Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health
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Evidence-Based Practice
Current Resources for Evidence-Based Practice, May/June 2015 Nicole S. Carlson, CNM, PhD
ASSESSMENT OF EVIDENCE-BASED CHANGES IN PRACTICE
Over the past few columns, we have reviewed the 5 steps of evidence-based practice (Ask, Acquire, Appraise, Apply, and Assess).2 The practitioner first identifies a clinical question (Ask), then searches scientific databases for research results published about the topic (Acquire). After reviewing these reports for their content and quality (Appraisal), the practitioner uses best evidence to design a practice change (Apply). This change should balance best evidence with the practitioner’s clinical expertise and the patient’s preferences and values. After application, the practitioner must evaluate the change and tell others about the experience (Assess). During the assessment step, it is important to learn if the project made a difference and to determine ways the project might be improved. Finally, the practitioner now has the opportunity to share the experience and results with other practitioners so they can learn from the associated successes (and failures!). It is not necessary to be a PhD-trained researcher to evaluate a clinical project. In fact, many useful resources are available for clinicians who are learning to evaluate clinical projects. Organizations such as the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) offer free trainings in quality improvement (QI) for clinicians.1 These trainings are designed to help practitioners break down evidence-based improvement projects into manageable phases, then use simple tools to track progress. Far from a traditional research orientation where projects are evaluated only after all interventions are complete, QI evaluations take place during implementation of the clinical changes, and results are used to fine tune the project for greater effect. QI evaluations also provide the opportunity for practitioners to collect feedback on the project from patients, staff, and administration. See the resources provided by the IHI1 on the quality improvement process for more information. How important is it for practitioners to get involved with clinical change? This issue was addressed by the Institute of Medicine (IOM), recognized in the United States as the leading organization offering recommendations regarding health care. In the groundbreaking report, Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century, the IOM noted that a quality health care practitioner is one who not only has good patient outcomes, but who is also committed to the improvement of health care services.3 Insurance companies and the federal government are on board with these ideas Published simultaneously in the Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing. 2015;44(3).
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and link payment for a wide range of health care services on performance improvement projects. Don’t have an idea for a specific clinical improvement project? Organizations such as the American College of Nurse Midwives (ACNM) offer practitioners the opportunity to collect outcome statistics for comparison to other practices nationwide.4 Sometimes the best way to identify an area for clinical improvement is to look outside of your own setting and see what others are doing. In the end, evidence-based practice is rooted in the desire to improve clinical performance and quality. Truly excellent health care providers are those who embrace the work of continuously (re)educating themselves on the best ways to provide care and to help others do the same. One of the best-kept secrets in clinical improvement is that for many practitioners, QI work is the key to keeping their passion for the profession alive. Most of us got into our fields because we wanted to help others, and clinical improvement work allows a single practitioner to do just that, for many more women, children, and families than we could ever help directly. 1.Institute for Healthcare Improvement. An Introduction to the Model for Improvement. Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2014. Available from: http://www.ihi.org/education/WebTraining/ OnDemand/ImprovementModelIntro/Pages/default.aspx. Accessed February 1, 2015. 2.University of North Carolina Health Sciences Library. Using evidence based nursing in practice. 2015. Available from: http://guides. lib.unc.edu/c.php?g=8364&p=43044. Accessed February 1, 2015. 3.Institute of Medicine. Crossing the quality chasm: A new health system for the 21st century. Published 2001. http://www.nap.edu/ books/0309072808/html/. Accessed February 1, 2015. 4.American College of Nurse-Midwives. The ACNM Benchmarking Project. 2014. Available from: www.midwife.org/Benchmarking. Accessed February 1, 2015.
FROM COCHRANE DATABASE OF SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS (CDSR) ISSUES 12, 2014 & 1, 2015 New Systematic Reviews in CDSR: Women’s Health
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Synchronized approach for intrauterine insemination in subfertile couples Assisted reproductive technology: An overview of Cochrane Reviews Uterine artery embolization for symptomatic uterine fibroids Adhesion prevention agents for gynaecological surgery: An overview of Cochrane reviews Mechanical devices for urinary incontinence in women Ovarian cyst aspiration prior to in vitro fertilization treatment for subfertility
c 2015 by the American College of Nurse-Midwives
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Dehydroepiandrosterone for women in the peri- or postmenopausal phase Antioxidants for male subfertility Follow-up strategies after treatment (large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)): Impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) test
New Systematic Reviews in CDSR: Pregnancy and Birth
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Penumococcal vaccination during pregnancy for preventing infant infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra-amniotic infection Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women Creatine for women in pregnancy for neuroprotection of the fetus Elective repeat cesarean section versus induction of labour for women with a previous cesarean birth Controlled cord traction for the third stage of labour Screening with urinary dipsticks for reducing morbidity and mortality Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour to prevent early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes Prophylactic manual rotation for fetal malposition to reduce operative delivery Antenatal lower genital tract infection screening and treatment programs for preventing preterm delivery Home uterine monitoring for detecting preterm labour
New Systematic Reviews in CDSR: Neonatal
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Sound reduction management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants Disposable nappies for preventing napkin dermatitis in infants Parent-infant psychotherapy for improving parental and infant mental health Surfactant for meconium aspiration syndrome in term and late preterm infants Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants Delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants Oxygen therapy for lower respiratory tract infections in children between 3 months and 15 years of age
Updated Systematic Reviews in CDSR: Women’s Health
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Early versus delayed oral fluids and food for reducing complications after major abdominal gynaecologic surgery
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Featured Review: El Shahed AI, Dargaville PA, Ohisoon A, & Soll, R. Surfactant for meconium aspiration syndrome in term and late preterm infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014;12:CD002054. Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) involves the in utero exposure of the airways of a fetus to amniotic fluid containing meconium.1 Meconium damages the lungs of the fetus and causes acute mechanical obstruction and poor gas exchange. In animal models, meconium aspiration caused a displacement of natural surfactant.2 When investigators replaced natural surfactant with large doses of animal-derived surfactant, they saw improvements in lung compliance and ventilation. Surfactant contains a combination of chemicals that lie within the interior surface of the lungs and reduce the surface pressure there for easier lung movement and gas exchange. Treatment of neonates with intratracheal administration of surfactant was shown in previous Cochrane reviews to improve symptoms in respiratory distress syndrome,3 pulmonary hemorrhage,4 and bacterial pneumonia.5 In this Cochrane review of 4 randomized controlled trials (N = 326), term or late-preterm neonates with MAS who received surfactant treatment had a significantly decreased risk of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (relative risk [RR], 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46–0.91). In one trial, neonates with MAS who were treated with surfactant also had a significantly reduced length of hospital stay (mean difference, -8 days; 95% CI, -14 to -3). Investigators found no significant reductions in other outcomes included in this review (ie, duration of assisted ventilation, duration of supplemental oxygen, pneumothorax, pulmonary interstitial emphysema, air leaks, chronic lung disease, need for oxygen at discharge, intraventricular hemorrhage, neonatal mortality). Comment: It is unknown how surfactant treatment of neonates with MAS compares to other therapies such as inhaled nitric oxide, liquid ventilation, and high frequency ventilation. However, the authors concluded that surfactant use in a newborn with MAS appears to reduce the severity of respiratory illness and the chances that the newborn will have progressive respiratory failure requiring advanced life support with ECMO. Future research investigating the usefulness of surfactant treatment in conjunction with other treatments for MAS newborns is needed.
1.Chen CT, Toung TJK, Rogers MC. Effect of intra-alveolar meconium on pulmonary surface tension properties. Crit Care Med. 1985;13(4):233– 6. 2.Sun B, Curstedt T, Song G, Robertson B. Surfactant improves lung function and morphology in newborn rabbits with meconium aspiration. Biol Neonate. 1993;63(2):96–104. 3.Soll R, Ozek E. Multiple versus single doses of exogenous surfactant for the prevention or treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009;CD000141(1). 4.Aziz A, Ohlsoon A. Surfactant for pulmonary haemorrhage in neonates. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012;CD005254(7). 5.Tan K, Lai N, Sharma A. Surfactant for bacertial pneumonia in late preterm and term infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012;CD008155(2).
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Featured Review: Hofmeyr GJ, Mshweshwe Nolundi T, & Gulmezoglu AM. Controlled cord traction for the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;1:CD008020. Controlled cord traction (CCT) is one component in a group of interventions known as active management of third stage labor (AMTSL).1 CCT is a maneuver used by skilled birth attendants to encourage placental delivery immediately following birth. During CCT, the practitioner exerts traction on the umbilical cord while applying counter pressure suprapubically once the uterus contracts following birth. If used incorrectly, CCT can result in uterine prolapse, an obstetric emergency. In addition to CCT, AMTSL also includes the use of prophylactic uterotonic at or after birth of the neonate, early cord clamping and cutting, and uterine massage following placental delivery.1 In a previous Cochrane review, AMTSL was shown to decrease the risk for severe postpartum hemorrhage (⬎ 1000 mL blood loss following vaginal birth) among women at mixed risk of hemorrhage (average risk ratio, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.30–0.83).2 For this reason, AMTSL is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).3 However, authors of the most recent AMTSL review also linked AMTSL to a significant increase in maternal pain.2 This and other adverse side effects of AMTSL prompted authors of the most recent Cochrane review of AMTSL to recommend that future studies focus on the individual components of AMTSL to weigh the risks and benefits of each. The first component of AMTSL to be studied individually by researchers was immediate cord clamping/cutting. As a result of several recent investigations, this intervention was recently dropped from AMTSL recommendations by the WHO. The WHO now recommends delayed cord clamping at approximately 2 to 3 minutes following the birth of the neonate.3 CCT is the second component of AMTSL to receive individual attention. Use of CCT by practitioners was linked to increased maternal pain following AMTSL.2 In addition, some birth attendants did not have the necessary skills to provide CCT safely. The question posed by authors of this Cochrane review was whether CCT is an essential component of AMTSL. This review included 3 methodologically sound trials comparing the use of CCT in labor (N = 27,454). Investigators found no difference in women’s risk of postpartum blood loss of greater than or equal to 1000 mL (RR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.77–1.08) or in their risk for manual removal of the placenta when routine ergometrine was not used in the third stage (n = 23,010; RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.73–1.46) with CCT. There were also no significant differences in the use of additional uterotonics, blood transfusion, maternal death/severe morbidity, or operative procedures among women randomized to CCT use. Maternal pain was reduced in one trial among women who did not have CCT compared to those who did (N = 4,057 women; RR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.53–1.46). Comment: Given these results showing limited benefit of CCT in the third stage of labor, authors of this review concluded that when a uterotonic agent is used in the third stage of labor, the routine use of controlled cord traction as part of 326
AMTSL can be dropped without increasing the risk of severe postpartum hemorrhage. In birth settings where ergometrine is typically used in the third stage of labor, CCT use is still encouraged to decrease the risk of manual removal of the placenta.
1.Hofmeyr GJ, Mshweshwe Nolundi T, G¨ulmezoglu AM. Controlled cord traction for the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015(1):CD008020. 2.Begley CM, Gyte GM, Devane D, McGuire W, Weeks A. Active versus expectant management for women in the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011(11):CD007412. 3.Abalos E. Active versus expectant management of the thirds stage of labour: RHL commentary. World Health Organization; Published 2012. http://apps.who.int/rhl/pregnancy childbirth/childbirth/3rd stage/ cd007412 abalose com/en/
EVIDENCE-BASED REVIEWS FROM OTHER SOURCES Recent Evidence-Based Reviews: Women’s Health
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Al-Mubarak M, Tibau A, Templeton AJ, et al. Extended adjuvant tamoxifen for early breast cancer: a meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(2):e88238. Albrow R, Blomberg K, Kitchener H, et al. Interventions to improve cervical cancer screening uptake amongst young women: a systematic review. Acta Oncol. 2014;53(4):445– 51. Anglemyer A, Rutherford GW, Easterbrook PJ, et al. Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: a systematic review. AIDS. 2014;28 Suppl 2:S105–18. Boyd K, Hilas O. alpha-adrenergic blockers for the treatment of lower-urinary-tract symptoms and dysfunction in women. Ann Pharmacother. 2014;48(6):711–22. Chen M, Rao Y, Zheng Y, et al. Association between soy isoflavone intake and breast cancer risk for pre- and postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(2):e89288. Chen Y, Zhang Y, Hu M, Liu X, Qi H. Timing of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone administration in IVF/ICSI protocols using GnRH agonist or antagonists: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2014;30(6):431–7. Cook JA, Burke-Miller JK, Grey DD, et al. Do HIV-positive women receive depression treatment that meets best practice guidelines? AIDS Behav. 2014;18(6):1094–102. Crane TE, Khulpateea BR, Alberts DS, Basen-Engquist K, Thomson CA. Dietary intake and ovarian cancer risk: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014;23(2):255–73. Elraiyah T, Sonbol MB, Wang Z, et al. Clinical review: The benefits and harms of systemic dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in postmenopausal women with normal adrenal function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(10):3536–42. Elraiyah T, Sonbol MB, Wang Z, et al. Clinical review: The benefits and harms of systemic testosterone therapy in postmenopausal women with normal adrenal function: Volume 60, No. 3, May/June 2015
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a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(10):3543–50. Fayanju OM, Stoll CR, Fowler S, Colditz GA, Margenthaler JA. Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy after unilateral breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2014;260(6):1000–10. Fiszer C, Dolbeault S, Sultan S, Bredart A. Prevalence, intensity, and predictors of the supportive care needs of women diagnosed with breast cancer: a systematic review. Psychooncology. 2014;23(4):361–74. Goesling B, Colman S, Trenholm C, Terzian M, Moore K. Programs to reduce teen pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and associated sexual risk behaviors: a systematic review. J Adolesc Health. 2014;54(5):499–507. Hidding JT, Beurskens CH, van der Wees PJ, van Laarhoven HW, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MW. Treatment related impairments in arm and shoulder in patients with breast cancer: a systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(5):e96748. Irvin VL, Kaplan RM. Screening mammography & breast cancer mortality: meta-analysis of quasi-experimental studies. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(6):e98105. Jansen LA, Backstein RM, Brown MH. Breast size and breast cancer: a systematic review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2014;67(12):1615–23. Kelley BP, Ahmed R, Kidwell KM, et al. A systematic review of morbidity associated with autologous breast reconstruction before and after exposure to radiotherapy: are current practices ideal? Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21(5):1732–8. Lasa JS, Zubiaurre I, Soifer LO. Risk of infertility in patients with celiac disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Arq Gastroenterol. 2014;51(2):144–50. Leung J, McKenzie S, Martin J, McLaughlin D. Effect of rurality on screening for breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing mammography. Rural Remote Health. 2014;14(2):2730. Maheux-Lacroix S, Boutin A, Moore L, et al. Hysterosalpingosonography for diagnosing tubal occlusion in subfertile women: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 2014;29(5):953–63. Maimoun L, Georgopoulos NA, Sultan C. Endocrine disorders in adolescent and young female athletes: impact on growth, menstrual cycles, and bone mass acquisition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(11):4037–50. Miltz A, Price H, Shahmanesh M, Copas A, Gilson R. Systematic review and meta-analysis of L1-VLP-based human papillomavirus vaccine efficacy against anogenital pre-cancer in women with evidence of prior HPV exposure. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(3):e90348. Pu D, Jiang SW, Wu J. Association between MTHFR gene polymorphism and the risk of ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis of the literature. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(11):1632–8. Shi Q, Li J, Li M, et al. The role of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for endometrial protection in women with breast cancer taking tamoxifen. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2014;35(5):492–8.
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Vercellini P, Consonni D, Dridi D, et al. Uterine adenomyosis and in vitro fertilization outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 2014;29(5):964–77. von Sadovszky V, Draudt B, Boch S. A systematic review of reviews of behavioral interventions to promote condom use. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2014;11(2):107–17. Xu T, Hui L, Juan YL, Min SG, Hua WT. Effects of moxibustion or acupoint therapy for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: a meta-analysis. Altern Ther Health Med. 2014;20(4):33–42. Xuping S, Jinhui T, Qi C, et al. Effects of clinical pathways used in surgery for uterine fibroids: a meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Ther. 2014;10(1):180–6. Yan JH, Pan L, Zhang XM, Sun CX, Cui GH. Lack of efficacy of Tai Chi in improving quality of life in breast cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(8):3715–20. Yang WS, Deng Q, Fan WY, Wang WY, Wang X. Light exposure at night, sleep duration, melatonin, and breast cancer: a dose-response analysis of observational studies. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2014;23(4):269–76. Zhang K, Song L. Association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and breast cancer risk: a metaanalysis of 39 studies. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(4):e96125.
Recent Evidence-Based Reviews: Pregnancy & Birth
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Agha M, Agha RA, Sandell J. Interventions to reduce and prevent obesity in pre-conceptual and pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(5):e95132. Al Wattar BH, Hillman SC, Marton T, Foster K, Kilby MD. Placenta chorioangioma: a rare case and systematic review of literature. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014;27(10):1055–63. Aune D, Saugstad OD, Henriksen T, Tonstad S. Physical activity and the risk of preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology. 2014;25(3):331–43. Banke-Thomas AO, Wilton-Waddell OE, Kouraogo SF, Mueller E. Current evidence supporting obstetric fistula prevention strategies in sub Saharan Africa: a systematic review of the literature. Afr J Reprod Health. 2014;18(3):118–27. Barros-Silva J, Pedrosa AC, Matias A. Sonographic measurement of cervical length as a predictor of preterm delivery: a systematic review. J Perinat Med. 2014;42(3):281– 93. Bove R, Alwan S, Friedman JM, et al. Management of multiple sclerosis during pregnancy and the reproductive years: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124(6):1157–68. Briere CE, McGrath J, Cong X, Cusson R. An integrative review of factors that influence breastfeeding duration for premature infants after NICU hospitalization. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2014;43(3):272–81. Chaillet N, Belaid L, Crochetiere C, et al. Nonpharmacologic approaches for pain management during
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labor compared with usual care: a meta-analysis. Birth. 2014;41(2):122–37. Darmasseelane K, Hyde MJ, Santhakumaran S, Gale C, Modi N. Mode of delivery and offspring body mass index, overweight and obesity in adult life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(2):e87896. Dorniak-Wall T, Grivell RM, Dekker GA, Hague W, Dodd JM. The role of L-arginine in the prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia: a systematic review of randomised trials. J Hum Hypertens. 2014;28(4):230–5. Dzhambov AM, Dimitrova DD, Dimitrakova ED. Noise exposure during pregnancy, birth outcomes and fetal development: meta-analyses using quality effects model. Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2014;56(3):204–14. El Marroun H, White T, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H. Maternal use of antidepressant or anxiolytic medication during pregnancy and childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;23(10):973–92. Esper LH, Furtado EF. Identifying maternal risk factors associated with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;23(10):877–89. Gagnon A, Davies G, Wilson RD, et al. Prenatal invasive procedures in women with hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and/or human immunodeficiency virus infections. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2014;36(7):648–55. Goodman JH, Chenausky KL, Freeman MP. Anxiety disorders during pregnancy: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(10):e1153–84. Grand’Maison S, Durand M, Mahone M. The effects of ursodeoxycholic acid treatment for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy on maternal and fetal outcomes: a metaanalysis including non-randomized studies. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2014;36(7):632–41. Greenwood DC, Thatcher NJ, Ye J, et al. Caffeine intake during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2014;29(10):725–34. Guariguata L, Linnenkamp U, Beagley J, Whiting DR, Cho NH. Global estimates of the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;103(2):176– 85. Hee L. Overview of the methods available for biomechanical testing of the uterine cervix in vivo. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2014;93(12):1219–37. Heslehurst N, Newham J, Maniatopoulos G, et al. Implementation of pregnancy weight management and obesity guidelines: a meta-synthesis of healthcare professionals’ barriers and facilitators using the Theoretical Domains Framework. Obes Rev. 2014;15(6):462–86. Jager S, Jacobs S, Kroger J, et al. Breast-feeding and maternal risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study and metaanalysis. Diabetologia. 2014;57(7):1355–65. Jao J, Abrams EJ. Metabolic complications of in utero maternal HIV and antiretroviral exposure in HIV-exposed infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33(7):734–40. Jin G, LanLan Z, Li C, Dan Z. Pregnancy outcome following loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) a
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systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2014;289(1):85–99. Kline JA, Richardson DM, Than MP, Penaloza A, Roy PM. Systematic review and meta-analysis of pregnant patients investigated for suspected pulmonary embolism in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2014;21(9):949–59. Macaulay S, Dunger DB, Norris SA. Gestational diabetes mellitus in Africa: a systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(6):e97871. Machado Junior LC, Passini Junior R, Rodrigues Machado Rosa I. Late prematurity: a systematic review. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2014;90(3):221–31. Mantovani E, Filippini F, Bortolus R, Franchi M. Folic acid supplementation and preterm birth: results from observational studies. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:481914. Mukherjee S, Pierre-Victor D, Bahelah R, Madhivanan P. Mental health issues among pregnant women in correctional facilities: a systematic review. Women Health. 2014;54(8):816–42. Nascimento SL, Pudwell J, Surita FG, Adamo KB, Smith GN. The effect of physical exercise strategies on weight loss in postpartum women: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Int J Obes (Lond). 2014;38(5):626–35. Neville CE, McKinley MC, Holmes VA, Spence D, Woodside JV. The relationship between breastfeeding and postpartum weight change–a systematic review and critical evaluation. Int J Obes (Lond). 2014;38(4): 577–90. Nilaweera I, Doran F, Fisher J. Prevalence, nature and determinants of postpartum mental health problems among women who have migrated from South Asian to highincome countries: a systematic review of the evidence. J Affect Disord. 2014;166:213–26. Park J, Sohn Y, White AR, Lee H. The safety of acupuncture during pregnancy: a systematic review. Acupunct Med. 2014;32(3):257–66. Patelarou E, Kelly FJ. Indoor exposure and adverse birth outcomes related to fetal growth, miscarriage and prematurity-a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(6):5904–33. Pergialiotis V, Vlachos DG, Rodolakis A, et al. First versus second stage C/S maternal and neonatal morbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014;175:15–24. Piso B, Zechmeister-Koss I, Winkler R. Antenatal interventions to reduce preterm birth: an overview of Cochrane Systematic Reviews. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:265. Poolsup N, Suksomboon N, Amin M. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(3):e92485. Roescher AM, Timmer A, Erwich JJ, Bos AF. Placental pathology, perinatal death, neonatal outcome, and neurological development: a systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(2):e89419. Ruifrok AE, van Poppel MN, van Wely M, et al. Association between weight gain during pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes after dietary and lifestyle interventions: a metaanalysis. Am J Perinatol. 2014;31(5):353–64.
Volume 60, No. 3, May/June 2015
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Silver BJ, Guy RJ, Kaldor JM, Jamil MS, Rumbold AR. Trichomonas vaginalis as a cause of perinatal morbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis. 2014;41(6):369–76. Skouteris H, Nagle C, Fowler M, et al. Interventions designed to promote exclusive breastfeeding in highincome countries: a systematic review. Breastfeed Med. 2014;9(3):113–27. Suri R, Lin AS, Cohen LS, Altshuler LL. Acute and longterm behavioral outcome of infants and children exposed in utero to either maternal depression or antidepressants: a review of the literature. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(10):e1142–52. Tie HT, Xia YY, Zeng YS, et al. Risk of childhood overweight or obesity associated with excessive weight gain during pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2014;289(2):247–57. Velauthar L, Plana MN, Kalidindi M, et al. First-trimester uterine artery Doppler and adverse pregnancy outcome: a meta-analysis involving 55,974 women. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2014;43(5):500–7. Wolf HT, Owe KM, Juhl M, Hegaard HK. Leisure time physical activity and the risk of pre-eclampsia: a systematic review. Matern Child Health J. 2014;18(4):899–910.
Recent Evidence-Based Reviews: Neonatal
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Akinpelu OV, Peleva E, Funnell WR, Daniel SJ. Otoacoustic emissions in newborn hearing screening: a systematic review of the effects of different protocols on test outcomes. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;78(5): 711–7. Daoud H, Alharfi I, Alhelali I, et al. Brain injury biomarkers as outcome predictors in pediatric severe traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care. 2014;20(3):427–35. de Silva D, Geromi M, Halken S, et al. Primary prevention of food allergy in children and adults: systematic review. Allergy. 2014;69(5):581–9. Grivell RM, Andersen C, Dodd JM. Prenatal versus postnatal repair procedures for spina bifida for improving infant and maternal outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;10:Cd008825. Jacobsen PE, Haubek D, Henriksen TB, Ostergaard JR, Poulsen S. Developmental enamel defects in children born preterm: a systematic review. Eur J Oral Sci. 2014;122(1):7–14. Kormos CE, Wilkinson AJ, Davey CJ, Cunningham AJ. Low birth weight and intelligence in adolescence and early adulthood: a meta-analysis. J Public Health (Oxf ). 2014;36(2):213–24.
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Lanzieri TM, Dollard SC, Bialek SR, Grosse SD. Systematic review of the birth prevalence of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in developing countries. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;22:44–8. Lowe J, Watkins WJ, Edwards MO, et al. Association between pulmonary ureaplasma colonization and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33(7):697–702. Lv B, Huang J, Yuan H, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha as a diagnostic marker for neonatal sepsis: a meta-analysis. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014;2014:471463. Moreno-Cid M, Rubio-Lorente A, Rodriguez MJ, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of performance of second-trimester nasal bone assessment in detection of fetuses with Down syndrome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2014;43(3):247–53. Park HY, Maitra K, Achon J, Loyola E, Rincon M. Effects of early intervention on mental or neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions in children born low birthweight or preterm: a meta-analysis. Am J Occup Ther. 2014;68(3):268–76. Plaisier A, Govaert P, Lequin MH, Dudink J. Optimal timing of cerebral MRI in preterm infants to predict long-term neurodevelopmental outcome: a systematic review. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014;35(5):841–7. Rashidian A, Omidvari AH, Vali Y, et al. The effectiveness of regionalization of perinatal care services–a systematic review. Public Health. 2014;128(10):872–85. Solaski M, Majnemer A, Oskoui M. Contribution of socioeconomic status on the prevalence of cerebral palsy: a systematic search and review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2014;56(11):1043–51. Su H, Chang SS, Han CM, et al. Inflammatory markers in cord blood or maternal serum for early detection of neonatal sepsis-a systemic review and meta-analysis. J Perinatol. 2014;34(4):268–74. Tan B, Zhang F, Zhang X, et al. Risk factors for ventilatorassociated pneumonia in the neonatal intensive care unit: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Pediatr. 2014;173(4):427–34. Wood JN, Fakeye O, Mondestin V, et al. Prevalence of abuse among young children with femur fractures: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr. 2014;14:169.
AUTHOR
Nicole S. Carlson, CNM, PhD, is a recent doctoral graduate from the College of Nursing, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO.
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www.jmwh.org
Evidence-Based Practice
Current Resources for Evidence-Based Practice, May/June 2015 Nicole S. Carlson, CNM, PhD
ASSESSMENT OF EVIDENCE-BASED CHANGES IN PRACTICE
Over the past few columns, we have reviewed the 5 steps of evidence-based practice (Ask, Acquire, Appraise, Apply, and Assess).2 The practitioner first identifies a clinical question (Ask), then searches scientific databases for research results published about the topic (Acquire). After reviewing these reports for their content and quality (Appraisal), the practitioner uses best evidence to design a practice change (Apply). This change should balance best evidence with the practitioner’s clinical expertise and the patient’s preferences and values. After application, the practitioner must evaluate the change and tell others about the experience (Assess). During the assessment step, it is important to learn if the project made a difference and to determine ways the project might be improved. Finally, the practitioner now has the opportunity to share the experience and results with other practitioners so they can learn from the associated successes (and failures!). It is not necessary to be a PhD-trained researcher to evaluate a clinical project. In fact, many useful resources are available for clinicians who are learning to evaluate clinical projects. Organizations such as the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) offer free trainings in quality improvement (QI) for clinicians.1 These trainings are designed to help practitioners break down evidence-based improvement projects into manageable phases, then use simple tools to track progress. Far from a traditional research orientation where projects are evaluated only after all interventions are complete, QI evaluations take place during implementation of the clinical changes, and results are used to fine tune the project for greater effect. QI evaluations also provide the opportunity for practitioners to collect feedback on the project from patients, staff, and administration. See the resources provided by the IHI1 on the quality improvement process for more information. How important is it for practitioners to get involved with clinical change? This issue was addressed by the Institute of Medicine (IOM), recognized in the United States as the leading organization offering recommendations regarding health care. In the groundbreaking report, Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century, the IOM noted that a quality health care practitioner is one who not only has good patient outcomes, but who is also committed to the improvement of health care services.3 Insurance companies and the federal government are on board with these ideas Published simultaneously in the Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing. 2015;44(3).
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and link payment for a wide range of health care services on performance improvement projects. Don’t have an idea for a specific clinical improvement project? Organizations such as the American College of Nurse Midwives (ACNM) offer practitioners the opportunity to collect outcome statistics for comparison to other practices nationwide.4 Sometimes the best way to identify an area for clinical improvement is to look outside of your own setting and see what others are doing. In the end, evidence-based practice is rooted in the desire to improve clinical performance and quality. Truly excellent health care providers are those who embrace the work of continuously (re)educating themselves on the best ways to provide care and to help others do the same. One of the best-kept secrets in clinical improvement is that for many practitioners, QI work is the key to keeping their passion for the profession alive. Most of us got into our fields because we wanted to help others, and clinical improvement work allows a single practitioner to do just that, for many more women, children, and families than we could ever help directly. 1.Institute for Healthcare Improvement. An Introduction to the Model for Improvement. Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2014. Available from: http://www.ihi.org/education/WebTraining/ OnDemand/ImprovementModelIntro/Pages/default.aspx. Accessed February 1, 2015. 2.University of North Carolina Health Sciences Library. Using evidence based nursing in practice. 2015. Available from: http://guides. lib.unc.edu/c.php?g=8364&p=43044. Accessed February 1, 2015. 3.Institute of Medicine. Crossing the quality chasm: A new health system for the 21st century. Published 2001. http://www.nap.edu/ books/0309072808/html/. Accessed February 1, 2015. 4.American College of Nurse-Midwives. The ACNM Benchmarking Project. 2014. Available from: www.midwife.org/Benchmarking. Accessed February 1, 2015.
FROM COCHRANE DATABASE OF SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS (CDSR) ISSUES 12, 2014 & 1, 2015 New Systematic Reviews in CDSR: Women’s Health
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Synchronized approach for intrauterine insemination in subfertile couples Assisted reproductive technology: An overview of Cochrane Reviews Uterine artery embolization for symptomatic uterine fibroids Adhesion prevention agents for gynaecological surgery: An overview of Cochrane reviews Mechanical devices for urinary incontinence in women Ovarian cyst aspiration prior to in vitro fertilization treatment for subfertility
c 2015 by the American College of Nurse-Midwives
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Dehydroepiandrosterone for women in the peri- or postmenopausal phase Antioxidants for male subfertility Follow-up strategies after treatment (large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)): Impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) test
New Systematic Reviews in CDSR: Pregnancy and Birth
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Penumococcal vaccination during pregnancy for preventing infant infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra-amniotic infection Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women Creatine for women in pregnancy for neuroprotection of the fetus Elective repeat cesarean section versus induction of labour for women with a previous cesarean birth Controlled cord traction for the third stage of labour Screening with urinary dipsticks for reducing morbidity and mortality Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour to prevent early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes Prophylactic manual rotation for fetal malposition to reduce operative delivery Antenatal lower genital tract infection screening and treatment programs for preventing preterm delivery Home uterine monitoring for detecting preterm labour
New Systematic Reviews in CDSR: Neonatal
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Sound reduction management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants Disposable nappies for preventing napkin dermatitis in infants Parent-infant psychotherapy for improving parental and infant mental health Surfactant for meconium aspiration syndrome in term and late preterm infants Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants Delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants Oxygen therapy for lower respiratory tract infections in children between 3 months and 15 years of age
Updated Systematic Reviews in CDSR: Women’s Health
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Early versus delayed oral fluids and food for reducing complications after major abdominal gynaecologic surgery
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Featured Review: El Shahed AI, Dargaville PA, Ohisoon A, & Soll, R. Surfactant for meconium aspiration syndrome in term and late preterm infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014;12:CD002054. Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) involves the in utero exposure of the airways of a fetus to amniotic fluid containing meconium.1 Meconium damages the lungs of the fetus and causes acute mechanical obstruction and poor gas exchange. In animal models, meconium aspiration caused a displacement of natural surfactant.2 When investigators replaced natural surfactant with large doses of animal-derived surfactant, they saw improvements in lung compliance and ventilation. Surfactant contains a combination of chemicals that lie within the interior surface of the lungs and reduce the surface pressure there for easier lung movement and gas exchange. Treatment of neonates with intratracheal administration of surfactant was shown in previous Cochrane reviews to improve symptoms in respiratory distress syndrome,3 pulmonary hemorrhage,4 and bacterial pneumonia.5 In this Cochrane review of 4 randomized controlled trials (N = 326), term or late-preterm neonates with MAS who received surfactant treatment had a significantly decreased risk of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (relative risk [RR], 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46–0.91). In one trial, neonates with MAS who were treated with surfactant also had a significantly reduced length of hospital stay (mean difference, -8 days; 95% CI, -14 to -3). Investigators found no significant reductions in other outcomes included in this review (ie, duration of assisted ventilation, duration of supplemental oxygen, pneumothorax, pulmonary interstitial emphysema, air leaks, chronic lung disease, need for oxygen at discharge, intraventricular hemorrhage, neonatal mortality). Comment: It is unknown how surfactant treatment of neonates with MAS compares to other therapies such as inhaled nitric oxide, liquid ventilation, and high frequency ventilation. However, the authors concluded that surfactant use in a newborn with MAS appears to reduce the severity of respiratory illness and the chances that the newborn will have progressive respiratory failure requiring advanced life support with ECMO. Future research investigating the usefulness of surfactant treatment in conjunction with other treatments for MAS newborns is needed.
1.Chen CT, Toung TJK, Rogers MC. Effect of intra-alveolar meconium on pulmonary surface tension properties. Crit Care Med. 1985;13(4):233– 6. 2.Sun B, Curstedt T, Song G, Robertson B. Surfactant improves lung function and morphology in newborn rabbits with meconium aspiration. Biol Neonate. 1993;63(2):96–104. 3.Soll R, Ozek E. Multiple versus single doses of exogenous surfactant for the prevention or treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009;CD000141(1). 4.Aziz A, Ohlsoon A. Surfactant for pulmonary haemorrhage in neonates. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012;CD005254(7). 5.Tan K, Lai N, Sharma A. Surfactant for bacertial pneumonia in late preterm and term infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012;CD008155(2).
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Featured Review: Hofmeyr GJ, Mshweshwe Nolundi T, & Gulmezoglu AM. Controlled cord traction for the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;1:CD008020. Controlled cord traction (CCT) is one component in a group of interventions known as active management of third stage labor (AMTSL).1 CCT is a maneuver used by skilled birth attendants to encourage placental delivery immediately following birth. During CCT, the practitioner exerts traction on the umbilical cord while applying counter pressure suprapubically once the uterus contracts following birth. If used incorrectly, CCT can result in uterine prolapse, an obstetric emergency. In addition to CCT, AMTSL also includes the use of prophylactic uterotonic at or after birth of the neonate, early cord clamping and cutting, and uterine massage following placental delivery.1 In a previous Cochrane review, AMTSL was shown to decrease the risk for severe postpartum hemorrhage (⬎ 1000 mL blood loss following vaginal birth) among women at mixed risk of hemorrhage (average risk ratio, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.30–0.83).2 For this reason, AMTSL is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).3 However, authors of the most recent AMTSL review also linked AMTSL to a significant increase in maternal pain.2 This and other adverse side effects of AMTSL prompted authors of the most recent Cochrane review of AMTSL to recommend that future studies focus on the individual components of AMTSL to weigh the risks and benefits of each. The first component of AMTSL to be studied individually by researchers was immediate cord clamping/cutting. As a result of several recent investigations, this intervention was recently dropped from AMTSL recommendations by the WHO. The WHO now recommends delayed cord clamping at approximately 2 to 3 minutes following the birth of the neonate.3 CCT is the second component of AMTSL to receive individual attention. Use of CCT by practitioners was linked to increased maternal pain following AMTSL.2 In addition, some birth attendants did not have the necessary skills to provide CCT safely. The question posed by authors of this Cochrane review was whether CCT is an essential component of AMTSL. This review included 3 methodologically sound trials comparing the use of CCT in labor (N = 27,454). Investigators found no difference in women’s risk of postpartum blood loss of greater than or equal to 1000 mL (RR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.77–1.08) or in their risk for manual removal of the placenta when routine ergometrine was not used in the third stage (n = 23,010; RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.73–1.46) with CCT. There were also no significant differences in the use of additional uterotonics, blood transfusion, maternal death/severe morbidity, or operative procedures among women randomized to CCT use. Maternal pain was reduced in one trial among women who did not have CCT compared to those who did (N = 4,057 women; RR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.53–1.46). Comment: Given these results showing limited benefit of CCT in the third stage of labor, authors of this review concluded that when a uterotonic agent is used in the third stage of labor, the routine use of controlled cord traction as part of 326
AMTSL can be dropped without increasing the risk of severe postpartum hemorrhage. In birth settings where ergometrine is typically used in the third stage of labor, CCT use is still encouraged to decrease the risk of manual removal of the placenta.
1.Hofmeyr GJ, Mshweshwe Nolundi T, G¨ulmezoglu AM. Controlled cord traction for the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015(1):CD008020. 2.Begley CM, Gyte GM, Devane D, McGuire W, Weeks A. Active versus expectant management for women in the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011(11):CD007412. 3.Abalos E. Active versus expectant management of the thirds stage of labour: RHL commentary. World Health Organization; Published 2012. http://apps.who.int/rhl/pregnancy childbirth/childbirth/3rd stage/ cd007412 abalose com/en/
EVIDENCE-BASED REVIEWS FROM OTHER SOURCES Recent Evidence-Based Reviews: Women’s Health
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Al-Mubarak M, Tibau A, Templeton AJ, et al. Extended adjuvant tamoxifen for early breast cancer: a meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(2):e88238. Albrow R, Blomberg K, Kitchener H, et al. Interventions to improve cervical cancer screening uptake amongst young women: a systematic review. Acta Oncol. 2014;53(4):445– 51. Anglemyer A, Rutherford GW, Easterbrook PJ, et al. Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: a systematic review. AIDS. 2014;28 Suppl 2:S105–18. Boyd K, Hilas O. alpha-adrenergic blockers for the treatment of lower-urinary-tract symptoms and dysfunction in women. Ann Pharmacother. 2014;48(6):711–22. Chen M, Rao Y, Zheng Y, et al. Association between soy isoflavone intake and breast cancer risk for pre- and postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(2):e89288. Chen Y, Zhang Y, Hu M, Liu X, Qi H. Timing of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone administration in IVF/ICSI protocols using GnRH agonist or antagonists: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2014;30(6):431–7. Cook JA, Burke-Miller JK, Grey DD, et al. Do HIV-positive women receive depression treatment that meets best practice guidelines? AIDS Behav. 2014;18(6):1094–102. Crane TE, Khulpateea BR, Alberts DS, Basen-Engquist K, Thomson CA. Dietary intake and ovarian cancer risk: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014;23(2):255–73. Elraiyah T, Sonbol MB, Wang Z, et al. Clinical review: The benefits and harms of systemic dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in postmenopausal women with normal adrenal function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(10):3536–42. Elraiyah T, Sonbol MB, Wang Z, et al. Clinical review: The benefits and harms of systemic testosterone therapy in postmenopausal women with normal adrenal function: Volume 60, No. 3, May/June 2015
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a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(10):3543–50. Fayanju OM, Stoll CR, Fowler S, Colditz GA, Margenthaler JA. Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy after unilateral breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2014;260(6):1000–10. Fiszer C, Dolbeault S, Sultan S, Bredart A. Prevalence, intensity, and predictors of the supportive care needs of women diagnosed with breast cancer: a systematic review. Psychooncology. 2014;23(4):361–74. Goesling B, Colman S, Trenholm C, Terzian M, Moore K. Programs to reduce teen pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and associated sexual risk behaviors: a systematic review. J Adolesc Health. 2014;54(5):499–507. Hidding JT, Beurskens CH, van der Wees PJ, van Laarhoven HW, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MW. Treatment related impairments in arm and shoulder in patients with breast cancer: a systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(5):e96748. Irvin VL, Kaplan RM. Screening mammography & breast cancer mortality: meta-analysis of quasi-experimental studies. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(6):e98105. Jansen LA, Backstein RM, Brown MH. Breast size and breast cancer: a systematic review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2014;67(12):1615–23. Kelley BP, Ahmed R, Kidwell KM, et al. A systematic review of morbidity associated with autologous breast reconstruction before and after exposure to radiotherapy: are current practices ideal? Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21(5):1732–8. Lasa JS, Zubiaurre I, Soifer LO. Risk of infertility in patients with celiac disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Arq Gastroenterol. 2014;51(2):144–50. Leung J, McKenzie S, Martin J, McLaughlin D. Effect of rurality on screening for breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing mammography. Rural Remote Health. 2014;14(2):2730. Maheux-Lacroix S, Boutin A, Moore L, et al. Hysterosalpingosonography for diagnosing tubal occlusion in subfertile women: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 2014;29(5):953–63. Maimoun L, Georgopoulos NA, Sultan C. Endocrine disorders in adolescent and young female athletes: impact on growth, menstrual cycles, and bone mass acquisition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(11):4037–50. Miltz A, Price H, Shahmanesh M, Copas A, Gilson R. Systematic review and meta-analysis of L1-VLP-based human papillomavirus vaccine efficacy against anogenital pre-cancer in women with evidence of prior HPV exposure. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(3):e90348. Pu D, Jiang SW, Wu J. Association between MTHFR gene polymorphism and the risk of ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis of the literature. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(11):1632–8. Shi Q, Li J, Li M, et al. The role of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for endometrial protection in women with breast cancer taking tamoxifen. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2014;35(5):492–8.
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Vercellini P, Consonni D, Dridi D, et al. Uterine adenomyosis and in vitro fertilization outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 2014;29(5):964–77. von Sadovszky V, Draudt B, Boch S. A systematic review of reviews of behavioral interventions to promote condom use. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2014;11(2):107–17. Xu T, Hui L, Juan YL, Min SG, Hua WT. Effects of moxibustion or acupoint therapy for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: a meta-analysis. Altern Ther Health Med. 2014;20(4):33–42. Xuping S, Jinhui T, Qi C, et al. Effects of clinical pathways used in surgery for uterine fibroids: a meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Ther. 2014;10(1):180–6. Yan JH, Pan L, Zhang XM, Sun CX, Cui GH. Lack of efficacy of Tai Chi in improving quality of life in breast cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(8):3715–20. Yang WS, Deng Q, Fan WY, Wang WY, Wang X. Light exposure at night, sleep duration, melatonin, and breast cancer: a dose-response analysis of observational studies. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2014;23(4):269–76. Zhang K, Song L. Association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and breast cancer risk: a metaanalysis of 39 studies. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(4):e96125.
Recent Evidence-Based Reviews: Pregnancy & Birth
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Agha M, Agha RA, Sandell J. Interventions to reduce and prevent obesity in pre-conceptual and pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(5):e95132. Al Wattar BH, Hillman SC, Marton T, Foster K, Kilby MD. Placenta chorioangioma: a rare case and systematic review of literature. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014;27(10):1055–63. Aune D, Saugstad OD, Henriksen T, Tonstad S. Physical activity and the risk of preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology. 2014;25(3):331–43. Banke-Thomas AO, Wilton-Waddell OE, Kouraogo SF, Mueller E. Current evidence supporting obstetric fistula prevention strategies in sub Saharan Africa: a systematic review of the literature. Afr J Reprod Health. 2014;18(3):118–27. Barros-Silva J, Pedrosa AC, Matias A. Sonographic measurement of cervical length as a predictor of preterm delivery: a systematic review. J Perinat Med. 2014;42(3):281– 93. Bove R, Alwan S, Friedman JM, et al. Management of multiple sclerosis during pregnancy and the reproductive years: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124(6):1157–68. Briere CE, McGrath J, Cong X, Cusson R. An integrative review of factors that influence breastfeeding duration for premature infants after NICU hospitalization. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2014;43(3):272–81. Chaillet N, Belaid L, Crochetiere C, et al. Nonpharmacologic approaches for pain management during
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labor compared with usual care: a meta-analysis. Birth. 2014;41(2):122–37. Darmasseelane K, Hyde MJ, Santhakumaran S, Gale C, Modi N. Mode of delivery and offspring body mass index, overweight and obesity in adult life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(2):e87896. Dorniak-Wall T, Grivell RM, Dekker GA, Hague W, Dodd JM. The role of L-arginine in the prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia: a systematic review of randomised trials. J Hum Hypertens. 2014;28(4):230–5. Dzhambov AM, Dimitrova DD, Dimitrakova ED. Noise exposure during pregnancy, birth outcomes and fetal development: meta-analyses using quality effects model. Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2014;56(3):204–14. El Marroun H, White T, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H. Maternal use of antidepressant or anxiolytic medication during pregnancy and childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;23(10):973–92. Esper LH, Furtado EF. Identifying maternal risk factors associated with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;23(10):877–89. Gagnon A, Davies G, Wilson RD, et al. Prenatal invasive procedures in women with hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and/or human immunodeficiency virus infections. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2014;36(7):648–55. Goodman JH, Chenausky KL, Freeman MP. Anxiety disorders during pregnancy: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(10):e1153–84. Grand’Maison S, Durand M, Mahone M. The effects of ursodeoxycholic acid treatment for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy on maternal and fetal outcomes: a metaanalysis including non-randomized studies. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2014;36(7):632–41. Greenwood DC, Thatcher NJ, Ye J, et al. Caffeine intake during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2014;29(10):725–34. Guariguata L, Linnenkamp U, Beagley J, Whiting DR, Cho NH. Global estimates of the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;103(2):176– 85. Hee L. Overview of the methods available for biomechanical testing of the uterine cervix in vivo. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2014;93(12):1219–37. Heslehurst N, Newham J, Maniatopoulos G, et al. Implementation of pregnancy weight management and obesity guidelines: a meta-synthesis of healthcare professionals’ barriers and facilitators using the Theoretical Domains Framework. Obes Rev. 2014;15(6):462–86. Jager S, Jacobs S, Kroger J, et al. Breast-feeding and maternal risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study and metaanalysis. Diabetologia. 2014;57(7):1355–65. Jao J, Abrams EJ. Metabolic complications of in utero maternal HIV and antiretroviral exposure in HIV-exposed infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33(7):734–40. Jin G, LanLan Z, Li C, Dan Z. Pregnancy outcome following loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) a
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systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2014;289(1):85–99. Kline JA, Richardson DM, Than MP, Penaloza A, Roy PM. Systematic review and meta-analysis of pregnant patients investigated for suspected pulmonary embolism in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2014;21(9):949–59. Macaulay S, Dunger DB, Norris SA. Gestational diabetes mellitus in Africa: a systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(6):e97871. Machado Junior LC, Passini Junior R, Rodrigues Machado Rosa I. Late prematurity: a systematic review. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2014;90(3):221–31. Mantovani E, Filippini F, Bortolus R, Franchi M. Folic acid supplementation and preterm birth: results from observational studies. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:481914. Mukherjee S, Pierre-Victor D, Bahelah R, Madhivanan P. Mental health issues among pregnant women in correctional facilities: a systematic review. Women Health. 2014;54(8):816–42. Nascimento SL, Pudwell J, Surita FG, Adamo KB, Smith GN. The effect of physical exercise strategies on weight loss in postpartum women: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Int J Obes (Lond). 2014;38(5):626–35. Neville CE, McKinley MC, Holmes VA, Spence D, Woodside JV. The relationship between breastfeeding and postpartum weight change–a systematic review and critical evaluation. Int J Obes (Lond). 2014;38(4): 577–90. Nilaweera I, Doran F, Fisher J. Prevalence, nature and determinants of postpartum mental health problems among women who have migrated from South Asian to highincome countries: a systematic review of the evidence. J Affect Disord. 2014;166:213–26. Park J, Sohn Y, White AR, Lee H. The safety of acupuncture during pregnancy: a systematic review. Acupunct Med. 2014;32(3):257–66. Patelarou E, Kelly FJ. Indoor exposure and adverse birth outcomes related to fetal growth, miscarriage and prematurity-a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(6):5904–33. Pergialiotis V, Vlachos DG, Rodolakis A, et al. First versus second stage C/S maternal and neonatal morbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014;175:15–24. Piso B, Zechmeister-Koss I, Winkler R. Antenatal interventions to reduce preterm birth: an overview of Cochrane Systematic Reviews. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:265. Poolsup N, Suksomboon N, Amin M. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(3):e92485. Roescher AM, Timmer A, Erwich JJ, Bos AF. Placental pathology, perinatal death, neonatal outcome, and neurological development: a systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(2):e89419. Ruifrok AE, van Poppel MN, van Wely M, et al. Association between weight gain during pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes after dietary and lifestyle interventions: a metaanalysis. Am J Perinatol. 2014;31(5):353–64.
Volume 60, No. 3, May/June 2015
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Silver BJ, Guy RJ, Kaldor JM, Jamil MS, Rumbold AR. Trichomonas vaginalis as a cause of perinatal morbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis. 2014;41(6):369–76. Skouteris H, Nagle C, Fowler M, et al. Interventions designed to promote exclusive breastfeeding in highincome countries: a systematic review. Breastfeed Med. 2014;9(3):113–27. Suri R, Lin AS, Cohen LS, Altshuler LL. Acute and longterm behavioral outcome of infants and children exposed in utero to either maternal depression or antidepressants: a review of the literature. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(10):e1142–52. Tie HT, Xia YY, Zeng YS, et al. Risk of childhood overweight or obesity associated with excessive weight gain during pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2014;289(2):247–57. Velauthar L, Plana MN, Kalidindi M, et al. First-trimester uterine artery Doppler and adverse pregnancy outcome: a meta-analysis involving 55,974 women. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2014;43(5):500–7. Wolf HT, Owe KM, Juhl M, Hegaard HK. Leisure time physical activity and the risk of pre-eclampsia: a systematic review. Matern Child Health J. 2014;18(4):899–910.
Recent Evidence-Based Reviews: Neonatal
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AUTHOR
Nicole S. Carlson, CNM, PhD, is a recent doctoral graduate from the College of Nursing, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO.
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