John A. Bargh Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions C itation
“For his groundbreaking work on the automaticity of social cognition, emotion, motivation, and behavior. John A. Bargh’s penetrating theoretical analyses, surprising empir ical discoveries, and important methodological innovations have changed psychology by illuminating those features of the mind that the mind can never know. His insightful thinking and rigorous research have given us a deep under standing of the powerful but invisible forces that drive human behavior and in so doing have transformed a field. His scientific impact has been superliminal and will be felt for generations to come.” B io g ra p h y
John A. Bargh’s research program into automatic or uncon scious forms of social cognition began officially in graduate school at the University of Michigan, but the spark that started the campfire was the publication of B. F. Skinner’s controversial Beyond Freedom and Dignity while Bargh happened to be taking a high school psychology class. Ever since, for now over 40 years, two issues have dominated his theoretical as well as empirical work. One issue, building on the original work of Treisman and Neisser in the 1960s, concerns the extent of the initial automatic (or preconscious) analysis of the social environment, including ste reotype activation and immediate affective reactions to November 2014 • American Psychologist © 2 0 1 4 American Psychological Association 0003-066X/14/$ 12.00 Vol. 69, No. 8, 727-729 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037574
people and other social stimuli. The second and related issue and research program stands on the shoulders of the seminal work in the 1970s of both Ellen Langer on the “mindlessness” of social interaction and Richard Nisbett and Tim Wilson on one’s lack of introspective access to the influences and causes of one’s judgments and behavior: It concerns the extent to which higher mental processes, such as are involved in social judgment, behavior, and goal pursuit, can operate in the absence of conscious intention and guidance. Bargh was born and raised in Champaign, Illinois, where both parents worked for the University of Illinois— his father George first as dean of men and then dean of foreign students before becoming executive assistant to the univer sity president for many years, and his mother Margaret at the Illinois State Geological Survey as an expert on the state’s coal deposits. Like both parents and three sisters, he attended the hometown university; while there he helped out as an undergraduate in the research labs of several social psychology faculty, mainly those of Jerry Cohen and Bob Wyer. When Bargh wasn’t in the Psychology building he was hanging out at the student-run FM radio station, WPGU, where he was the night-time disc jockey. In 1977, Bargh graduated summa cum laude, with a major in psy chology and a minor in Led Zeppelin. He then attended graduate school in psychology at the University of Michigan, working at the Research Center for Group Dynamics under Robert B. Zajonc. The social psy chology program at Michigan in the late 1970s was a heady mix of new ideas regarding unawareness of the causes for one’s choices and behavior (Nisbett and Wilson), the im mediacy and power of affective reactions over subsequent thought and judgment (Zajonc), and the reconceptualization of classic topics, such as the self, in cognitive terms (Hazel Markus). There were brilliant fellow graduate students to work with as well; such collaborations with Paula Pietromonaco and Yaacov Schul were among the highlights of Bargh’s time in Ann Arbor. Out of this rich Michigan milieu of provocative new ideas came his dissertation on the automatic and controlled processing of social informa tion, which won the 1982 Dissertation Award from the Society for Experimental Social Psychology (SESP). Im mediately after completing his PhD, Bargh accepted an assistant professorship at New York University (NYU) in 1981, where he would serve on the faculty for the next 23 years. At NYU, Bargh was privileged to have a number of outstanding and generous colleagues, including Jim Uleman, Susan Andersen, and Yaacov Trope; he worked most closely with Tory Higgins, Shelly Chaiken, and later, Peter Gollwitzer. With Higgins he developed and tested models of social construct accessibility, with Chaiken he studied the conditions under which automatic attitude activation occurs, and with Gollwitzer he conducted research on their 727
joint model of automatic and strategic goal pursuit. Uleman and Bargh together edited one of the first volumes on uncon scious social cognition, Unintended Thought, published in 1989. That same year Bargh received the Award for Distin guished Scientific Early Career Contributions to Psychology in social psychology from the American Psychological As sociation. Living in New York City was an educational experience in itself, especially for a social psychologist having spent his entire life up to that point in the Midwest. Nowhere but in such a large, noisy, and congested city could it be more obvious that the social mind must deal quickly and accurately with a barrage of incoming information—there were no but tons out there, as there were in laboratory experiments, to pause the world and take one’s time in making choices and decisions. Few other places could educate a provincial young man as to the diversity and variety of ways of living life than the melting pot of lifestyles and cultures that characterized Greenwich Village and also Brooklyn’s Park Slope, the two neighborhoods Bargh called home during his time in New York. Collegial and career support came from outside of NYU as well, in particular from Bob Wyer and David Hamilton, both leading figures in the nascent field of social cognition. Wyer invited him to join the authors of the first-ever Handbook of Social Cognition by contributing the chapter on automatic and controlled forms of social information processing. Wyer would later include Bargh in the second edition of that handbook as well as invite him to contribute a target article for the annual Advances in Social Cognition series (1997) that Wyer co-edited. Another pivotal event in the year 1989 was a fellowship from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation that funded Bargh’s first sabbatical leave, at the University of Mannheim. There he was generously hosted by the joint social cognition lab group of Norbert Schwarz and Fritz Strack. This sabbat ical stay led to a long-time collaboration with Peter Gollwitzer, then of the Max Planck Institute in Munich, concerning the automatic aspects of motivational processes. Combining their separate research programs resulted in the theoretical proposal that environmental or situational features could by themselves trigger goal pursuit processes, either chronically through frequent pairing of a given situation with a given goal pursuit (which developed into Bargh’s “auto-motive” model) or strategically through Gollwitzer’s notion of imple mentation intentions, by which an act of conscious will presets the future automatic goal pursuit (e.g., “When X occurs, I will do Y”). For these theoretical ideas they were awarded the Max Planck Society Research Prize in 1990; they first presented them publicly at the Nebraska Sympo sium on Motivation in 1993. Near the end of Bargh’s tenure at NYU, he was named the first Julius Silver Professor of Psychology. He moved to Yale University in 2003, where he is the James Rowland Angell
728
Professor of Psychology and director of the ACME (Automaticity in Cognition, Motivation, and Evaluation) labora tory. Today, Bargh’s vita includes over 170 publications, mainly on the various forms of automatic or unconscious processing influences in social psychological phenomena (perception and judgment, social behavior, and goal pursuit). But he is most proud of the many graduate students and postdoctoral associates he advised and collaborated with over the years, who have since moved on to highly productive careers of their own. These include, from NYU, graduate students Tanya Chartrand (now at Duke University), Felicia Pratto (University of Connecticut), Grainne Fitzsimons (Duke), and Melissa Ferguson (Cornell University) and post doc Ran Hassin (Hebrew University) and, from Yale, grad uate students Lawrence Williams (University of Colorado), Andy Poehlman (Clemson University), and Julie Huang (Stony Brook University, SUNY) and postdocs Ezequiel Morsella (San Francisco State University), Josh Ackerman (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), and Hyunjin Song (Arizona State University). Other stellar students who chose nonacademic career paths include Mark Chen and Annette Lee-Chai. Bargh’s service to the field has included membership on many journal editorial boards and grant review panels and appointments as associate editor at both the Journal o f Per sonality and Social Psychology and Emotion. Bargh has served as secretary-treasurer and also president of SESP. For 25 years his research was continuously funded by the Na tional Science Foundation and then the National Institutes of Mental Health. Bargh was named a Guggenheim Fellow in 2001 and that same year was a fellow in residence at the Center for Ad vanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. Other honors in clude the Donald Campbell Award for Distinguished Re search in Social Psychology from the Society for Personality and Social Psychology and the Scientific Impact Award from SESP, both received in 2007. Several other highly meaning ful recognitions followed: an honorary doctorate from Radboud University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands (2008), the Distinguished Alumnus Award from the University of Illinois Department of Psychology (2009), and the Thomas Ostrom Award from the Person Memory Interest Group of SESP (2011). In 2011, Bargh was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. None of these recognitions occurred in a vacuum—all depended on behind-the-scenes nominations and supporting letters from colleagues, for which he is forever grateful. S e le c te d B i b l io g r a p h y Bargh, J. A. (19S4). Automatic and conscious processing of social infor mation. In R. S. Wyer Jr. & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (Vol. 3, pp. 1-43). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Bargh, J. A. (1989). Conditional automaticity: Varieties of automatic influ-
November 2014 • American Psychologist
ence in social perception and cognition. In J. S. Uleman & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 3-51). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Bargh, J. A. (1990). Auto-motives: Preconscious determinants of social interaction. In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook o f motivation and cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 93-130). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Bargh, J. A. (1994). The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, effi ciency, intention, and control in social cognition. In R. S. Wyer Jr. & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook o f social cognition (2nd ed., pp. 1-40). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Bargh, J. A. (1997). The automaticity of everyday life. In R. S. Wyer Jr. (Ed.), The automaticity o f everyday life: Advances in social cognition (Vol. 10, pp. 1-61). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999). The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist, 54, 462-479. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54 .7.462 Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype priming on action. Journal o f Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230-244. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.230 Bargh, J. A., & Ferguson, M. L. (2000). Beyond behaviorism: On the automaticity of higher mental processes. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 925-945. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.925 Bargh, J. A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (1994). Environmental control of goaldirected action: Automatic and strategic contingencies between situations and behavior. In W. D. Spaulding (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Moti vation: Vol. 41. Integrative views o f motivation, cognition, and emotion (pp. 71-124). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., Lee-Chai, A. Y., Barndollar, K., & Troetschel, R. (2001). The automated will: Nonconscious activation and pur suit of behavioral goals. Journal o f Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1014-1027. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1014 Bargh, J. A,, Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G. (2010). Motivation. In S. Fiske, D. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook o f social psychology (5th ed., pp. 268-316). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
November 2014 • American Psychologist
Bargh, J. A., & Pietromonaco, P. (1982). Automatic information processing and social perception: The influence of trait information presented outside of conscious awareness on impression formation. Journal o f Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 437-449. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.43.3 .437 Bargh, J. A., Raymond, P„ Pryor, J., & Strack, F. (1995). Attractiveness of the underling: An automatic power—>sex association and its conse quences for sexual harassment and aggression. Journal o f Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 768-781. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.68.5.768 Bargh, J. A., Schwader, K., Hailey, S., Dyer, R., & Boothby, E. (2012). Automaticity in social-cognitive processes. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 593-605. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.10.002 Bargh, J. A., & Tota, M. E. (1988). Context-dependent automatic processing in depression: Accessibility of negative constructs with regard to self but not others. Journal o f Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 925-939. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.925 Chartrand, T. L., & Bargh, J. A. (1999). The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction. Journal o f Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 893-910. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.893 Chen, M., & Bargh, J. A. (1999). Consequences of automatic evaluation: Immediate behavioral predispositions to approach or avoid the stimulus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 215-224. doi:10.1177/ 0146167299025002007 Fitzsimons, G. M., & Bargh, J. A. (2003). Thinking of you: Nonconscious pursuit of interpersonal goals associated with relationship partners. Jour nal o f Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 148-164. doi: 10.1037/ 0022-3514.84.1.148 Williams, L. E., & Bargh, J. A. (2008, October 24). Experiencing physical warmth influences interpersonal warmth. Science, 322, 606-607. doi: 10.1126/science. 1162548 Williams, L. E., Huang, J. Y., & Bargh, J. A. (2009). The scaffolded mind: Higher mental processes are grounded in early experience of the physical world. European Journal o f Social Psychology, 39, 1257-1267. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.665
729
Copyright of American Psychologist is the property of American Psychological Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
“For his groundbreaking work on the automaticity of social cognition, emotion, motivation, and behavior. John A. Bargh’s penetrating theoretical analyses, surprising empir ical discoveries, and important methodological innovations have changed psychology by illuminating those features of the mind that the mind can never know. His insightful thinking and rigorous research have given us a deep under standing of the powerful but invisible forces that drive human behavior and in so doing have transformed a field. His scientific impact has been superliminal and will be felt for generations to come.” B io g ra p h y
John A. Bargh’s research program into automatic or uncon scious forms of social cognition began officially in graduate school at the University of Michigan, but the spark that started the campfire was the publication of B. F. Skinner’s controversial Beyond Freedom and Dignity while Bargh happened to be taking a high school psychology class. Ever since, for now over 40 years, two issues have dominated his theoretical as well as empirical work. One issue, building on the original work of Treisman and Neisser in the 1960s, concerns the extent of the initial automatic (or preconscious) analysis of the social environment, including ste reotype activation and immediate affective reactions to November 2014 • American Psychologist © 2 0 1 4 American Psychological Association 0003-066X/14/$ 12.00 Vol. 69, No. 8, 727-729 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037574
people and other social stimuli. The second and related issue and research program stands on the shoulders of the seminal work in the 1970s of both Ellen Langer on the “mindlessness” of social interaction and Richard Nisbett and Tim Wilson on one’s lack of introspective access to the influences and causes of one’s judgments and behavior: It concerns the extent to which higher mental processes, such as are involved in social judgment, behavior, and goal pursuit, can operate in the absence of conscious intention and guidance. Bargh was born and raised in Champaign, Illinois, where both parents worked for the University of Illinois— his father George first as dean of men and then dean of foreign students before becoming executive assistant to the univer sity president for many years, and his mother Margaret at the Illinois State Geological Survey as an expert on the state’s coal deposits. Like both parents and three sisters, he attended the hometown university; while there he helped out as an undergraduate in the research labs of several social psychology faculty, mainly those of Jerry Cohen and Bob Wyer. When Bargh wasn’t in the Psychology building he was hanging out at the student-run FM radio station, WPGU, where he was the night-time disc jockey. In 1977, Bargh graduated summa cum laude, with a major in psy chology and a minor in Led Zeppelin. He then attended graduate school in psychology at the University of Michigan, working at the Research Center for Group Dynamics under Robert B. Zajonc. The social psy chology program at Michigan in the late 1970s was a heady mix of new ideas regarding unawareness of the causes for one’s choices and behavior (Nisbett and Wilson), the im mediacy and power of affective reactions over subsequent thought and judgment (Zajonc), and the reconceptualization of classic topics, such as the self, in cognitive terms (Hazel Markus). There were brilliant fellow graduate students to work with as well; such collaborations with Paula Pietromonaco and Yaacov Schul were among the highlights of Bargh’s time in Ann Arbor. Out of this rich Michigan milieu of provocative new ideas came his dissertation on the automatic and controlled processing of social informa tion, which won the 1982 Dissertation Award from the Society for Experimental Social Psychology (SESP). Im mediately after completing his PhD, Bargh accepted an assistant professorship at New York University (NYU) in 1981, where he would serve on the faculty for the next 23 years. At NYU, Bargh was privileged to have a number of outstanding and generous colleagues, including Jim Uleman, Susan Andersen, and Yaacov Trope; he worked most closely with Tory Higgins, Shelly Chaiken, and later, Peter Gollwitzer. With Higgins he developed and tested models of social construct accessibility, with Chaiken he studied the conditions under which automatic attitude activation occurs, and with Gollwitzer he conducted research on their 727
joint model of automatic and strategic goal pursuit. Uleman and Bargh together edited one of the first volumes on uncon scious social cognition, Unintended Thought, published in 1989. That same year Bargh received the Award for Distin guished Scientific Early Career Contributions to Psychology in social psychology from the American Psychological As sociation. Living in New York City was an educational experience in itself, especially for a social psychologist having spent his entire life up to that point in the Midwest. Nowhere but in such a large, noisy, and congested city could it be more obvious that the social mind must deal quickly and accurately with a barrage of incoming information—there were no but tons out there, as there were in laboratory experiments, to pause the world and take one’s time in making choices and decisions. Few other places could educate a provincial young man as to the diversity and variety of ways of living life than the melting pot of lifestyles and cultures that characterized Greenwich Village and also Brooklyn’s Park Slope, the two neighborhoods Bargh called home during his time in New York. Collegial and career support came from outside of NYU as well, in particular from Bob Wyer and David Hamilton, both leading figures in the nascent field of social cognition. Wyer invited him to join the authors of the first-ever Handbook of Social Cognition by contributing the chapter on automatic and controlled forms of social information processing. Wyer would later include Bargh in the second edition of that handbook as well as invite him to contribute a target article for the annual Advances in Social Cognition series (1997) that Wyer co-edited. Another pivotal event in the year 1989 was a fellowship from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation that funded Bargh’s first sabbatical leave, at the University of Mannheim. There he was generously hosted by the joint social cognition lab group of Norbert Schwarz and Fritz Strack. This sabbat ical stay led to a long-time collaboration with Peter Gollwitzer, then of the Max Planck Institute in Munich, concerning the automatic aspects of motivational processes. Combining their separate research programs resulted in the theoretical proposal that environmental or situational features could by themselves trigger goal pursuit processes, either chronically through frequent pairing of a given situation with a given goal pursuit (which developed into Bargh’s “auto-motive” model) or strategically through Gollwitzer’s notion of imple mentation intentions, by which an act of conscious will presets the future automatic goal pursuit (e.g., “When X occurs, I will do Y”). For these theoretical ideas they were awarded the Max Planck Society Research Prize in 1990; they first presented them publicly at the Nebraska Sympo sium on Motivation in 1993. Near the end of Bargh’s tenure at NYU, he was named the first Julius Silver Professor of Psychology. He moved to Yale University in 2003, where he is the James Rowland Angell
728
Professor of Psychology and director of the ACME (Automaticity in Cognition, Motivation, and Evaluation) labora tory. Today, Bargh’s vita includes over 170 publications, mainly on the various forms of automatic or unconscious processing influences in social psychological phenomena (perception and judgment, social behavior, and goal pursuit). But he is most proud of the many graduate students and postdoctoral associates he advised and collaborated with over the years, who have since moved on to highly productive careers of their own. These include, from NYU, graduate students Tanya Chartrand (now at Duke University), Felicia Pratto (University of Connecticut), Grainne Fitzsimons (Duke), and Melissa Ferguson (Cornell University) and post doc Ran Hassin (Hebrew University) and, from Yale, grad uate students Lawrence Williams (University of Colorado), Andy Poehlman (Clemson University), and Julie Huang (Stony Brook University, SUNY) and postdocs Ezequiel Morsella (San Francisco State University), Josh Ackerman (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), and Hyunjin Song (Arizona State University). Other stellar students who chose nonacademic career paths include Mark Chen and Annette Lee-Chai. Bargh’s service to the field has included membership on many journal editorial boards and grant review panels and appointments as associate editor at both the Journal o f Per sonality and Social Psychology and Emotion. Bargh has served as secretary-treasurer and also president of SESP. For 25 years his research was continuously funded by the Na tional Science Foundation and then the National Institutes of Mental Health. Bargh was named a Guggenheim Fellow in 2001 and that same year was a fellow in residence at the Center for Ad vanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. Other honors in clude the Donald Campbell Award for Distinguished Re search in Social Psychology from the Society for Personality and Social Psychology and the Scientific Impact Award from SESP, both received in 2007. Several other highly meaning ful recognitions followed: an honorary doctorate from Radboud University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands (2008), the Distinguished Alumnus Award from the University of Illinois Department of Psychology (2009), and the Thomas Ostrom Award from the Person Memory Interest Group of SESP (2011). In 2011, Bargh was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. None of these recognitions occurred in a vacuum—all depended on behind-the-scenes nominations and supporting letters from colleagues, for which he is forever grateful. S e le c te d B i b l io g r a p h y Bargh, J. A. (19S4). Automatic and conscious processing of social infor mation. In R. S. Wyer Jr. & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (Vol. 3, pp. 1-43). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Bargh, J. A. (1989). Conditional automaticity: Varieties of automatic influ-
November 2014 • American Psychologist
ence in social perception and cognition. In J. S. Uleman & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 3-51). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Bargh, J. A. (1990). Auto-motives: Preconscious determinants of social interaction. In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook o f motivation and cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 93-130). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Bargh, J. A. (1994). The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, effi ciency, intention, and control in social cognition. In R. S. Wyer Jr. & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook o f social cognition (2nd ed., pp. 1-40). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Bargh, J. A. (1997). The automaticity of everyday life. In R. S. Wyer Jr. (Ed.), The automaticity o f everyday life: Advances in social cognition (Vol. 10, pp. 1-61). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999). The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist, 54, 462-479. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54 .7.462 Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype priming on action. Journal o f Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230-244. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.230 Bargh, J. A., & Ferguson, M. L. (2000). Beyond behaviorism: On the automaticity of higher mental processes. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 925-945. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.925 Bargh, J. A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (1994). Environmental control of goaldirected action: Automatic and strategic contingencies between situations and behavior. In W. D. Spaulding (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Moti vation: Vol. 41. Integrative views o f motivation, cognition, and emotion (pp. 71-124). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., Lee-Chai, A. Y., Barndollar, K., & Troetschel, R. (2001). The automated will: Nonconscious activation and pur suit of behavioral goals. Journal o f Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1014-1027. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1014 Bargh, J. A,, Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G. (2010). Motivation. In S. Fiske, D. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook o f social psychology (5th ed., pp. 268-316). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
November 2014 • American Psychologist
Bargh, J. A., & Pietromonaco, P. (1982). Automatic information processing and social perception: The influence of trait information presented outside of conscious awareness on impression formation. Journal o f Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 437-449. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.43.3 .437 Bargh, J. A., Raymond, P„ Pryor, J., & Strack, F. (1995). Attractiveness of the underling: An automatic power—>sex association and its conse quences for sexual harassment and aggression. Journal o f Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 768-781. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.68.5.768 Bargh, J. A., Schwader, K., Hailey, S., Dyer, R., & Boothby, E. (2012). Automaticity in social-cognitive processes. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 593-605. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.10.002 Bargh, J. A., & Tota, M. E. (1988). Context-dependent automatic processing in depression: Accessibility of negative constructs with regard to self but not others. Journal o f Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 925-939. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.925 Chartrand, T. L., & Bargh, J. A. (1999). The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction. Journal o f Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 893-910. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.893 Chen, M., & Bargh, J. A. (1999). Consequences of automatic evaluation: Immediate behavioral predispositions to approach or avoid the stimulus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 215-224. doi:10.1177/ 0146167299025002007 Fitzsimons, G. M., & Bargh, J. A. (2003). Thinking of you: Nonconscious pursuit of interpersonal goals associated with relationship partners. Jour nal o f Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 148-164. doi: 10.1037/ 0022-3514.84.1.148 Williams, L. E., & Bargh, J. A. (2008, October 24). Experiencing physical warmth influences interpersonal warmth. Science, 322, 606-607. doi: 10.1126/science. 1162548 Williams, L. E., Huang, J. Y., & Bargh, J. A. (2009). The scaffolded mind: Higher mental processes are grounded in early experience of the physical world. European Journal o f Social Psychology, 39, 1257-1267. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.665
729
Copyright of American Psychologist is the property of American Psychological Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
