p < .01) from diabetic untreated values on day 14.
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c
b
a
99.33 ± 0.67 443.33 ± 34.20 363.67 ± 64.96 377.33 ± 31.18 405.50 ± 27.50
86.00 ± 3.05 107.67 ± 5.36 112.33 ± 2.03 110.67 ± 2.33 94.33 ± 2.33
TC 88.00 ± 1.16 153.67 ± 15.65 67.00 ± 1.73 95.00 ± 2.52 98.00 ± 1.73
Indicates values that are significantly different (p < .01) from day 2 values within same group. Indicates values that are significantly (p < .01) different from diabetic control values. Indicates values that are significantly different (p < .05) day 2 values within same group.
Control Diab untreated Diab cMEMSL 250 mg/kg treated Diab cMEMSL 500 mg/kg treated Diab Gli (5 mg/kg) treated
TG
TC
Day 2
Day 7
102 ± 1.53 877.33 ± 18.89 287.33 ± 29.76 217.67 ± 18.59 152.33 ± 14.34
TG
87.33 ± 1.77 186.0 ± 10.6 64.67 ± 1.77a,b 57.33 ± 4.81a,b 82.33 ± 1.46b,c
TC
TABLE 2. Total Cholesterol (TC) and Triglycerides (TG) Levels (mg/dl) in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats
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TG 102.33 ± 1.46 938.67 ± 31.30a 136.67 ± 8.82a,b 140.00 ± 20.82a,b 111.67 ± 4.41b,c
Day 14
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c
b
a
46.33 ± 2.96 84.67 ± 2.33 87.33 ± 3.89 67.0 ± 5.29 86.67 ± 3.18
24.33 ± 2.33 28.0 ± 2.08 30.67 ± 2.33 41.33 ± 3.48 32.0 ± 1.73
HDL 25.67 ± 1.2 21.0 ± 0.58 40.33 ± 2.33 60.33 ± 4.49 64.67 ± 6.99
Indicates values that are significantly different (p < .05) from day 2 values within same group. Indicates values that are significantly different (p < .01) from day 2 values within the same group. Indicates values that are significantly (p < .01) different from diabetic control values.
Control Diab untreated Diab cMEMSL 250 mg/kg treated Diab cMEMSL 500 mg/kg treated Diab Gli (5 mg/kg) treated
LDL
HDL
Day 2
Day 7
46.33 ± 2.96 106.0 ± 3.22 70.67 ± 3.48 47.0 ± 4.36 56.0 ± 2.31
LDL
23.00 ± 1.00 19.67 ± 0.34a 56.67 ± 3.53a,c 66.67 ± 2.4a,c 71.67 ± 2.03b,c
HDL
LDL 45.67 ± 4.27 143.67 ± 13.3b 26.0 ± 2.08b,c 38.33 ± 3.85b,c 25.67 ± 2.33b,c
Day 14
TABLE 3. High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Levels (mg/dl) in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats
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Plasma Electrolyte Composition in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats
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Electrolyte composition remained relatively constant in control animals while diabetic untreated animals showed a progressive decline (p < .05) in sodium, potassium, and phosphate ion levels and an increase (p < .05) in chloride ion level by day 14 of the study. In diabetic animals treated with cMEMSL (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) and glibenclamide, increase in sodium, potassium, and phosphate ion levels was observed by day 14 with values significantly different from diabetic untreated values. Chloride ion levels were significantly lower in the treatment groups by day 14 when compared with diabetic untreated. There was no statistically significant difference in plasma calcium and bicarbonate ion in all treatment groups when compared with either day 2 or diabetic untreated values.
DISCUSSION Diabetes mellitus has been reported to affect blood lipid levels resulting in changes characterized as diabetic dyslipidemia. The lipoproteins abnormalities associated with diabetes mellitus are reported to be responsible for the increased risk of macrovascular disease (Krentz, 2003). Insulin affects the liver apolipoprotein production, regulates the enzymatic activities of lipoprotein lipase and cholesterol ester transport protein (Verges, 2009). Hence, insulin deficiency as observed in diabetes mellitus may reduce the activity of hepatic lipase and several steps in the production of biologically active lipoprotein lipase (Verges, 2009). In this study, untreated alloxan-induced diabetic rats had hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, elevated LDL, and low HDL levels. Alloxan monohydrate induces diabetes by causing selective necrosis of pancreatic beta cells and hence insulin deficiency (Szkudelski, 2001). The dyslipidemia observed in the diabetic untreated animals may therefore be due to disorder in fat metabolism caused by deficiency in insulin secretion and action as a result of alloxan administration. This study has also shown that the methanol extract of Musa sapientum leaves has hypoglycemic properties, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL lowering, and HDL increasing activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats (Figure 1, Tables 2 and 3). Glibenclamide is a sulfonylurea that exacts its antidiabetic effect by stimulating insulin release from the pancreatic beta cells. It is not therefore unlikely that in diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide, the observed hypoglycemic, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL lowering, and HDL increasing activity may be a direct effect of an increase in insulin output from the pancreatic beta cells caused by glibenclamide stimulation (Figure 1, Tables 2 and 3). Plasma Electrolyte Composition in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats Electrolyte composition remained relatively constant in control animals while diabetic untreated animals showed a progressive decline (p < .05) in sodium, potassium, and phosphate ion levels (Table 4, 5 and 7) and an increase (p < .05) in chloride ion level (Table 6) by day 14 of the study. In diabetic animals treated with cMEMSL (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) and glibenclamide, increase in sodium, potassium, and phosphate ion levels was observed by day 14 (Table 4, 5 and 7) with values significantly different from diabetic untreated values. Chloride
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TABLE 4. Sodium Ion Concentration (mmol/l) in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats
Control Diab untreated Diab cMEMSL 250 mg/kg treated Diab cMEMSL 500 mg/kg treated Diab Gli (5 mg/kg) treated a b
Day 2
Day 7
Day 14
140 ± 1.15 128 ± 2.52 134.33 ± 0.88 130 ± 1.92 131.67 ± 0.88
140.67 ± 0.67 119.67 ± 1.46 127.33 ± 2.19b 132.67 ± 1.08b 134.33 ± 0.33b
140.67 ± 1.33 114.3 ± 1.86a 138.33 ± 0.88b 133.33 ± 2.33b 142 ± 1.16b
Indicates values that are significantly different (p < .05) from day 2 values. Indicates values that are significantly (p < .05) different from diabetic untreated values.
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TABLE 5. Potassium Ion Concentration (mmol/l) in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats
Control Diab untreated Diab cMEMSL 250 mg/kg treated Diab cMEMSL 500 mg/kg treated Diab Gli (5 mg/kg) treated a b
Day 2
Day 7
Day 14
5.20 ± 0.12 3.53 ± 0.2 3.77 ± 0.14 3.93 ± 0.12 3.8 ± 0.06
4.86 ± 0.18 2.1 ± 0.12 5.3 ± 0.42b 5.27 ± 0.29b 4.8 ± 0.23b
5.0 ± 0.12 1.3 ± 0.16a 5.1 ± 0.21b 5.8 ± 0.3a,b 5.23 ± 0.09a,b
Indicates values that are significantly different (p < .05) from day 2 values. Indicates values that are significantly (p < .01) different from diabetic untreated values.
ion levels were significantly lower in the treatment groups by day 14 when compared with diabetic untreated (Table 6). There was no statistically significant difference in plasma calcium and bicarbonate ion in all treatment groups when compared with either day 2 or diabetic untreated values (Tables 8 and 9). Musa sapientum has been reported to possess different phytochemical substances that have shown antidiabetic properties in different animal models of diabetes mellitus (Adewoye et al. 2011; Ingale et al., 2009; Lewis, Field, & Shaw, 1999; Nickavar & Yousefiana, 2009). Waalkes, Sjoerdsma, Creveling, Weissbach, and Udenfriend (1958) and Vettorazz (1974) reported the presence of catecholamines in M. sapientum pulp while Layden, Durai, and Lowe (2010) reported the presence of adrenergic receptors in pancreatic beta cells. It is therefore possible that the catecholamines in M. sapientum could have stimulated the adrenergic receptors in the beta cells to produce insulin, which then results in reduction of the
TABLE 6. Chloride Ion Concentration (mmol/l) in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats
Control Diab untreated Diab cMEMSL 250 mg/kg treated Diab cMEMSL 500 mg/kg treated Diab Gli (5 mg/kg) treated a b
Day 2
Day 7
Day 14
91 ± 0.58 88 ± 1.16 86 ± 1.16 85.67 ± 0.88 85.33 ± 1.77
91 ± 0.58 91.67 ± 1.46 82.67 ± 1.77 82.67 ± 1.2 84 ± 1.16
91.67 ± 0.33 97.67 ± 0.88a 83.33 ± 0.67b 78.67 ± 0.67b 85.33 ± 1.7b
Indicates values that are significantly different (p < .05) from day 2 values. Indicates values that are significantly (p < .05) different from diabetic untreated values.
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TABLE 7. Phosphate Ion Concentration (mg/dl) in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats
Control Diab untreated Diab cMEMSL 250 mg/kg treated Diab cMEMSL 500 mg/kg treated Diab Gli (5 mg/kg) treated a b
Day 2
Day 7
Day 14
6.0 ± 0.16 4.37 ± 0.09 4.23 ± 0.14 4.03 ± 0.09 4.03 ± 0.09
5.2 ± 0.16 2.27 ± 0.33 3.2 ± 0.36 3.6 ± 0.17 3.27 ± 0.15
6.07 ± 0.07 1.77 ± 0.09a 4.0 ± 0.06b 4.37 ± 0.23b 5.47 ± 0.18b
Indicates values that are significantly different (p < .01) from day 2 values. Indicates values that are significantly (p < .01) different from diabetic untreated values.
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TABLE 8. Calcium Ion Concentration (mg/dl) in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats
Control Diab untreated Diab cMEMSL 250 mg/kg treated Diab cMEMSL 500 mg/kg treated Diab Gli (5 mg/kg) treated
Day 2
Day 7
Day 14
8.17 ± 0.12 8.5 ± 0.27 8.8 ± 0.23 9.0 ± 0.16 8.5 ± 0.06
8.27 ± 0.18 9.43 ± 0.2 9.67 ± 0.24 9.0 ± 0.16 8.53 ± 0.07
8.27 ± 0.13 10.4 ± 0.25 8.67 ± 0.07 8.6 ± 0.12 8.67 ± 0.09
Results from the table above indicate that there was no statistically significant difference in blood calcium ion concentration.
glucose concentration. The insulin released could also have acted on liver enzymes to affect lipid metabolism (Verges, 2009) resulting in the reduction of cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL levels as well as an increase in HDL levels. This study is in agreement with the report of Gomathy, Vijayalekshmi, and Kurup (1990) and Mallick, Maiti, and Ghosh (2006) who reported that the pectin content in the juice of inflorescence stalk of M. sapientum and methanol root extract of M. paradisiaca possesses cholesterol and triglyceride lowering effects in rats. In diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia has been reported to offset the proportional distribution of serum electrolytes (Rao, 1992; Shah et al., 2011; Tanko et al., 2013). Serum electrolyte imbalance in type-1-diabetes is primarily a result of elevated blood glucose resulting in glucosuria, diuresis, and electrolyte loss, which then offsets the body’s balance of electrolytes (Tanko et al., 2013). The balance especially disturbed between sodium and potassium is often leading to hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hyperkalemia (Haque et al., 2012). Furthermore, insulin deficiency TABLE 9. Bicarbonate Ion Concentration (mmol/l) in Control, Diabetic Untreated, and Diabetic Treated Rats
Control Diab untreated Diab cMEMSL 250 mg/kg treated Diab cMEMSL 500 mg/kg treated Diab Gli (5 mg/kg) treated
Day 2
Day 7
Day 14
22.33 ± 0.88 19.33 ± 0.67 20.33 ± 0.34 19.67 ± 0.88 19.67 ± 0.88
23.33 ± 0.88 17.33 ± 0.67 23.33 ± 0.67 21.33 ± 0.34 20.67 ± 0.34
22.33 ± 0.88 15.33 ± 0.67 21.33 ± 0.67 17.33 ± 0.67 19.33 ± 0.67
Results from the table above indicate that there was no statistically significant difference in blood bicarbonate ion concentration.
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and plasma hypertonicity as a result of hyperglycemia has also been reported to promote K+ shift from the intracellular fluid (ICF) to the extracellular fluid (ECF) (Haque et al., 2012). In this study, there was a decrease in plasma level of sodium, potassium, and phosphate ions in diabetic untreated rats. The reduction in the level of these electrolytes might be attributed to the electrolyte loss usually observed in poorly controlled diabetes (Haque et al., 2012), however, the mechanism of this loss could be the subject of further studies. The observed reduction in these electrolytes could have been produced by dehydration or as a result of kidney dysfunction caused by diabetes (Kitabchi et al., 2001). Results from this study also indicate an attenuation of electrolyte loss in the extract and glibenclamide treated diabetic rats. This may not be unconnected with the observed hypoglycemic properties, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL lowering, and HDL increasing activities of the extract, which might have restored normoglycemia hence prevented excessive loss of electrolytes in urine. In conclusion, the methanol leaf extract of Musa sapientum possesses hypoglycemic properties, restores electrolyte balance, possesses cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL lowering, and HDL increasing activities, which may be due to the action of its active constituents on the pancreatic beta cells in a manner similar to that of glibenclamide. It is suggested that further studies on the active constituents of Musa sapientum and their effects on pancreatic beta cell function be carried out. Declaration of interest: The authors report no conflict of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this paper.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS Dr. E. O Adewoye (PhD) and Dr. A. O Ige (PhD), Applied and Environmental Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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