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Current Resources for Evidence-Based Practice, May/June 2015 Nicole S. Carlson
ublished simultaneously in the Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 60(3).
Correspondence Nicole S. Carlson, CNM, College of Nursing, University of Colorado Denver, 221 Fayetteville Rd., Decatur, GA 30030. [email protected]
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Nicole S. Carlson, CNM, is a doctoral candidate in the College of Nursing, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO.
Over the past few columns, we have reviewed the five steps of evidence-based practice (Ask, Acquire, Appraise, Apply, and Assess) (University of North Carolina Health Sciences Library, 2015). The practitioner first identifies a clinical question (Ask), then searches scientific databases for research results published about the topic (Acquire). After reviewing these reports for their content and quality (Appraisal), the practitioner uses best evidence to design a practice change (Apply). This change should balance best evidence with the practitioner’s clinical expertise and the patient’s preferences and values.
Assessment of Evidence-Based Changes in Practice
After application, the practitioner must evaluate the change and tell others about the experience (Assess). During the assessment step, it is important to learn if the project made a difference and to determine ways the project might be improved. Finally, the practitioner now has the opportunity to share the experience and results with other practitioners so they can learn from the associated successes (and failures!).
The author reports no conflict of interest or relevant financial relationships.
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It is not necessary to be a PhD-trained researcher to evaluate a clinical project. In fact, many useful resources are available for clinicians who are learning to evaluate clinical projects. Organizations such as the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) offer free trainings in quality improvement (QI) for clinicians (2014). These trainings are designed to help practitioners break down evidence-based improvement projects into manageable phases, then use simple tools to track progress. Far from a traditional research orientation where projects are evaluated only after all interventions are complete, QI evaluations take place during implementation of the clinical changes, and results are used to fine-tune the project for greater ef-
fect. QI evaluations also provide the opportunity for practitioners to collect feedback on the project from patients, staff, and administration. See the resources provided by the IHI (2014) on the quality improvement process for more information. How important is it for practitioners to get involved with clinical change? This issue was addressed by the Institute of Medicine (IOM), recognized in the United States as the lead organization offering recommendations regarding health care. In the groundbreaking report, Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century, the IOM noted that a quality health care practitioner is one who not only has good patient outcomes, but who is also committed to the improvement of health care services (2001). Insurance companies and the federal government are on board with these ideas and link payment for a wide range of health care services on performance improvement projects. Don’t have an idea for a specific clinical improvement project? Organizations such as the American College of Nurse Midwives (ACNM) offer practitioners the opportunity to collect outcome statistics for comparison to other practices nationwide (ACNM, 2014). Sometimes the best way to identify an area for clinical improvement is to look outside of your own setting and see how others are doing. In the end, evidence-based practice is rooted in the desire to improve clinical performance and quality. Truly excellent health care providers are those who embrace the work of continuously (re)educating themselves on the best ways to provide care and to help others do the same. One of the best kept secrets in clinical improvement is that for many practitioners, QI work is the key to keeping their passion for the profession alive. Most of us got into our fields because we wanted to help others, and clinical improvement work allows a single practitioner to do just that, for many more women, children, and families than we could ever help directly.
C 2015 AWHONN, the Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
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REFERENCES American College of Nurse-Midwives. (2014). The ACNM benchmarking project. Silver Spring, MD: Author. Retrieved from www.midwife.org/Benchmarking Institute for Healthcare Improvement. (2014). On demand: An introduction to the model for improvement. Cambridge, MA: Au-
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thor. Retrieved from http://www.ihi.org/education/WebTraining/ OnDemand/ImprovementModelIntro/Pages/default.aspx Institute of Medicine. (2001). Crossing the quality chasm: A new health system for the 21st century. Retrieved from http://www.iom. edu//media/Files/Report%20Files/2001/Crossing-the-QualityChasm/Quality%20Chasm%202001%20%20report%20brief. pdf University of North Carolina Health Sciences Library. (2015). Us-
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ing evidence based nursing in practice. Retrieved from http://guides.lib.unc.edu/c.php?g=8364&p=43044
From Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) Issues 12, 2014 & 1, 2015 New Systematic Reviews in CDSR: Women’s Health
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Synchronized approach for intrauterine insemination in subfertile couples Assisted reproductive technology: An overview of Cochrane Reviews Uterine artery embolization for symptomatic uterine fibroids Adhesion prevention agents for gynaecological surgery: An overview of Cochrane reviews Mechanical devices for urinary incontinence in women Ovarian cyst aspiration prior to in vitro fertilization treatment for subfertility Dehydroepiandrosterone for women in the peri- or postmenopausal phase Antioxidants for male subfertility Follow-up strategies after treatment (large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)): Impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) test
New Systematic Reviews in CDSR: Pregnancy and Birth
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Penumococcal vaccination during pregnancy for preventing infant infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intraamniotic infection Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women Creatine for women in pregnancy for neuroprotection of the fetus Elective repeat cesarean section versus induction of labour for women with a previous cesarean birth
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Controlled cord traction for the third stage of labour Screening with urinary dipsticks for reducing morbidity and mortality Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour to prevent early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes Prophylactic manual rotation for fetal malposition to reduce operative delivery Antenatal lower genital tract infection screening and treatment programs for preventing preterm delivery Home uterine monitoring for detecting preterm labour
New Systematic Reviews in CDSR: Neonatal
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Sound reduction management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants Disposable nappies for preventing napkin dermatitis in infants Parent-infant psychotherapy for improving parental and infant mental health Surfactant for meconium aspiration syndrome in term and late preterm infants Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants Delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants Oxygen therapy for lower respiratory tract infections in children between 3 months and 15 years of age
Updated Systematic Reviews in CDSR: Women’s Health
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Early versus delayed oral fluids and food for reducing complications after major abdominal gynaecologic surgery
Featured Review: El Shahed, A. I., Dargaville, P. A., Ohisoon, A., & Soll, R. (2014). Surfactant for meconium aspiration syndrome in term and late preterm infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12, CD002054. Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) involves the in utero exposure of the airways of a fetus to amniotic fluid containing meconium (Chen, Toung, & Rogers, 1985). Meconium damages the lungs of the fetus and causes acute mechanical
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obstruction and poor gas exchange. In animal models, meconium aspiration caused a displacement of natural surfactant (Sun, Curstedt, Song, & Robertson, 1993). When investigators replaced natural surfactant with large doses of animalderived surfactant, they saw improvements in lung compliance and ventilation. Surfactant contains a combination of chemicals that lie within the interior surface of the lungs and reduce the surface pressure there for easier lung movement and gas exchange. Treatment of neonates with intratracheal administration of surfactant was shown in previous Cochrane reviews to improve symptoms in respiratory distress syndrome (Soll & Ozek, 2009), pulmonary hemorrhage (Aziz & Ohlsoon, 2012), and bacterial pneumonia (Tan, Lai, & Sharma, 2012). In this Cochrane review of four randomized controlled trials (N = 326 infants), term or late-preterm infants with MAS who received surfactant treatment had a significantly decreased risk of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), relative risk (RR) 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.46, 0.91]. In one trial, neonates with MAS who were treated with surfactant also had a significantly reduced length of hospital stay (mean difference = −8 days, 95% CI [−14, −3]). Investigators found no significant reductions in other outcomes included in this review (duration of assisted ventilation, duration of supplemental oxygen, pneumothorax, pulmonary interstitial emphysema, air leaks, chronic lung disease, need for oxygen at discharge, intraventricular hemorrhage, neonatal mortality). Comment: It is unknown how surfactant treatment of neonates with MAS compares to other therapies such as inhaled nitric oxide, liquid ventilation, and high frequency ventilation. However, the authors concluded that surfactant use in an infant with MAS appears to reduce the severity of respiratory illness and the chances that the infant will have progressive respiratory failure requiring advanced life support with ECMO. Future research investigating the usefulness of surfactant treatment in conjunction with other treatments for MAS infants is needed.
REFERENCES Aziz, A., & Ohlsoon, A. (2012). Surfactant for pulmonary haemorrhage in neonates. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7, CD005254. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005254.pub2 Chen, C. T., Toung, T. J. K., & Rogers, M. C. (1985). Effect of intraalveolar meconium on pulmonary surface tension properties. Critical Care Medicine, 13(4), 233–236.
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Soll, R., & Ozek, E. (2009). Multiple versus single doses of exogenous surfactant for the prevention or treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, CD000141. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000141.pub2 Sun, B., Curstedt, T., Song, G. W., & Robertson, B. (1993). Surfactant improves lung function and morphology in newborn rabbits with meconium aspiration. Biology of the Neonate, 63(2), 96–104. Tan, K., Lai, N. M., & Sharma, A. (2012). Surfactant for bacertial pneumonia in late preterm and term infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, CD008155. doi:10.1002/ 14651858.CD008155.pub2
Featured Review: Hofmeyr, G. J., Mshweshwe, T., & Gulmezoglu, A. M. (2015). Controlled cord ¨ traction for the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, CD008020. Controlled cord traction (CCT) is one component in a group of interventions known as active management of third stage labor (AMTSL) (Hofmeyr, Mshweshwe, & Gulmezoglu, 2015). CCT is a ma¨ neuver used by skilled birth attendants to encourage placental delivery immediately following birth. During CCT, the practitioner exerts traction on the umbilical cord while applying counter pressure suprapubically once the uterus contracts following birth. If used incorrectly, CCT can result in uterine prolapse, an obstetric emergency. In addition to CCT, AMTSL also includes the use of prophylactic uterotonic at or after birth of the infant, early cord clamping and cutting, and uterine massage following placental delivery (Hofmeyr et al., 2015). In a previous Cochrane review, AMTSL was shown to decrease the risk for severe postpartum hemorrhage (>1000 ml blood loss following vaginal delivery) among women at mixed risk of hemorrhage (average risk ratio 0.34, 95% CI [0.30, 0.83]) (Begley, Gyte, Devane, McGuire, & Weeks, 2011). For this reason, AMTSL is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) (Abalos, 2012). However, Begley et al. (2011) also linked AMTSL to a significant increase in maternal pain. This and other adverse side effects of AMTSL prompted authors of the most recent Cochrane review of AMTSL to recommend that future studies focus on the individual components of AMTSL to weight risks/benefits of each. The first component of AMTSL to be studied individually by researchers was immediate cord clamping/cutting. As a result of several recent investigations, this intervention was recently dropped from AMTSL recommendations by the WHO. The WHO now recommends delayed
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cord clamping at approximately 2–3 minutes following the birth of the infant (Abalos, 2012). CCT is the second component of AMTSL to receive individual attention. Use of CCT by practitioners was linked to increased maternal pain following AMTSL (Begley et al., 2011). In addition, some birth attendants did not have the necessary skills to provide CCT safely. The question posed by authors of this Cochrane review was whether CCT is an essential component of AMTSL. This review included three methodologically sound trials comparing the use of CCT in labor (N = 27,454 women). Investigators found no difference in women’s risk of postpartum blood loss 1000 mL (N = 27,454, RR 0.91, 95% CI [0.77, 1.08]) or in their risk for manual removal of the placenta when routine ergometrine was not used in the third stage (n = 23,010, RR 1.03, 95% CI [0.73, 1.46]) with CCT. There were also no significant differences in the use of additional uterotonics, blood transfusion, maternal death/severe morbidity, or operative procedures among women randomized to CCT use. Maternal pain was reduced in one trial among women who did not have CCT compared to those who did (N = 4,057 women, RR 0.69, 95% CI [0.53, 1.46]). Comments: Given these results showing limited benefit of CCT in the third stage of labor, authors of this review concluded that when a uterotonic agent is used in the third stage of labor, the routine use of controlled cord traction as part of AMTSL can be dropped without increasing the risk of severe postpartum hemorrhage. In birth settings where ergometrine is typically used in the third stage of labor, CCT use is still encouraged to decrease the risk of manual removal of the placenta.
REFERENCES Abalos, E. (2012). Active versus expectant management of the thirds stage of labour. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/rhl/ pregnancy_childbirth/childbirth/3rd_stage/cd007412_abalose_ com/en/ Begley, C. M., Gyte, G. M., Devane, D., McGuire, W., & Weeks, A. (2011). Active versus expectant management for women in the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11, CD007412. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007412.pub3 Hofmeyr, G. J., Mshweshwe, T., & Gulmezoglu, A. M. (2015). ¨ Controlled cord traction for the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, CD008020. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008020.pub2
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Evidence-Based Reviews from Other Sources Recent Evidence-Based Reviews: Women’s Health Al-Mubarak, M., Tibau, A., Templeton, A. J., Cescon, D. W., Ocana, A., Seruga, B., & Amir, E. (2014). Extended adjuvant tamoxifen for early breast cancer: A meta-analysis. PloS One, 9(2), e88238. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088238 Albrow, R., Blomberg, K., Kitchener, H., Brabin, L., Patnick, J., Tishelman, C., . . . Widmark, C. (2014). Interventions to improve cervical cancer screening uptake amongst young women: A systematic review. Acta Oncologica, 53(4), 445–451. doi: 10.3109/0284186x.2013.869618 Anglemyer, A., Rutherford, G. W., Easterbrook, P. J., Horvath, T., Vitoria, M., Jan, M., & Doherty, M. C. (2014). Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: A systematic review. AIDS, 28 Suppl 2, S105–118. doi: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000232 Boyd, K., & Hilas, O. (2014). alpha-adrenergic blockers for the treatment of lower-urinarytract symptoms and dysfunction in women. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 48(6), 711–722. doi: 10.1177/1060028014524174 Chen, M., Rao, Y., Zheng, Y., Wei, S., Li, Y., Guo, T., & Yin, P. (2014). Association between soy isoflavone intake and breast cancer risk for preand post-menopausal women: A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. PloS One, 9(2), e89288. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089288 Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Hu, M., Liu, X., & Qi, H. (2014). Timing of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone administration in IVF/ICSI protocols using GnRH agonist or antagonists: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Gynecological Endocrinology, 30(6), 431–437. doi: 10.3109/09513590.2014.895984 Cook, J. A., Burke-Miller, J. K., Grey, D. D., Cocohoba, J., Liu, C., Schwartz, R. M., . . . Cohen, M. H. (2014). Do HIV-positive women receive depression treatment that meets best practice guidelines? AIDS and Behavior, 18(6), 1094– 1102. doi: 10.1007/s10461-013-0679-6 Crane, T. E., Khulpateea, B. R., Alberts, D. S., Basen-Engquist, K., & Thomson, C. A. (2014). Dietary intake and ovarian cancer risk: A systematic review. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 23(2), 255–273. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0515 Elraiyah, T., Sonbol, M. B., Wang, Z., Khairalseed, T., Asi, N., Undavalli, C., . . . Murad, M. H. (2014). Clinical review: The benefits and harms of systemic dehydroepiandrosterone
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(DHEA) in postmenopausal women with normal adrenal function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 99(10), 3536– 3542. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-2261 Elraiyah, T., Sonbol, M. B., Wang, Z., Khairalseed, T., Asi, N., Undavalli, C., . . . Murad, M. H. (2014). Clinical review: The benefits and harms of systemic testosterone therapy in postmenopausal women with normal adrenal function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 99(10), 3543– 3550. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-2262 Fayanju, O. M., Stoll, C. R., Fowler, S., Colditz, G. A., & Margenthaler, J. A. (2014). Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy after unilateral breast cancer: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Annals of Surgery, 260(6), 1000–1010. doi: 10.1097/sla.0000000000000769 Fiszer, C., Dolbeault, S., Sultan, S., & Bredart, A. (2014). Prevalence, intensity, and predictors of the supportive care needs of women diagnosed with breast cancer: A systematic review. Psycho-Oncology, 23(4), 361–374. doi: 10.1002/pon.3432 Goesling, B., Colman, S., Trenholm, C., Terzian, M., & Moore, K. (2014). Programs to reduce teen pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and associated sexual risk behaviors: A systematic review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54(5), 499–507. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.12.004 Hidding, J. T., Beurskens, C. H., van der Wees, P. J., van Laarhoven, H. W., & Nijhuis-van der Sanden, M. W. (2014). Treatment related impairments in arm and shoulder in patients with breast cancer: A systematic review. PloS One, 9(5), e96748. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096748 Irvin, V. L., & Kaplan, R. M. (2014). Screening mammography & breast cancer mortality: meta-analysis of quasi-experimental studies. PloS One, 9(6), e98105. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098105 Jansen, L. A., Backstein, R. M., & Brown, M. H. (2014). Breast size and breast cancer: A systematic review. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 67(12), 1615–1623. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2014.10.001 Kelley, B. P., Ahmed, R., Kidwell, K. M., Kozlow, J. H., Chung, K. C., & Momoh, A. O. (2014). A systematic review of morbidity associated with autologous breast reconstruction before and after exposure to radiotherapy: Are current practices ideal? Annals of Surgical Oncology,
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21(5), 1732–1738. doi: 10.1245/s10434-0143494-z Lasa, J. S., Zubiaurre, I., & Soifer, L. O. (2014). Risk of infertility in patients with celiac disease: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Arquivos de Gastroenterologia, 51(2), 144–150. Leung, J., McKenzie, S., Martin, J., & McLaughlin, D. (2014). Effect of rurality on screening for breast cancer: A systematic review and metaanalysis comparing mammography. Rural Remote Health, 14(2), 2730. Maheux-Lacroix, S., Boutin, A., Moore, L., Bergeron, M. E., Bujold, E., Laberge, P., . . . Dodin, S. (2014). Hysterosalpingosonography for diagnosing tubal occlusion in subfertile women: A systematic review with metaanalysis. Human Reproduction, 29(5), 953–963. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deu024 Maimoun, L., Georgopoulos, N. A., & Sultan, C. (2014). Endocrine disorders in adolescent and young female athletes: impact on growth, menstrual cycles, and bone mass acquisition. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 99(11), 4037–4050. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-3030 Miltz, A., Price, H., Shahmanesh, M., Copas, A., & Gilson, R. (2014). Systematic review and meta-analysis of L1-VLP-based human papillomavirus vaccine efficacy against anogenital pre-cancer in women with evidence of prior HPV exposure. PloS One, 9(3), e90348. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090348 Pu, D., Jiang, S. W., & Wu, J. (2014). Association between MTHFR gene polymorphism and the risk of ovarian cancer: A meta-analysis of the literature. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20(11), 1632–1638. Shi, Q., Li, J., Li, M., Wu, J., Yao, Q., & Xing, A. (2014). The role of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for endometrial protection in women with breast cancer taking tamoxifen. European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology, 35(5), 492–498. Vercellini, P., Consonni, D., Dridi, D., Bracco, B., Frattaruolo, M. P., & Somigliana, E. (2014). Uterine adenomyosis and in vitro fertilization outcome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction, 29(5), 964–977. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deu041 von Sadovszky, V., Draudt, B., & Boch, S. (2014). A systematic review of reviews of behavioral interventions to promote condom use. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 11(2), 107–117. doi: 10.1111/wvn.12017 Xu, T., Hui, L., Juan, Y. L., Min, S. G., & Hua, W. T. (2014). Effects of moxibustion or acupoint therapy for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea:
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A meta-analysis. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 20(4), 33–42. Xuping, S., Jinhui, T., Qi, C., Guowu, D., Kehu, Y., & Peizhen, Z. (2014). Effects of clinical pathways used in surgery for uterine fibroids: A metaanalysis. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics, 10(1), 180–186. doi: 10.4103/09731482.131460 Yan, J. H., Pan, L., Zhang, X. M., Sun, C. X., & Cui, G. H. (2014). Lack of efficacy of Tai Chi in improving quality of life in breast cancer survivors: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 15(8), 3715–3720. Yang, W. S., Deng, Q., Fan, W. Y., Wang, W. Y., & Wang, X. (2014). Light exposure at night, sleep duration, melatonin, and breast cancer: A doseresponse analysis of observational studies. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 23(4), 269–276. doi: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000030 Zhang, K., & Song, L. (2014). Association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and breast cancer risk: A meta-analysis of 39 studies. PloS One, 9(4), e96125. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096125
Recent Evidence-Based Reviews: Pregnancy & Birth Agha, M., Agha, R. A., & Sandell, J. (2014). Interventions to reduce and prevent obesity in preconceptual and pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One, 9(5), e95132. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095132 Al Wattar, B. H., Hillman, S. C., Marton, T., Foster, K., & Kilby, M. D. (2014). Placenta chorioangioma: A rare case and systematic review of literature. Journal of MaternalFetal & Neonatal Medicine, 27(10), 1055–1063. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2013.847424 Aune, D., Saugstad, O. D., Henriksen, T., & Tonstad, S. (2014). Physical activity and the risk of preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology, 25(3), 331–343. doi: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000036 Banke-Thomas, A. O., Wilton-Waddell, O. E., Kouraogo, S. F., & Mueller, E. (2014). Current evidence supporting obstetric fistula prevention strategies in sub Saharan Africa: A systematic review of the literature. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 18(3), 118–127. Barros-Silva, J., Pedrosa, A. C., & Matias, A. (2014). Sonographic measurement of cervical length as a predictor of preterm delivery: A systematic review. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 42(3), 281–293. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2013-0115
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Bove, R., Alwan, S., Friedman, J. M., Hellwig, K., Houtchens, M., Koren, G., . . . Sadovnick, A. D. (2014). Management of multiple sclerosis during pregnancy and the reproductive years: A systematic review. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 124(6), 1157–1168. doi: 10.1097/aog.0000000000000541 Briere, C. E., McGrath, J., Cong, X., & Cusson, R. (2014). An integrative review of factors that influence breastfeeding duration for premature infants after NICU hospitalization. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 43(3), 272–281. doi: 10.1111/1552-6909.12297 Chaillet, N., Belaid, L., Crochetiere, C., Roy, L., Gagne, G. P., Moutquin, J. M., . . . Bonapace, J. (2014). Nonpharmacologic approaches for pain management during labor compared with usual care: A meta-analysis. Birth, 41(2), 122– 137. doi: 10.1111/birt.12103 Darmasseelane, K., Hyde, M. J., Santhakumaran, S., Gale, C., & Modi, N. (2014). Mode of delivery and offspring body mass index, overweight and obesity in adult life: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One, 9(2), e87896. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087896 Dorniak-Wall, T., Grivell, R. M., Dekker, G. A., Hague, W., & Dodd, J. M. (2014). The role of Larginine in the prevention and treatment of preeclampsia: A systematic review of randomised trials. Journal of Human Hypertension, 28(4), 230–235. doi: 10.1038/jhh.2013.100 Dzhambov, A. M., Dimitrova, D. D., & Dimitrakova, E. D. (2014). Noise exposure during pregnancy, birth outcomes and fetal development: meta-analyses using quality effects model. Folia Medica, 56(3), 204–214. El Marroun, H., White, T., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. (2014). Maternal use of antidepressant or anxiolytic medication during pregnancy and childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes: A systematic review. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 23(10), 973– 992. doi: 10.1007/s00787-014-0558-3 Esper, L. H., & Furtado, E. F. (2014). Identifying maternal risk factors associated with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A systematic review. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 23(10), 877–889. doi: 10.1007/s00787-0140603-2 Gagnon, A., Davies, G., Wilson, R. D., Wilson, R. D., Audibert, F., Brock, J. A., . . . Pastuck, M. (2014). Prenatal invasive procedures in women with hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and/or human immunodeficiency virus infections. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. Journal d’Obstetrique ´
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et Gynecologie du Canada, 36(7), 648– ´ 655. Goodman, J. H., Chenausky, K. L., & Freeman, M. P. (2014). Anxiety disorders during pregnancy: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75(10), e1153–1184. doi: 10.4088/JCP.14r09035 Grand’Maison, S., Durand, M., & Mahone, M. (2014). The effects of ursodeoxycholic acid treatment for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy on maternal and fetal outcomes: A meta-analysis including non-randomized studies. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. Journal d’Obstetrique et Gynecologie ´ ´ du Canada, 36(7), 632–641. Greenwood, D. C., Thatcher, N. J., Ye, J., Garrard, L., Keogh, G., King, L. G., & Cade, J. E. (2014). Caffeine intake during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. European Journal of Epidemiology, 29(10), 725–734. doi: 10.1007/s10654-014-9944-x Guariguata, L., Linnenkamp, U., Beagley, J., Whiting, D. R., & Cho, N. H. (2014). Global estimates of the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 103(2), 176–185. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.11.003 Hee, L. (2014). Overview of the methods available for biomechanical testing of the uterine cervix in vivo. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 93(12), 1219–1237. doi: 10.1111/aogs.12483 Heslehurst, N., Newham, J., Maniatopoulos, G., Fleetwood, C., Robalino, S., & Rankin, J. (2014). Implementation of pregnancy weight management and obesity guidelines: A metasynthesis of healthcare professionals’ barriers and facilitators using the Theoretical Domains Framework. Obesity Reviews, 15(6), 462–486. doi: 10.1111/obr.12160 Jager, S., Jacobs, S., Kroger, J., Fritsche, A., Schienkiewitz, A., Rubin, D., . . . Schulze, M. B. (2014). Breast-feeding and maternal risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective study and meta-analysis. Diabetologia, 57(7), 1355–1365. doi: 10.1007/s00125-014-3247-3 Jao, J., & Abrams, E. J. (2014). Metabolic complications of in utero maternal HIV and antiretroviral exposure in HIV-exposed infants. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 33(7), 734– 740. doi: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000224 Jin, G., LanLan, Z., Li, C., & Dan, Z. (2014). Pregnancy outcome following loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of
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Gynecology and Obstetrics, 289(1), 85–99. doi: 10.1007/s00404-013-2955-0 Kline, J. A., Richardson, D. M., Than, M. P., Penaloza, A., & Roy, P. M. (2014). Systematic review and meta-analysis of pregnant patients investigated for suspected pulmonary embolism in the emergency department. Academic Emergency Medicine, 21(9), 949–959. doi: 10.1111/acem.12471 Macaulay, S., Dunger, D. B., & Norris, S. A. (2014). Gestational diabetes mellitus in Africa: A systematic review. PloS One, 9(6), e97871. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097871 Machado Junior, L. C., Passini Junior, R., & Rodrigues Machado Rosa, I. (2014). Late prematurity: A systematic review. Jornal de Pediatr´ıa, 90(3), 221–231. doi: 10.1016/j.jped.2013.08.012 Mantovani, E., Filippini, F., Bortolus, R., & Franchi, M. (2014). Folic acid supplementation and preterm birth: results from observational studies. BioMed Research International, 2014, 481914. doi: 10.1155/2014/481914 Mukherjee, S., Pierre-Victor, D., Bahelah, R., & Madhivanan, P. (2014). Mental health issues among pregnant women in correctional facilities: A systematic review. Women and Health, 54(8), 816–842. doi: 10.1080/03630242.2014.932894 Nascimento, S. L., Pudwell, J., Surita, F. G., Adamo, K. B., & Smith, G. N. (2014). The effect of physical exercise strategies on weight loss in postpartum women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Obesity (2005), 38(5), 626–635. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2013.183 Neville, C. E., McKinley, M. C., Holmes, V. A., Spence, D., & Woodside, J. V. (2014). The relationship between breastfeeding and postpartum weight change—a systematic review and critical evaluation. International Journal of Obesity (2005), 38(4), 577–590. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2013.132 Nilaweera, I., Doran, F., & Fisher, J. (2014). Prevalence, nature and determinants of postpartum mental health problems among women who have migrated from South Asian to high-income countries: A systematic review of the evidence. Journal of Affective Disorders, 166, 213–226. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.05. 021 Park, J., Sohn, Y., White, A. R., & Lee, H. (2014). The safety of acupuncture during pregnancy: A systematic review. Acupuncture in Medicine, 32(3), 257–266. doi: 10.1136/acupmed-2013010480
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Patelarou, E., & Kelly, F. J. (2014). Indoor exposure and adverse birth outcomes related to fetal growth, miscarriage and prematurity-a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(6), 5904– 5933. doi: 10.3390/ijerph110605904 Pergialiotis, V., Vlachos, D. G., Rodolakis, A., Haidopoulos, D., Thomakos, N., & Vlachos, G. D. (2014). First versus second stage C/S maternal and neonatal morbidity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, 175, 15–24. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.12. 033 Piso, B., Zechmeister-Koss, I., & Winkler, R. (2014). Antenatal interventions to reduce preterm birth: An overview of Cochrane Systematic Reviews. BMC Research Notes, 7, 265. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-265 Poolsup, N., Suksomboon, N., & Amin, M. (2014). Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One, 9(3), e92485. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092485 Roescher, A. M., Timmer, A., Erwich, J. J., & Bos, A. F. (2014). Placental pathology, perinatal death, neonatal outcome, and neurological development: A systematic review. PloS One, 9(2), e89419. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089419 Ruifrok, A. E., van Poppel, M. N., van Wely, M., Rogozinska, E., Khan, K. S., de Groot, C. J., . . . Mol, B. W. (2014). Association between weight gain during pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes after dietary and lifestyle interventions: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Perinatology, 31(5), 353–364. doi: 10.1055/s-00331352484 Silver, B. J., Guy, R. J., Kaldor, J. M., Jamil, M. S., & Rumbold, A. R. (2014). Trichomonas vaginalis as a cause of perinatal morbidity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 41(6), 369–376. doi: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000134 Skouteris, H., Nagle, C., Fowler, M., Kent, B., Sahota, P., & Morris, H. (2014). Interventions designed to promote exclusive breastfeeding in high-income countries: A systematic review. Breastfeeding Medicine, 9(3), 113–127. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2013.0081 Suri, R., Lin, A. S., Cohen, L. S., & Altshuler, L. L. (2014). Acute and long-term behavioral outcome of infants and children exposed in utero to either maternal depression or antidepressants: A review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75(10), e1142–1152. doi: 10.4088/JCP.13r08926
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Tie, H. T., Xia, Y. Y., Zeng, Y. S., Zhang, Y., Dai, C. L., Guo, J. J., & Zhao, Y. (2014). Risk of childhood overweight or obesity associated with excessive weight gain during pregnancy: A meta-analysis. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 289(2), 247–257. doi: 10.1007/s00404013-3053-z Velauthar, L., Plana, M. N., Kalidindi, M., Zamora, J., Thilaganathan, B., Illanes, S. E., . . . Thangaratinam, S. (2014). First-trimester uterine artery Doppler and adverse pregnancy outcome: A meta-analysis involving 55,974 women. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 43(5), 500–507. doi: 10.1002/uog.13275 Wolf, H. T., Owe, K. M., Juhl, M., & Hegaard, H. K. (2014). Leisure time physical activity and the risk of pre-eclampsia: A systematic review. Maternal Child Health Journal, 18(4), 899–910. doi: 10.1007/s10995-013-1316-8
Recent Evidence-Based Reviews: Neonatal Akinpelu, O. V., Peleva, E., Funnell, W. R., & Daniel, S. J. (2014). Otoacoustic emissions in newborn hearing screening: A systematic review of the effects of different protocols on test outcomes. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 78(5), 711–717. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.01.021 Daoud, H., Alharfi, I., Alhelali, I., Charyk Stewart, T., Qasem, H., & Fraser, D. D. (2014). Brain injury biomarkers as outcome predictors in pediatric severe traumatic brain injury. Neurocritical Care, 20(3), 427–435. doi: 10.1007/s12028-013-9879-1 de Silva, D., Geromi, M., Halken, S., Host, A., Panesar, S. S., Muraro, A., . . . Sheikh, A. (2014). Primary prevention of food allergy in children and adults: systematic review. Allergy, 69(5), 581–589. doi: 10.1111/all.12334 Jacobsen, P. E., Haubek, D., Henriksen, T. B., Ostergaard, J. R., & Poulsen, S. (2014). Developmental enamel defects in children born preterm: A systematic review. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 122(1), 7–14. doi: 10.1111/eos.12094 Kormos, C. E., Wilkinson, A. J., Davey, C. J., & Cunningham, A. J. (2014). Low birth weight and intelligence in adolescence and early adulthood: A meta-analysis. Journal of Public Health (Oxf), 36(2), 213–224. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdt071 Lanzieri, T. M., Dollard, S. C., Bialek, S. R., & Grosse, S. D. (2014). Systematic review of the birth prevalence of congenital cytomegalovirus
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infection in developing countries. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 22, 44–48. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.12.010 Lowe, J., Watkins, W. J., Edwards, M. O., Spiller, O. B., Jacqz-Aigrain, E., Kotecha, S. J., & Kotecha, S. (2014). Association between pulmonary ureaplasma colonization and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 33(7), 697–702. doi: 10.1097/ inf.0000000000000239 Lv, B., Huang, J., Yuan, H., Yan, W., Hu, G., & Wang, J. (2014). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha as a diagnostic marker for neonatal sepsis: A meta-analysis. ScientificWorldJournal, 2014, 471463. doi: 10.1155/2014/471463 Moreno-Cid, M., Rubio-Lorente, A., Rodriguez, M. J., Bueno-Pacheco, G., Tenias, J. M., RomanOrtiz, C., & Arias, A. (2014). Systematic review and meta-analysis of performance of secondtrimester nasal bone assessment in detection of fetuses with Down syndrome. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 43(3), 247–253. doi: 10.1002/uog.13228 Park, H. Y., Maitra, K., Achon, J., Loyola, E., & Rincon, M. (2014). Effects of early intervention on mental or neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions in children born low birthweight or preterm: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68(3), 268–276. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2014.010371 Plaisier, A., Govaert, P., Lequin, M. H., & Dudink, J. (2014). Optimal timing of cerebral MRI in
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preterm infants to predict long-term neurodevelopmental outcome: A systematic review. AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology, 35(5), 841–847. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A3513 Rashidian, A., Omidvari, A. H., Vali, Y., Mortaz, S., Yousefi-Nooraie, R., Jafari, M., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2014). The effectiveness of regionalization of perinatal care services–a systematic review. Public Health, 128(10), 872–885. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2014.08.005 Solaski, M., Majnemer, A., & Oskoui, M. (2014). Contribution of socio-economic status on the prevalence of cerebral palsy: A systematic search and review. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 56(11), 1043–1051. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.12456 Su, H., Chang, S. S., Han, C. M., Wu, K. Y., Li, M. C., Huang, C. Y., . . . Lee, C. C. (2014). Inflammatory markers in cord blood or maternal serum for early detection of neonatal sepsis-a systemic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Perinatology, 34(4), 268–274. doi: 10.1038/jp.2013.186 Tan, B., Zhang, F., Zhang, X., Huang, Y. L., Gao, Y. S., Liu, X., . . . Qiu, J. F. (2014). Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in the neonatal intensive care unit: A meta-analysis of observational studies. European Journal of Pediatrics, 173(4), 427–434. doi: 10.1007/s00431014-2278-6 Wood, J. N., Fakeye, O., Mondestin, V., Rubin, D. M., Localio, R., & Feudtner, C. (2014). Prevalence of abuse among young children with femur fractures: a systematic review. BMC Pediatrics, 14, 169. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-169
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Current Resources for Evidence-Based Practice, May/June 2015 Nicole S. Carlson
ublished simultaneously in the Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 60(3).
Correspondence Nicole S. Carlson, CNM, College of Nursing, University of Colorado Denver, 221 Fayetteville Rd., Decatur, GA 30030. [email protected]
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Nicole S. Carlson, CNM, is a doctoral candidate in the College of Nursing, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO.
Over the past few columns, we have reviewed the five steps of evidence-based practice (Ask, Acquire, Appraise, Apply, and Assess) (University of North Carolina Health Sciences Library, 2015). The practitioner first identifies a clinical question (Ask), then searches scientific databases for research results published about the topic (Acquire). After reviewing these reports for their content and quality (Appraisal), the practitioner uses best evidence to design a practice change (Apply). This change should balance best evidence with the practitioner’s clinical expertise and the patient’s preferences and values.
Assessment of Evidence-Based Changes in Practice
After application, the practitioner must evaluate the change and tell others about the experience (Assess). During the assessment step, it is important to learn if the project made a difference and to determine ways the project might be improved. Finally, the practitioner now has the opportunity to share the experience and results with other practitioners so they can learn from the associated successes (and failures!).
The author reports no conflict of interest or relevant financial relationships.
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It is not necessary to be a PhD-trained researcher to evaluate a clinical project. In fact, many useful resources are available for clinicians who are learning to evaluate clinical projects. Organizations such as the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) offer free trainings in quality improvement (QI) for clinicians (2014). These trainings are designed to help practitioners break down evidence-based improvement projects into manageable phases, then use simple tools to track progress. Far from a traditional research orientation where projects are evaluated only after all interventions are complete, QI evaluations take place during implementation of the clinical changes, and results are used to fine-tune the project for greater ef-
fect. QI evaluations also provide the opportunity for practitioners to collect feedback on the project from patients, staff, and administration. See the resources provided by the IHI (2014) on the quality improvement process for more information. How important is it for practitioners to get involved with clinical change? This issue was addressed by the Institute of Medicine (IOM), recognized in the United States as the lead organization offering recommendations regarding health care. In the groundbreaking report, Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century, the IOM noted that a quality health care practitioner is one who not only has good patient outcomes, but who is also committed to the improvement of health care services (2001). Insurance companies and the federal government are on board with these ideas and link payment for a wide range of health care services on performance improvement projects. Don’t have an idea for a specific clinical improvement project? Organizations such as the American College of Nurse Midwives (ACNM) offer practitioners the opportunity to collect outcome statistics for comparison to other practices nationwide (ACNM, 2014). Sometimes the best way to identify an area for clinical improvement is to look outside of your own setting and see how others are doing. In the end, evidence-based practice is rooted in the desire to improve clinical performance and quality. Truly excellent health care providers are those who embrace the work of continuously (re)educating themselves on the best ways to provide care and to help others do the same. One of the best kept secrets in clinical improvement is that for many practitioners, QI work is the key to keeping their passion for the profession alive. Most of us got into our fields because we wanted to help others, and clinical improvement work allows a single practitioner to do just that, for many more women, children, and families than we could ever help directly.
C 2015 AWHONN, the Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
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REFERENCES American College of Nurse-Midwives. (2014). The ACNM benchmarking project. Silver Spring, MD: Author. Retrieved from www.midwife.org/Benchmarking Institute for Healthcare Improvement. (2014). On demand: An introduction to the model for improvement. Cambridge, MA: Au-
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thor. Retrieved from http://www.ihi.org/education/WebTraining/ OnDemand/ImprovementModelIntro/Pages/default.aspx Institute of Medicine. (2001). Crossing the quality chasm: A new health system for the 21st century. Retrieved from http://www.iom. edu//media/Files/Report%20Files/2001/Crossing-the-QualityChasm/Quality%20Chasm%202001%20%20report%20brief. pdf University of North Carolina Health Sciences Library. (2015). Us-
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ing evidence based nursing in practice. Retrieved from http://guides.lib.unc.edu/c.php?g=8364&p=43044
From Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) Issues 12, 2014 & 1, 2015 New Systematic Reviews in CDSR: Women’s Health
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Synchronized approach for intrauterine insemination in subfertile couples Assisted reproductive technology: An overview of Cochrane Reviews Uterine artery embolization for symptomatic uterine fibroids Adhesion prevention agents for gynaecological surgery: An overview of Cochrane reviews Mechanical devices for urinary incontinence in women Ovarian cyst aspiration prior to in vitro fertilization treatment for subfertility Dehydroepiandrosterone for women in the peri- or postmenopausal phase Antioxidants for male subfertility Follow-up strategies after treatment (large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)): Impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) test
New Systematic Reviews in CDSR: Pregnancy and Birth
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Penumococcal vaccination during pregnancy for preventing infant infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intraamniotic infection Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women Creatine for women in pregnancy for neuroprotection of the fetus Elective repeat cesarean section versus induction of labour for women with a previous cesarean birth
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Controlled cord traction for the third stage of labour Screening with urinary dipsticks for reducing morbidity and mortality Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour to prevent early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes Prophylactic manual rotation for fetal malposition to reduce operative delivery Antenatal lower genital tract infection screening and treatment programs for preventing preterm delivery Home uterine monitoring for detecting preterm labour
New Systematic Reviews in CDSR: Neonatal
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Sound reduction management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants Disposable nappies for preventing napkin dermatitis in infants Parent-infant psychotherapy for improving parental and infant mental health Surfactant for meconium aspiration syndrome in term and late preterm infants Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants Delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants Oxygen therapy for lower respiratory tract infections in children between 3 months and 15 years of age
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Early versus delayed oral fluids and food for reducing complications after major abdominal gynaecologic surgery
Featured Review: El Shahed, A. I., Dargaville, P. A., Ohisoon, A., & Soll, R. (2014). Surfactant for meconium aspiration syndrome in term and late preterm infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12, CD002054. Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) involves the in utero exposure of the airways of a fetus to amniotic fluid containing meconium (Chen, Toung, & Rogers, 1985). Meconium damages the lungs of the fetus and causes acute mechanical
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Carlson, N. S.
obstruction and poor gas exchange. In animal models, meconium aspiration caused a displacement of natural surfactant (Sun, Curstedt, Song, & Robertson, 1993). When investigators replaced natural surfactant with large doses of animalderived surfactant, they saw improvements in lung compliance and ventilation. Surfactant contains a combination of chemicals that lie within the interior surface of the lungs and reduce the surface pressure there for easier lung movement and gas exchange. Treatment of neonates with intratracheal administration of surfactant was shown in previous Cochrane reviews to improve symptoms in respiratory distress syndrome (Soll & Ozek, 2009), pulmonary hemorrhage (Aziz & Ohlsoon, 2012), and bacterial pneumonia (Tan, Lai, & Sharma, 2012). In this Cochrane review of four randomized controlled trials (N = 326 infants), term or late-preterm infants with MAS who received surfactant treatment had a significantly decreased risk of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), relative risk (RR) 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.46, 0.91]. In one trial, neonates with MAS who were treated with surfactant also had a significantly reduced length of hospital stay (mean difference = −8 days, 95% CI [−14, −3]). Investigators found no significant reductions in other outcomes included in this review (duration of assisted ventilation, duration of supplemental oxygen, pneumothorax, pulmonary interstitial emphysema, air leaks, chronic lung disease, need for oxygen at discharge, intraventricular hemorrhage, neonatal mortality). Comment: It is unknown how surfactant treatment of neonates with MAS compares to other therapies such as inhaled nitric oxide, liquid ventilation, and high frequency ventilation. However, the authors concluded that surfactant use in an infant with MAS appears to reduce the severity of respiratory illness and the chances that the infant will have progressive respiratory failure requiring advanced life support with ECMO. Future research investigating the usefulness of surfactant treatment in conjunction with other treatments for MAS infants is needed.
REFERENCES Aziz, A., & Ohlsoon, A. (2012). Surfactant for pulmonary haemorrhage in neonates. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7, CD005254. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005254.pub2 Chen, C. T., Toung, T. J. K., & Rogers, M. C. (1985). Effect of intraalveolar meconium on pulmonary surface tension properties. Critical Care Medicine, 13(4), 233–236.
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Soll, R., & Ozek, E. (2009). Multiple versus single doses of exogenous surfactant for the prevention or treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, CD000141. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000141.pub2 Sun, B., Curstedt, T., Song, G. W., & Robertson, B. (1993). Surfactant improves lung function and morphology in newborn rabbits with meconium aspiration. Biology of the Neonate, 63(2), 96–104. Tan, K., Lai, N. M., & Sharma, A. (2012). Surfactant for bacertial pneumonia in late preterm and term infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, CD008155. doi:10.1002/ 14651858.CD008155.pub2
Featured Review: Hofmeyr, G. J., Mshweshwe, T., & Gulmezoglu, A. M. (2015). Controlled cord ¨ traction for the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, CD008020. Controlled cord traction (CCT) is one component in a group of interventions known as active management of third stage labor (AMTSL) (Hofmeyr, Mshweshwe, & Gulmezoglu, 2015). CCT is a ma¨ neuver used by skilled birth attendants to encourage placental delivery immediately following birth. During CCT, the practitioner exerts traction on the umbilical cord while applying counter pressure suprapubically once the uterus contracts following birth. If used incorrectly, CCT can result in uterine prolapse, an obstetric emergency. In addition to CCT, AMTSL also includes the use of prophylactic uterotonic at or after birth of the infant, early cord clamping and cutting, and uterine massage following placental delivery (Hofmeyr et al., 2015). In a previous Cochrane review, AMTSL was shown to decrease the risk for severe postpartum hemorrhage (>1000 ml blood loss following vaginal delivery) among women at mixed risk of hemorrhage (average risk ratio 0.34, 95% CI [0.30, 0.83]) (Begley, Gyte, Devane, McGuire, & Weeks, 2011). For this reason, AMTSL is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) (Abalos, 2012). However, Begley et al. (2011) also linked AMTSL to a significant increase in maternal pain. This and other adverse side effects of AMTSL prompted authors of the most recent Cochrane review of AMTSL to recommend that future studies focus on the individual components of AMTSL to weight risks/benefits of each. The first component of AMTSL to be studied individually by researchers was immediate cord clamping/cutting. As a result of several recent investigations, this intervention was recently dropped from AMTSL recommendations by the WHO. The WHO now recommends delayed
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cord clamping at approximately 2–3 minutes following the birth of the infant (Abalos, 2012). CCT is the second component of AMTSL to receive individual attention. Use of CCT by practitioners was linked to increased maternal pain following AMTSL (Begley et al., 2011). In addition, some birth attendants did not have the necessary skills to provide CCT safely. The question posed by authors of this Cochrane review was whether CCT is an essential component of AMTSL. This review included three methodologically sound trials comparing the use of CCT in labor (N = 27,454 women). Investigators found no difference in women’s risk of postpartum blood loss 1000 mL (N = 27,454, RR 0.91, 95% CI [0.77, 1.08]) or in their risk for manual removal of the placenta when routine ergometrine was not used in the third stage (n = 23,010, RR 1.03, 95% CI [0.73, 1.46]) with CCT. There were also no significant differences in the use of additional uterotonics, blood transfusion, maternal death/severe morbidity, or operative procedures among women randomized to CCT use. Maternal pain was reduced in one trial among women who did not have CCT compared to those who did (N = 4,057 women, RR 0.69, 95% CI [0.53, 1.46]). Comments: Given these results showing limited benefit of CCT in the third stage of labor, authors of this review concluded that when a uterotonic agent is used in the third stage of labor, the routine use of controlled cord traction as part of AMTSL can be dropped without increasing the risk of severe postpartum hemorrhage. In birth settings where ergometrine is typically used in the third stage of labor, CCT use is still encouraged to decrease the risk of manual removal of the placenta.
REFERENCES Abalos, E. (2012). Active versus expectant management of the thirds stage of labour. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/rhl/ pregnancy_childbirth/childbirth/3rd_stage/cd007412_abalose_ com/en/ Begley, C. M., Gyte, G. M., Devane, D., McGuire, W., & Weeks, A. (2011). Active versus expectant management for women in the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11, CD007412. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007412.pub3 Hofmeyr, G. J., Mshweshwe, T., & Gulmezoglu, A. M. (2015). ¨ Controlled cord traction for the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, CD008020. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008020.pub2
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Evidence-Based Reviews from Other Sources Recent Evidence-Based Reviews: Women’s Health Al-Mubarak, M., Tibau, A., Templeton, A. J., Cescon, D. W., Ocana, A., Seruga, B., & Amir, E. (2014). Extended adjuvant tamoxifen for early breast cancer: A meta-analysis. PloS One, 9(2), e88238. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088238 Albrow, R., Blomberg, K., Kitchener, H., Brabin, L., Patnick, J., Tishelman, C., . . . Widmark, C. (2014). Interventions to improve cervical cancer screening uptake amongst young women: A systematic review. Acta Oncologica, 53(4), 445–451. doi: 10.3109/0284186x.2013.869618 Anglemyer, A., Rutherford, G. W., Easterbrook, P. J., Horvath, T., Vitoria, M., Jan, M., & Doherty, M. C. (2014). Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: A systematic review. AIDS, 28 Suppl 2, S105–118. doi: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000232 Boyd, K., & Hilas, O. (2014). alpha-adrenergic blockers for the treatment of lower-urinarytract symptoms and dysfunction in women. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 48(6), 711–722. doi: 10.1177/1060028014524174 Chen, M., Rao, Y., Zheng, Y., Wei, S., Li, Y., Guo, T., & Yin, P. (2014). Association between soy isoflavone intake and breast cancer risk for preand post-menopausal women: A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. PloS One, 9(2), e89288. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089288 Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Hu, M., Liu, X., & Qi, H. (2014). Timing of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone administration in IVF/ICSI protocols using GnRH agonist or antagonists: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Gynecological Endocrinology, 30(6), 431–437. doi: 10.3109/09513590.2014.895984 Cook, J. A., Burke-Miller, J. K., Grey, D. D., Cocohoba, J., Liu, C., Schwartz, R. M., . . . Cohen, M. H. (2014). Do HIV-positive women receive depression treatment that meets best practice guidelines? AIDS and Behavior, 18(6), 1094– 1102. doi: 10.1007/s10461-013-0679-6 Crane, T. E., Khulpateea, B. R., Alberts, D. S., Basen-Engquist, K., & Thomson, C. A. (2014). Dietary intake and ovarian cancer risk: A systematic review. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 23(2), 255–273. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0515 Elraiyah, T., Sonbol, M. B., Wang, Z., Khairalseed, T., Asi, N., Undavalli, C., . . . Murad, M. H. (2014). Clinical review: The benefits and harms of systemic dehydroepiandrosterone
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(DHEA) in postmenopausal women with normal adrenal function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 99(10), 3536– 3542. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-2261 Elraiyah, T., Sonbol, M. B., Wang, Z., Khairalseed, T., Asi, N., Undavalli, C., . . . Murad, M. H. (2014). Clinical review: The benefits and harms of systemic testosterone therapy in postmenopausal women with normal adrenal function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 99(10), 3543– 3550. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-2262 Fayanju, O. M., Stoll, C. R., Fowler, S., Colditz, G. A., & Margenthaler, J. A. (2014). Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy after unilateral breast cancer: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Annals of Surgery, 260(6), 1000–1010. doi: 10.1097/sla.0000000000000769 Fiszer, C., Dolbeault, S., Sultan, S., & Bredart, A. (2014). Prevalence, intensity, and predictors of the supportive care needs of women diagnosed with breast cancer: A systematic review. Psycho-Oncology, 23(4), 361–374. doi: 10.1002/pon.3432 Goesling, B., Colman, S., Trenholm, C., Terzian, M., & Moore, K. (2014). Programs to reduce teen pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and associated sexual risk behaviors: A systematic review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54(5), 499–507. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.12.004 Hidding, J. T., Beurskens, C. H., van der Wees, P. J., van Laarhoven, H. W., & Nijhuis-van der Sanden, M. W. (2014). Treatment related impairments in arm and shoulder in patients with breast cancer: A systematic review. PloS One, 9(5), e96748. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096748 Irvin, V. L., & Kaplan, R. M. (2014). Screening mammography & breast cancer mortality: meta-analysis of quasi-experimental studies. PloS One, 9(6), e98105. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098105 Jansen, L. A., Backstein, R. M., & Brown, M. H. (2014). Breast size and breast cancer: A systematic review. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 67(12), 1615–1623. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2014.10.001 Kelley, B. P., Ahmed, R., Kidwell, K. M., Kozlow, J. H., Chung, K. C., & Momoh, A. O. (2014). A systematic review of morbidity associated with autologous breast reconstruction before and after exposure to radiotherapy: Are current practices ideal? Annals of Surgical Oncology,
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21(5), 1732–1738. doi: 10.1245/s10434-0143494-z Lasa, J. S., Zubiaurre, I., & Soifer, L. O. (2014). Risk of infertility in patients with celiac disease: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Arquivos de Gastroenterologia, 51(2), 144–150. Leung, J., McKenzie, S., Martin, J., & McLaughlin, D. (2014). Effect of rurality on screening for breast cancer: A systematic review and metaanalysis comparing mammography. Rural Remote Health, 14(2), 2730. Maheux-Lacroix, S., Boutin, A., Moore, L., Bergeron, M. E., Bujold, E., Laberge, P., . . . Dodin, S. (2014). Hysterosalpingosonography for diagnosing tubal occlusion in subfertile women: A systematic review with metaanalysis. Human Reproduction, 29(5), 953–963. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deu024 Maimoun, L., Georgopoulos, N. A., & Sultan, C. (2014). Endocrine disorders in adolescent and young female athletes: impact on growth, menstrual cycles, and bone mass acquisition. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 99(11), 4037–4050. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-3030 Miltz, A., Price, H., Shahmanesh, M., Copas, A., & Gilson, R. (2014). Systematic review and meta-analysis of L1-VLP-based human papillomavirus vaccine efficacy against anogenital pre-cancer in women with evidence of prior HPV exposure. PloS One, 9(3), e90348. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090348 Pu, D., Jiang, S. W., & Wu, J. (2014). Association between MTHFR gene polymorphism and the risk of ovarian cancer: A meta-analysis of the literature. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20(11), 1632–1638. Shi, Q., Li, J., Li, M., Wu, J., Yao, Q., & Xing, A. (2014). The role of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for endometrial protection in women with breast cancer taking tamoxifen. European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology, 35(5), 492–498. Vercellini, P., Consonni, D., Dridi, D., Bracco, B., Frattaruolo, M. P., & Somigliana, E. (2014). Uterine adenomyosis and in vitro fertilization outcome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction, 29(5), 964–977. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deu041 von Sadovszky, V., Draudt, B., & Boch, S. (2014). A systematic review of reviews of behavioral interventions to promote condom use. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 11(2), 107–117. doi: 10.1111/wvn.12017 Xu, T., Hui, L., Juan, Y. L., Min, S. G., & Hua, W. T. (2014). Effects of moxibustion or acupoint therapy for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea:
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A meta-analysis. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 20(4), 33–42. Xuping, S., Jinhui, T., Qi, C., Guowu, D., Kehu, Y., & Peizhen, Z. (2014). Effects of clinical pathways used in surgery for uterine fibroids: A metaanalysis. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics, 10(1), 180–186. doi: 10.4103/09731482.131460 Yan, J. H., Pan, L., Zhang, X. M., Sun, C. X., & Cui, G. H. (2014). Lack of efficacy of Tai Chi in improving quality of life in breast cancer survivors: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 15(8), 3715–3720. Yang, W. S., Deng, Q., Fan, W. Y., Wang, W. Y., & Wang, X. (2014). Light exposure at night, sleep duration, melatonin, and breast cancer: A doseresponse analysis of observational studies. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 23(4), 269–276. doi: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000030 Zhang, K., & Song, L. (2014). Association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and breast cancer risk: A meta-analysis of 39 studies. PloS One, 9(4), e96125. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096125
Recent Evidence-Based Reviews: Pregnancy & Birth Agha, M., Agha, R. A., & Sandell, J. (2014). Interventions to reduce and prevent obesity in preconceptual and pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One, 9(5), e95132. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095132 Al Wattar, B. H., Hillman, S. C., Marton, T., Foster, K., & Kilby, M. D. (2014). Placenta chorioangioma: A rare case and systematic review of literature. Journal of MaternalFetal & Neonatal Medicine, 27(10), 1055–1063. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2013.847424 Aune, D., Saugstad, O. D., Henriksen, T., & Tonstad, S. (2014). Physical activity and the risk of preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology, 25(3), 331–343. doi: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000036 Banke-Thomas, A. O., Wilton-Waddell, O. E., Kouraogo, S. F., & Mueller, E. (2014). Current evidence supporting obstetric fistula prevention strategies in sub Saharan Africa: A systematic review of the literature. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 18(3), 118–127. Barros-Silva, J., Pedrosa, A. C., & Matias, A. (2014). Sonographic measurement of cervical length as a predictor of preterm delivery: A systematic review. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 42(3), 281–293. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2013-0115
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Bove, R., Alwan, S., Friedman, J. M., Hellwig, K., Houtchens, M., Koren, G., . . . Sadovnick, A. D. (2014). Management of multiple sclerosis during pregnancy and the reproductive years: A systematic review. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 124(6), 1157–1168. doi: 10.1097/aog.0000000000000541 Briere, C. E., McGrath, J., Cong, X., & Cusson, R. (2014). An integrative review of factors that influence breastfeeding duration for premature infants after NICU hospitalization. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 43(3), 272–281. doi: 10.1111/1552-6909.12297 Chaillet, N., Belaid, L., Crochetiere, C., Roy, L., Gagne, G. P., Moutquin, J. M., . . . Bonapace, J. (2014). Nonpharmacologic approaches for pain management during labor compared with usual care: A meta-analysis. Birth, 41(2), 122– 137. doi: 10.1111/birt.12103 Darmasseelane, K., Hyde, M. J., Santhakumaran, S., Gale, C., & Modi, N. (2014). Mode of delivery and offspring body mass index, overweight and obesity in adult life: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One, 9(2), e87896. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087896 Dorniak-Wall, T., Grivell, R. M., Dekker, G. A., Hague, W., & Dodd, J. M. (2014). The role of Larginine in the prevention and treatment of preeclampsia: A systematic review of randomised trials. Journal of Human Hypertension, 28(4), 230–235. doi: 10.1038/jhh.2013.100 Dzhambov, A. M., Dimitrova, D. D., & Dimitrakova, E. D. (2014). Noise exposure during pregnancy, birth outcomes and fetal development: meta-analyses using quality effects model. Folia Medica, 56(3), 204–214. El Marroun, H., White, T., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. (2014). Maternal use of antidepressant or anxiolytic medication during pregnancy and childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes: A systematic review. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 23(10), 973– 992. doi: 10.1007/s00787-014-0558-3 Esper, L. H., & Furtado, E. F. (2014). Identifying maternal risk factors associated with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A systematic review. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 23(10), 877–889. doi: 10.1007/s00787-0140603-2 Gagnon, A., Davies, G., Wilson, R. D., Wilson, R. D., Audibert, F., Brock, J. A., . . . Pastuck, M. (2014). Prenatal invasive procedures in women with hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and/or human immunodeficiency virus infections. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. Journal d’Obstetrique ´
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et Gynecologie du Canada, 36(7), 648– ´ 655. Goodman, J. H., Chenausky, K. L., & Freeman, M. P. (2014). Anxiety disorders during pregnancy: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75(10), e1153–1184. doi: 10.4088/JCP.14r09035 Grand’Maison, S., Durand, M., & Mahone, M. (2014). The effects of ursodeoxycholic acid treatment for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy on maternal and fetal outcomes: A meta-analysis including non-randomized studies. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. Journal d’Obstetrique et Gynecologie ´ ´ du Canada, 36(7), 632–641. Greenwood, D. C., Thatcher, N. J., Ye, J., Garrard, L., Keogh, G., King, L. G., & Cade, J. E. (2014). Caffeine intake during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. European Journal of Epidemiology, 29(10), 725–734. doi: 10.1007/s10654-014-9944-x Guariguata, L., Linnenkamp, U., Beagley, J., Whiting, D. R., & Cho, N. H. (2014). Global estimates of the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 103(2), 176–185. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.11.003 Hee, L. (2014). Overview of the methods available for biomechanical testing of the uterine cervix in vivo. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 93(12), 1219–1237. doi: 10.1111/aogs.12483 Heslehurst, N., Newham, J., Maniatopoulos, G., Fleetwood, C., Robalino, S., & Rankin, J. (2014). Implementation of pregnancy weight management and obesity guidelines: A metasynthesis of healthcare professionals’ barriers and facilitators using the Theoretical Domains Framework. Obesity Reviews, 15(6), 462–486. doi: 10.1111/obr.12160 Jager, S., Jacobs, S., Kroger, J., Fritsche, A., Schienkiewitz, A., Rubin, D., . . . Schulze, M. B. (2014). Breast-feeding and maternal risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective study and meta-analysis. Diabetologia, 57(7), 1355–1365. doi: 10.1007/s00125-014-3247-3 Jao, J., & Abrams, E. J. (2014). Metabolic complications of in utero maternal HIV and antiretroviral exposure in HIV-exposed infants. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 33(7), 734– 740. doi: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000224 Jin, G., LanLan, Z., Li, C., & Dan, Z. (2014). Pregnancy outcome following loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of
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Gynecology and Obstetrics, 289(1), 85–99. doi: 10.1007/s00404-013-2955-0 Kline, J. A., Richardson, D. M., Than, M. P., Penaloza, A., & Roy, P. M. (2014). Systematic review and meta-analysis of pregnant patients investigated for suspected pulmonary embolism in the emergency department. Academic Emergency Medicine, 21(9), 949–959. doi: 10.1111/acem.12471 Macaulay, S., Dunger, D. B., & Norris, S. A. (2014). Gestational diabetes mellitus in Africa: A systematic review. PloS One, 9(6), e97871. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097871 Machado Junior, L. C., Passini Junior, R., & Rodrigues Machado Rosa, I. (2014). Late prematurity: A systematic review. Jornal de Pediatr´ıa, 90(3), 221–231. doi: 10.1016/j.jped.2013.08.012 Mantovani, E., Filippini, F., Bortolus, R., & Franchi, M. (2014). Folic acid supplementation and preterm birth: results from observational studies. BioMed Research International, 2014, 481914. doi: 10.1155/2014/481914 Mukherjee, S., Pierre-Victor, D., Bahelah, R., & Madhivanan, P. (2014). Mental health issues among pregnant women in correctional facilities: A systematic review. Women and Health, 54(8), 816–842. doi: 10.1080/03630242.2014.932894 Nascimento, S. L., Pudwell, J., Surita, F. G., Adamo, K. B., & Smith, G. N. (2014). The effect of physical exercise strategies on weight loss in postpartum women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Obesity (2005), 38(5), 626–635. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2013.183 Neville, C. E., McKinley, M. C., Holmes, V. A., Spence, D., & Woodside, J. V. (2014). The relationship between breastfeeding and postpartum weight change—a systematic review and critical evaluation. International Journal of Obesity (2005), 38(4), 577–590. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2013.132 Nilaweera, I., Doran, F., & Fisher, J. (2014). Prevalence, nature and determinants of postpartum mental health problems among women who have migrated from South Asian to high-income countries: A systematic review of the evidence. Journal of Affective Disorders, 166, 213–226. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.05. 021 Park, J., Sohn, Y., White, A. R., & Lee, H. (2014). The safety of acupuncture during pregnancy: A systematic review. Acupuncture in Medicine, 32(3), 257–266. doi: 10.1136/acupmed-2013010480
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Patelarou, E., & Kelly, F. J. (2014). Indoor exposure and adverse birth outcomes related to fetal growth, miscarriage and prematurity-a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(6), 5904– 5933. doi: 10.3390/ijerph110605904 Pergialiotis, V., Vlachos, D. G., Rodolakis, A., Haidopoulos, D., Thomakos, N., & Vlachos, G. D. (2014). First versus second stage C/S maternal and neonatal morbidity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, 175, 15–24. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.12. 033 Piso, B., Zechmeister-Koss, I., & Winkler, R. (2014). Antenatal interventions to reduce preterm birth: An overview of Cochrane Systematic Reviews. BMC Research Notes, 7, 265. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-265 Poolsup, N., Suksomboon, N., & Amin, M. (2014). Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One, 9(3), e92485. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092485 Roescher, A. M., Timmer, A., Erwich, J. J., & Bos, A. F. (2014). Placental pathology, perinatal death, neonatal outcome, and neurological development: A systematic review. PloS One, 9(2), e89419. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089419 Ruifrok, A. E., van Poppel, M. N., van Wely, M., Rogozinska, E., Khan, K. S., de Groot, C. J., . . . Mol, B. W. (2014). Association between weight gain during pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes after dietary and lifestyle interventions: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Perinatology, 31(5), 353–364. doi: 10.1055/s-00331352484 Silver, B. J., Guy, R. J., Kaldor, J. M., Jamil, M. S., & Rumbold, A. R. (2014). Trichomonas vaginalis as a cause of perinatal morbidity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 41(6), 369–376. doi: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000134 Skouteris, H., Nagle, C., Fowler, M., Kent, B., Sahota, P., & Morris, H. (2014). Interventions designed to promote exclusive breastfeeding in high-income countries: A systematic review. Breastfeeding Medicine, 9(3), 113–127. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2013.0081 Suri, R., Lin, A. S., Cohen, L. S., & Altshuler, L. L. (2014). Acute and long-term behavioral outcome of infants and children exposed in utero to either maternal depression or antidepressants: A review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75(10), e1142–1152. doi: 10.4088/JCP.13r08926
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Tie, H. T., Xia, Y. Y., Zeng, Y. S., Zhang, Y., Dai, C. L., Guo, J. J., & Zhao, Y. (2014). Risk of childhood overweight or obesity associated with excessive weight gain during pregnancy: A meta-analysis. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 289(2), 247–257. doi: 10.1007/s00404013-3053-z Velauthar, L., Plana, M. N., Kalidindi, M., Zamora, J., Thilaganathan, B., Illanes, S. E., . . . Thangaratinam, S. (2014). First-trimester uterine artery Doppler and adverse pregnancy outcome: A meta-analysis involving 55,974 women. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 43(5), 500–507. doi: 10.1002/uog.13275 Wolf, H. T., Owe, K. M., Juhl, M., & Hegaard, H. K. (2014). Leisure time physical activity and the risk of pre-eclampsia: A systematic review. Maternal Child Health Journal, 18(4), 899–910. doi: 10.1007/s10995-013-1316-8
Recent Evidence-Based Reviews: Neonatal Akinpelu, O. V., Peleva, E., Funnell, W. R., & Daniel, S. J. (2014). Otoacoustic emissions in newborn hearing screening: A systematic review of the effects of different protocols on test outcomes. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 78(5), 711–717. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.01.021 Daoud, H., Alharfi, I., Alhelali, I., Charyk Stewart, T., Qasem, H., & Fraser, D. D. (2014). Brain injury biomarkers as outcome predictors in pediatric severe traumatic brain injury. Neurocritical Care, 20(3), 427–435. doi: 10.1007/s12028-013-9879-1 de Silva, D., Geromi, M., Halken, S., Host, A., Panesar, S. S., Muraro, A., . . . Sheikh, A. (2014). Primary prevention of food allergy in children and adults: systematic review. Allergy, 69(5), 581–589. doi: 10.1111/all.12334 Jacobsen, P. E., Haubek, D., Henriksen, T. B., Ostergaard, J. R., & Poulsen, S. (2014). Developmental enamel defects in children born preterm: A systematic review. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 122(1), 7–14. doi: 10.1111/eos.12094 Kormos, C. E., Wilkinson, A. J., Davey, C. J., & Cunningham, A. J. (2014). Low birth weight and intelligence in adolescence and early adulthood: A meta-analysis. Journal of Public Health (Oxf), 36(2), 213–224. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdt071 Lanzieri, T. M., Dollard, S. C., Bialek, S. R., & Grosse, S. D. (2014). Systematic review of the birth prevalence of congenital cytomegalovirus
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infection in developing countries. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 22, 44–48. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.12.010 Lowe, J., Watkins, W. J., Edwards, M. O., Spiller, O. B., Jacqz-Aigrain, E., Kotecha, S. J., & Kotecha, S. (2014). Association between pulmonary ureaplasma colonization and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 33(7), 697–702. doi: 10.1097/ inf.0000000000000239 Lv, B., Huang, J., Yuan, H., Yan, W., Hu, G., & Wang, J. (2014). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha as a diagnostic marker for neonatal sepsis: A meta-analysis. ScientificWorldJournal, 2014, 471463. doi: 10.1155/2014/471463 Moreno-Cid, M., Rubio-Lorente, A., Rodriguez, M. J., Bueno-Pacheco, G., Tenias, J. M., RomanOrtiz, C., & Arias, A. (2014). Systematic review and meta-analysis of performance of secondtrimester nasal bone assessment in detection of fetuses with Down syndrome. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 43(3), 247–253. doi: 10.1002/uog.13228 Park, H. Y., Maitra, K., Achon, J., Loyola, E., & Rincon, M. (2014). Effects of early intervention on mental or neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions in children born low birthweight or preterm: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68(3), 268–276. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2014.010371 Plaisier, A., Govaert, P., Lequin, M. H., & Dudink, J. (2014). Optimal timing of cerebral MRI in
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preterm infants to predict long-term neurodevelopmental outcome: A systematic review. AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology, 35(5), 841–847. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A3513 Rashidian, A., Omidvari, A. H., Vali, Y., Mortaz, S., Yousefi-Nooraie, R., Jafari, M., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2014). The effectiveness of regionalization of perinatal care services–a systematic review. Public Health, 128(10), 872–885. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2014.08.005 Solaski, M., Majnemer, A., & Oskoui, M. (2014). Contribution of socio-economic status on the prevalence of cerebral palsy: A systematic search and review. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 56(11), 1043–1051. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.12456 Su, H., Chang, S. S., Han, C. M., Wu, K. Y., Li, M. C., Huang, C. Y., . . . Lee, C. C. (2014). Inflammatory markers in cord blood or maternal serum for early detection of neonatal sepsis-a systemic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Perinatology, 34(4), 268–274. doi: 10.1038/jp.2013.186 Tan, B., Zhang, F., Zhang, X., Huang, Y. L., Gao, Y. S., Liu, X., . . . Qiu, J. F. (2014). Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in the neonatal intensive care unit: A meta-analysis of observational studies. European Journal of Pediatrics, 173(4), 427–434. doi: 10.1007/s00431014-2278-6 Wood, J. N., Fakeye, O., Mondestin, V., Rubin, D. M., Localio, R., & Feudtner, C. (2014). Prevalence of abuse among young children with femur fractures: a systematic review. BMC Pediatrics, 14, 169. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-169
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