Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 37 (1992) 93-112

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Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd.

Inventory of plants used in traditional medicine in Somalia. III. Plants of the families Lauraceae-Papilionaceae Gunnar Samuelsson ~, Mohamed Hussein Farah a, Per Claeson a, Mekonen Hagos a, Mats Thulin b, Olov Hedberg b, Ahmed Mumin Warfa c, Abdirizak Osman Hassan d, Abdulkadir Hassan Elmi d, Abukar Dalo Abdurahman d, Abdullahi S. Elmi e, Yakoub Aden Abdi e and Mohamed Hassan Alin e aDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 579, S-751 23 Uppsal.a, bDepartment of Systematic Botany, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 541, S-751 21, Uppsala (Sweden), CFacultyof Agriculture, Somali National University, P.O. Box 801, Mogadishu, dFaculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Industrial Chemistry, Somali National University, P.O. Box 400, Mogadishu and eFaculty of Medicine, Somali National University, P.O. Box 3814, Mogadishu (Somalia) (Received June 12th, 1992; Accepted June 26, 1992)

Thirty-five plants are listed, which are used by traditional healers in the central and southern parts of Somalia. For each species listed: the botanical name with synonyms, collection number, vernacular name, medicinal use, preparation of remedy and dosage. Results of a literature survey are also reported including medicinal use, substances isolated and pharmacological effects. are

Key words: medicinal plants; Somalia; traditional medicine

Introduction

Parts I and II of this series (Samuelsson ¢t al., 1991, 1992) listed altogether 105 plant species of the families Acanthaceae to Labiatae which are used by traditional healers in the central and southern parts of Somalia. General information about contact with the healers, collection of information and herbarium specimens, areas covered by the various expeditions and the basis for the literature survey was given in Part I. This paper continues the report of the results of the inventory and comprises plants of the families Lauraceae to Papilionaceae. LAURACEAE

Cassytha filiformis L. Synonyms: C. americana Meisn., C. guineensis Schum. & Thonn. SMP: 163. Vernacular name: Arjeeg. Plant 0art used: Fresh or dried roots and leaves. Medicinal use: For conjunctivitis. Pre0araCorrespondence to: Gunnar Samuelsson, Department of Pharmacognosy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 579, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden

tion of remedy: The plant parts are crushed or powdered and extracted with a small amount of water to make eye drops. Dosage: Applied to the eye.

Literature Uses relmrted: Entire plant: The plant is used against vermin. It is supposed to stimulate the growth of hair and the powdered plant has been mixed with sesame oil for that purpose. Mixed with butter and ginger it is used as a Brahmin application to inveterate ulcers. The juice of the plant is used to treat conjunctivitis. The freshly bruised stem or the whole plant are applied to the openedup wounds in snake-bite. The plant is also used to treat gonorrhoea and as a diuretic (Watt and Breyer Brandwijk, 1962). The plant is made into a white powder and cooked with chicken at night. The preparation is used as a protective medicine after childbirth (Kokwaro, 1976). The juice of the plant is drunk as a malaria remedy or for treatment of hookworm (Haerdi, 1964). The plant is used in small doses as a diuretic and for preparation of baths and decoctions to be used in the treatment of third degree burns (Kerharo and Adam, 1974).

0378-8741/92/$05.00 © 1992 Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd. Printed and Published in Ireland

94 Isolated substances: Haustoria: Cellulases and pectic enzymes have been extracted (Reddy et al., 1980, 1981). Stem: An aporphine type alkaloid called cassyfiline has been isolated and its structure determined (Tomita et al., 1965). Plant part not specified: Dulcitol has been isolated from a methanol extract (Huzikawa et al., 1940). The aporphine alkaloids cassythine and cassythidine were isolated by Johns and Lamberton (1966). Cassamedine and cassameridine, two oxoaporphine bases, have been isolated and their structure determined. Ten other previously known aporphine bases were also isolated (Cava et al., 1968). Cassamedine has been synthesized (Cava and Libseh, 1974). Another alkaloid, nantenine, was isolated and synthesized by Merchant and Desai (1973). Pharmacological effects: Methanolic and aqueous extracts demonstrated significant uterotonic effects both in vitro and in vivo (Agnwa, 1987). LILIACEAE

Aloe citrina Carter & Brandham SMP: 186. Vernacular name: Dacar Gabarey. Plant part used: Fresh latex. Medicinal use: For treatment of an eye disease, probably trachoma. Preparation of remedy: The latex is collected. Dosage: One drop in each eye. The healer Mohamed Arbo Harganti claimed that if this plant grows in front of your house and you see it every morning you will never get blind.

Literature No reports have been found concerning medicinal use, isolated substances or pharmacological effects. Aloe microdonta Chiov. SMP: 10. Vernacular name: Dacaar Qaraar. Plant part used: Latex. Medicinal use: Against jaundice. Preparation of remedy: About 25 g of the latex is mixed with 11. water and the mixture left overnight. Dosage: A half glass is taken each morning and evening for 15 days.

Literature Uses reported: No reports have been found. Isolated substances: Barbaloin has been found in the leaf juice (Groom and Reynolds, 1987). Aloin

A and two new compounds, microdontin A and B, have been isolated from the leaf juice (Farah et al., 1992). Plmrmaeological effects: No reports have been found.

Scilla somaliensis Bak. SMP: 217. Vernacular name: Dhego looyo. Plant part used: The whole, fresh, plant including the bulb. Medicinal use: Against snake bite. Prelmration of remedy: The plant is crushed. Dosuge: The whole area where the snake has bitten is covered with the crushed plant. Washing is not allowed.

Literature No reports have been found concerning medicinal use, isolated substances or pharmacological effects. LORANTHACEAE

Oncocalyx kelleri (Engl.) M. Gilbert Synonym: Loranthus kelleri Engl. SMP: 86. Vernacular name: Dhilow yahan; Fuule. Plant part used: Dried stem. Medicinal use: Against chest pain. Preparation of remedy: Half a handful is boiled with half a liter of water and the decoction filtered. Dosage: One cup once a day for seven days.

Literature Uses reported: No reports have been found. Isolated substances: No reports have been found. Pharmaeoingieal effects: An ethanol extract had antimierobial effects (Elmi et al., 1986). LYTHRACEAE

Lawsonia inermis L. Synonyms: L. alba Lam., L. spinosa L., Rothantha combretioides Bak. SMP: 90, 159. Vernacnlar name: Cilaan; Eyrab. Plant part used: 1. Fresh or dried leaves. 2. Fresh or dried roots. 3. Dried leaves. 4. Fresh leaves. 5. Fresh or dried leaves or bark of the stem. Medicinal me: 1. and 2.: Against dysmenorrhoea. 3. Against jaundice. 4. Against headache. 5. Against post partum diseases and hepatitis. Preparation of remedy: 1. A handful of the leaves are crushed and mixed with half a glass of cold water. The mixture is filtered. 2. A piece, 20 cm long, of the root is crushed and boiled with two glasses of water. The decoction is filtered. 3.

95 A handful of the dried leaves are crushed and mixed with one liter of cold water. The mixture is filtered. 4. The leaves are crushed and some water added. 5. The plant parts are crushed and mixed with cold water. Dosage: 1-3:1/3 of the extract for seven days. 4. The preparation is applied on the head. 5. The preparation is used for bathing or, after heating to boiling, for fumigation. Literature Uses reported: Roots: A decoction of the root is used as an abortifacient (Saha et al., 1961; Gimlett, 1929; Quisurnbing, 1951). The decoction is used to induce menstruation (Lambo, 1980) and to treat leprosy (Hoffstein, 1920). Bark: The bark is used as an emmenagogue (Saha et al., 1961; Heckel, 1897). Leaves: A decoction is used as an abortifacient (Quisumbing, 1951; Superbi andCrispolti, 1935) and as a hair dye (Holmes, 1924). The leaves are used as a contraceptive before or after coitus (ElDean Mahmoud, 1972). A decoction of a mixture of leaves and roots is used as an emmenagogne (Quisumbing, 1951). A reddish-brown dye can be isolated by extraction with Ca(OH)z and used for staining proteins after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The dye works better than the common dyes Amido Black 10B and Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 (Ali and Sayeed, 1990). Flowers: A decoction is used to treat headache (Holmes, 1924) and as an emmenagogue (Roig y Mesa, 1945). Fruits: A decoction is used as an emmenagogue (Saha et al., 1961; Hoffstein, 1920; Holmes, 1924). Entire plant: The plant is used as an abortifacient and emmenagogue (Petelot, 1954). A decoction is used to provoke menstruation when it is delayed (Manfred, 1947). Plant part not specified: A decoction is used as an emmenagogue (Lemordant et al., 1978). Isolated substances: Roots: The root contains triacontyl-N-tridecanoate (Chakrabortty et al., 1977). Bark: The bark contains the steroid/~-sitosterol, the triterpenes betulin, betulinic acid, lupeol and 30-norlupan-3-/~-ol-20-one as well as triacontyl-n-tridecanoate, n-triacontanol (Chakrabortty et al., 1977) and the naphtoquinone lawson (Chakrabortty, 1975). Leaves: The leaves contain the flavones acacetin-7-O-B-D-glucoside (Mahmoud et al., 1980), luteolin-7-O-B-D-glucoside (Mahmoud et al., 1980; Afzal et al., 1980) and apigenin-4'-O-BD-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-/3-I>glucoside as well as

luteolin-3'-O-B-D-glucoside (Afzal et al., 1980). Two xanthones with unknown structure are reported (Mahmoud et al., 1980) as well as the naphtoquinones lawsone (Mahmoud et al., 1980; Abd-EI-Malek et al., 1973; Latif, 1959; Karawya et al., 1969; Kavalali, 1974; Tripathi et al., 1978; Lal and Dutt, 1933), 1,4-napthoquinone (Abd-El Malek et al., 1973; Nakhala et al., 1980) and 2hydroxy-l,4-naphtoquinone (Nakhala et al., 1980; Latif, 1959). The leaves also contain the coumarins aesculetin, fraxetin and scopoletin (Dzuraev et al., 1982). 1,3-dihydroxy-naphtalene (Nakhala et al., 1980; Latif, 1959), daucosterol (Mahmoud et al., 1980), galactose (Latif, 1959), gallic acid (Abd-ElMalek, 1973; Nakhala et al., 1980; Latif 1959), glucose (Latif, 1959), mannitol (Latif, 1959; Oesterle, 1923), sucrose (Latif, 1959), triacontyl-ntridecanate (Chakrabortty et al., 1977) and xylose (Latif, 1959) have also been found. Seeds: The seeds contain lawsone (Karawya et al., 1969) and triacontyl-n-tridecanoate (Chakrabortty et al., 1977) as well as the lectin residine (Ochoa et al., 1980). The seeds also contain fixed oil (Atal et al., 1964). Pericarp: The pericarp contains the naphtoquinone lawsone (Karawya et al., 1969). Entire plant: The xanthones laxanthon I-III have been isolated. Only the structure of laxanthone III is known (Bhardwaj et al., 1976; 1978). Lawsone and lacoumarin (a coumarin derivative) have also been found (Bhardwaj et al., 1976). Pharmacological effects: Bark: A decoction of the dried bark had no inhibitory effect on protopectinase or polygalacturonase from Alternaria tenuis (Prasad and Gupta, 1967). An extract of the bark is fungitoxic against ringworm fungi (Singh and Pandey, 1989). Leaves: An ethanol extract of the leaves had strong antifungal activity against several plant pathogenic fungi (Tripathi et al., 1978).An aqueous extract had no stimulating effect on insulin biosynthesis (Casanova, 1940). A decoction had strong uterine stimulant effect in vitro on the pregnant guinea pig uterus, while the effect on the non-pregnant uterus was weak (Superbi and Crispolti, 1935). An ethanol extract had antibacterial activity against several Gram positive bacteria, but was inactive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans (Abd-EI-Malek, 1973). An ethanol extract had antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhosa, Vibrio cholera, Trichophytum mentagrophytes, T. rubrum and against the yeast Candida albicans (Ray and

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Majumdar, 1976). A 70% ethanol extract had cytotoxic activity against CA-Ehrlich-ascites cell culture (EI-Merzabani et al., 1979). A methanol extract had no hypotensive activity when administered intravenously in the dog. On perfusion of the frog heart at a concn, of 10 rag/animal the methanol extract showed a positive inotropic effect, which was blocked by propanolol but not by reserpine. The extract had no antispasmodic activity on the guinea pig ileum (Lahon and Singh, 1977). At a dose of 3-300 rag/animal the leaves showed antifertility activity in the rat (Munshi, 1977). A decoction of the leaves had antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, B. anthracis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Erwinia carotovora and Xanthomonas campestris (Malekzadeh, 1968). No antibacterial activity of the decoction was found against Salmonella typhimurium. The same extract had no antifungal, carcinogenic or mutagenic activity but was cytotoxic to human epithelial AV3 cells at a concentration of 50 /~g/ml (Stamberg et al., 1979). An aqueous extract had anti-siclding activity (Chang et al., 1982). LDs0 of a methanol-water (1:1)extract was 750 mg/kg i.p. in the mouse. The extract had convulsant activity in the mouse at 365 mg/kg i.p. and was antibacterial against Proteus vulgaris (Nakanishi et al., 1965). An ethanol-water extract (1:1) had no cytotoxic activity against the CA-9KB cell culture. LDs0 of the extract was 1.0 g/kg i.p. in the mouse (Bhakuni et al., 1971). An aqueous extract had antifungal activity against Helminthosporium turcicum (Nene et al., 1968). Plant part not specified: The in vitro growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was inhibited by 6 /~g/ml of the herb. At a dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight the herb led to significant resolution of experimental tuberculosis in guinea pigs and mice (Sharma, 1990). Lawsone: Lawsone has oxytocic properties and is responsible for the oxytocic activity of the extract of the plant (Latour, 1957). MALVACEAE

Abutilon figarianum Webb Synonym: A. webbianum Mattei. SMP: 19. Vernacular name: Balanbaal-afyuub. Plant lmrt used: Roots. Medicinal me: For treatment of wounds. Preporation of remedy: The roots are burned and the ash collected. Dosage: The ash is applied to the wound once a day for one week.

Literature No reports have been found concerning medicinal use, isolated substances or pharmacological effects. Gossypium herbaceum L. SMP: 46. Vernacular name: Suuf-duureed. Plant part used: 1. Unripe fruit. 2. Roots. Mediciml use: 1. Against ache in ear. 2. As an abortifacient. Preporation of remedy: 1. The fruit is heated in a flame and the juice squeezed out. 2. A piece o f root, -15-cm long, is boiled with 2 glasses of water. Dosage: 1. The juice is dropped in the aching ear once a day for 2 days. 2. The whole decoction is drunk once a day for two days.

Literature Uses reported: Roots: A decoction is used to treat menstruation troubles (Kerharo and Adam, 1974; Dragendorff, 1898), for rachitic children (Kerharo and Adam, 1974), as an abortifacient and to facilitate childbirth (Dragendorff, 1898). Mixed with other plants preparations of the root are used as sedatives (Kerharo and Adam, 1974). A fluid extract is used as an abortifacient and an emmenagogue (Vardy and Rama, 1941). A decoction is used as an emmenagogue, a galactogogue (Chopra, 1 9 3 3 ) and as a contraceptive (Brondegaard, 1973; De Laszlo and Henshaw, 1954). The root (type of extract not mentioned) is used as an abortifacient and to treat amenorrhoea (Heckel, 1897). The use of an infusion of the root as an abortifacient is reported by Krag (1976). Rootbark: The use of a decoction of the root bark to produce abortion and as an emmenagogue is mentioned in numerous reports from various parts of the world. (Krag, 1976; Saha et al., 1961; LeClerc, 1935; Conway and Slocumb, 1979). Leaves: A decoction is used against diarrhoea (Kerharo and Adam, 1974). An infusion of leaves and flowers is used to treat difficult menstruation (Manfred, 1947). Stembark: A decoction of the bark is used as an abortifacient and to treat dysmenorrhoea (Rageau, 1973). It is also used as an emmenagogue and a galactogogue (Kapur, 1948). Seeds: Preparations of the seed are used against jaundice and hepatic diseases as well as to treat syphilitic sores (Kerharo and Adam, 1974). Seeds are eaten as a male aphrodisiac (Chopra, 1933). An infusion or other extract is used as an abortifacient and to produce menses (Saha et al., 1961; Manfred, 1947; Roys, 1931). The seeds or a decoction of them is used as a galactogogue (De Laszlo

97 and Henshaw, 1954; Krag, 1976; Rageau, 1973), as a laxative (Chopra, 1933) and a febrifuge (Krag, 1976). Plant part not specified." The plant is used as an abortifacient and emmenagogue (Moreno, 1975). Imlated mbstaaees: Rootbark: The rootbark contains 2,3-dihydroxibenzoic acid, 3,4dihydroxycinnamic acid, betaine, cerylalcohol, glucose, oleic acid, palrnitic acid, salicylic acid, triacontane and acetovaninine (Power and Browning, 1914). Vitamin E has been found (LeClerc, 1935). Leaves: The leaves contain gossypol and a sesquiterpene called sativane (Stepanichenko et al., 1980). The enzymes catalase, malate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, glycolate oxidase, peroxidase, acid phosphatase, giutathione reductase and glyoxalate reductase have been found (Foster, 1979). Flowers: The petals contain the flavonoids gossypetin, gossypitrin, herbacetin, herbacitrin and quereetin (Neelakantam and Seshadri, 1937). The pigment populnetin has been isolated from the flowers (Rao and Seshadri, 1943). Seeds: The amino acid composition and the content of fatty acids in the seed pulp has been determined (Carter et al., 1966). The presence of alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, proline, serine and threonine has been demonstrated (Otoul and Marechal, 1975). Gossypol in amounts in the range 0.8% (free) to 1.3% (total) has been found in the seed pulp (EI-Nockrashy et al., 1969; Carter et al., 1966) and in the kernal (Withers and Carruth, 1915a). The sugars raffinose, stachyose and sucrose have been found in the seed (Tsugio, 1963). The seed pulp also contains phytin (Sagdullaev et al., 1978). Entire plant: Alcohol dehydrogenase has been found in the plant (Hancock, 1982). Pharmacological effects: Root: An ethanol extract has antiimplantation effect in the female rat at doses (i.p.) of 0.5-1 g/kg (Guerra and Andrade, 1978). A fluid extract of the root and stem induced labor in humans at a dose of 5 ml/person (the identity of the plant is, however, highly questionable). (Vardy and Rama, 1941) Root bark: Embryotoxic effects, antiimplantation effect and antifertility effect could not be demonstrated for an ethanol extract (Garg et al., 1970; Peters et al., 1980) at doses in the rat of 500 mg to 1 g/kg. Stem: An ethanol extract of the stem or stembark had no embryotoxic or antiimplatation effect in rats at doses of 100 mg/kg (Garg et al., 1970).

Seed: Cotton seeds, mixed in the food of chicken, caused weight loss (Davies et al., 1960). The petroleum ether extract, ethanol extract and aqueous extract had no abortifacient activity on rats at an oral dose of 150-200 mg/kg (Prakash and Mathur, 1976). The aqueous extract had no uterine stimulant effect (Dhawan and Saxena, 1958). Another paper, however, reports such an effect of the aqueous extract both on the guinea pig uterus and in humans (Kapur, 1948). The ethanol extract had no embryotoxic effect in rats at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg (Garg et al., 1970; Prakash and Mathur, 1976). Also the ethanolwater (1:1) extract was inactive at 150 mg/kg (gastric intubation, rats) (Prakash et al., 1978). Extracts made with petrol ether, benzene and water, respectively, were also inactive at 150 mg/kg (Prakash and Mathur, 1976; Prakash et al., 1978). An ethanol extract had no antiimplantation effect in rats at an oral dose of 100 mg/kg (Garg et al., 1970). Seed pulp with a gossypol content of 0.028-0.084% and a protein content of 25.931.1% had no toxic or antifertility effect when fed to female rats for 14 months at a concentration of 40% of the diet (Bressani et al., 1969). Seed pulp fed to male rats in ration (500 g/animal daily, for 10 weeks), caused acidosis, lowering of blood NPN and hypoglycemia (Menaul, 1923). Seed pulp (gossypol content 0.057-0.076%) fed to male rats at a concentration of 15% of the diet for 185 days killed 2/5 of the animals. No weight loss occurred at a concentration in the diet up to 16%, whereas 32% had a weak effect (Ambrose and Robbins, 1951). Seed pulp with a concentration of gossypol ranging from 0.003-0.033% free and 1.10-1.32% bound, caused weight loss in chickens who were fed only this seed pulp for four weeks (Baliga and Lyman, 1957). Suspension culture: A suspension culture containing 0.02-0.03% gossypol, was toxic to pigs when fed in the diet for 3-8 weeks. Symptoms were general weakness, dyspnoea, congestion, severe myocarditis and hepatitis. The animals died within the feeding period (Smith, 1957). Pigment glands: In male rats the intragastric LDs0 of pigment glands containing 28.6% gossypol was 2 g/kg (Eagle and Bialek, 1952). Values of LDs0 for male rats (intragastric administration) ranging from 1.06-2.17 g/kg and apparently related to the gossypol content, were reported by Eagle and Bialek (1950) and Eagle and Davies (1958). Oral LD50 values for rats, mice, rabbit and guinea pig were reported by Eagle et al. (1948). At an intragastric dose to male rats of 100

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mg/kg of pigment glands containing 40% gossypol, no weight loss was observed for 30 days, even on multiple dosing on days 2 and 9-19 (Eagle and Bialek, 1950). Four out of five male mice died when given the pigment glands (gossypol content 1.1%) in the diet at a concentration of 0.512% for 195 days. Feeding glands with a gossypol content of 37% to male mice at 0.001% of the diet for 185 days caused no weight loss, whereas a concentration of 0.256% was active (Ambrose and Robbins, 1951). Plant part not specified: An aqueous extract had weak insecticide activity against Periplaneta americana but was inactive against Bletella germanica and Oncopeltus fasciatus (Jacobsson, 1958; Heal et al., 1950).

Literature Uses relmrted: No reports have been found. Isolated snbstances: Coniferaldehyde, scopoletin, sinapaldehyde and syringaldehyde have been isolated from an aqueous extract of the plant (Farah and Samuelsson, 1992). Pharmaeologicul effects: The four isolated compounds inhibited prostaglandin synthetase. Sinapaldehyde and scopoletin inhibited ethyl phenylpropiolate-induced oedema of the rat ear in the dose range 1-10 ~g/ear. For syringaldehyde this interval was 20-100 /~g/ear. The effects of these three compounds were biphasic. Coniferaldehyde gave inconclusive results (Farah and Samuelsson, 1992).

Hibiscus sidiformis Baill

SMP: 2, 134. Vernacular name: Kabxan. Plant part used: Fresh roots. Medicinal use: 1. Against hematuria. 2. Against pains in the spinal region (lumbago?). Preparation of remedy: 1. A handful of roots is boiled with two glasses of water. 2. A half kg of roots is crushed and boiled with four glasses of water. Dosage: 1. Two glasses once daily for 3 days. 2. Two cups daily for 4 days.

Synonyms: H. ternatus (Cav.) Masters, H. ternifoliolus Andr., Lagunaea ternata (Cav.) Willd., Solandra ternata Cav. SMP: 174. Vernacular name: Suuden. Plant part used: Dried leaves, flowers or fruits. Medicinal use: Against cataract. Preparation of remedy: The plant parts are crushed and roasted. Dosage: Fumigation. Literature No reports have been found concerning medicinal use, isolated substances or pharmacological effects. Senra incana Cavan. Synonyms: Dumreichera arabica Hochst., Gossypium bakeri Watt, Serra incana Cavan, Senraea incana Willd., Serraea incana Spreng., S. rupestris Edgew., Serra arabica Webb, Serra nubica Webb, Senra nubica Mattei, Serraea nubica Mattei. SMP: 56, 1 5 0 . Vernacular name: Balanbaal-madow, Balam-baal. Plant part used: 1 and 3. Fresh whole plant. 2. Dry whole plant. Medicinal use: 1. To treat swelling parts on the body e.g. bruises. 2. To treat wounds and snake bites. 3. Against snake bite. Preparation of remedy: 1. The plant is crushed and mixed with one glass of water. 2. The plant is roasted. 3. Four grams of the plant is crushed and mixed with enough water to make the mixture viscous. Dosage: 1. The extract is applied externally on the swollen part. 2. The roasted plant is applied to the wound or bite. 3. The preparation is applied on the swollen area. The patient should first drink a glass of water containing Aristolochia bracteata to cause vomiting.

Thespesia danis Oily.

Literature Uses reported: No reports have been found. Isolated substances: Gossypol has been found in the leaf and the stem (Lukefahr and Fryxell, 1967). Pharmacological effects: No reports have been found. MENISPERMACEAE Chusmanthera dependens Hochst. SMP: 68. Vernacular name: Magagoombe. Plant part used: Fresh roots. Medicinal use: Against gonorrhoea. Prelmratiea of remedy: A 10 cm long piece of root is boiled with one cup of water and the decoction filtered. Dosage: One cup a day for three days. Literature No reports have been found concerning medicinal use, isolated substances or pharmacological effects. MIMOSACEAE Acacia bussei Harms ex Sj6stedt SMP: 18. Vernacular name: Galool. Plant part used: Fresh roots. Medicinal use: Against gastritis.

99 Preparation of remedy: A handful of roots are cut in small pieces and boiled with 2 glasses of water. Dosage: One cup two to three times a day for three days.

Literature Uses reported: A decoction of the roots is drunk against early hydrocele or painful testicles. Powdered roots mixed with porridge are eaten against feminine sterility (Hedberg et al., 1983a). A decoction of the bark is drunk as a cure for coughs (Kokwaro, 1976). Isolated substances: No reports have been found. Pharmacological effects: No reports have been found. Acacia edgeworthii T. Anders.

Synonyms: A. erythraea Chiov., A. humifusa Chiov., A. pseudosocotrana Chiov., A. socotrana Balf. f. A. sultani Chiov. SMP: 184. Vernacular name: Jerin. Plant part used: 1. Fresh leaves 2. Dried leaves. Medicinal me: 1. To treat wounds caused by worms which enter the skin. 2. Against impotence. Preparation of remedy: 1. One handful of crushed leaves is mixed with one tablespoon of the latex from Euphorbia breviarticulata Pax (SMP 183) and one tablespoon of ghee. 2. A handful of crushed leaves is boiled with one cup of milk. Dosage: 1. The mixture is applied on the wound once a day for 3-4 days. 2. One cup three times a day. Literature No reports have been found concerning medicinal use, isolated substances or pharmacological effects. Acacia mellifera (Vahe) Benth. Synonyms: A. senegal (L.) Willd. subsp. mellifera (Vahl) Roberty, Mimosa mellifera Vahl. SMP: 233. Vernacular name: Bilcil. Plant part used: Fresh stembark. Medicinal use: Against malaria and fever. Preparation of remedy: One handful of crushed bark is boiled for 20 min with one litre of water. The decoction is filtered. Dosage: Three small cups a day for three days.

Literature Uses reported: A decoction of the bark is used as a remedy for stomach trouble, for cleaning primary infection of syphilis, against sterility, pneumonia and malaria (Kokwaro, 1976). The bark is used as a stimulant and is cooked with

meat (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Isolated substances: No reports have been found. Pharmacological effects: No reports have been found.

Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del. subsp, leiocarpa Brenan SMP: 140. Vernacular name: Tuugar. Plant part used: Roots. Medicinal use: As an haemostatic. Preparation of remedy: Half a kilogramme of roots is boiled with two glasses of water until one glass remains. Dosage: One glass taken once.

Literature The species Acacia nilotica comprises many subspecies and varieties. A number of these and their synonyms are listed by Kerharo and Adam (1974). In most cases the reports found in the literature do not differentiate between the subspecies and varieties. The citations given here are therefore valid for Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del. coll. Uses reported: Roots: The roots are used for treatment of dysentery and to produce diuresis (Kerharo and Adam, 1974). The root is a tuberculosis remedy and a decoction of the root and the bark is used as an aphrodisiac (Watt and BreyerBrandwijk, 1962). The latter use is also reported by Kokwaro (1976). Boiled roots are used for indigestion or stomach trouble. The roots are also used in the treatment of gonorrhoea and chest diseases (Kokwaro, 1976). A decoction of the dried rootbark is used as an anthelmintic (Prakash and Garg, 1981). Leaves: A decoction is used to induce menstruation and the leaf is used to treat colds, pneumonia, ophtalmia, diarrhoea and haemorrhage. A decoction is applied topically in the treatment of leprosy. The crushed young leaf is used as a dressing for ulcers (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Leaves are boiled in tea or coffea and the preparation drunk without sugar or milk for treatment of chest pains or pneumonia (Kokwaro, 1976). Bark: The bark is used against tooth-ache (Kerharo and Adam, 1974). A decoction of the bark is used as a nerve stimulant. The bark is used in treatment of colds, ophthalmia, diarrhoea and haemorrhage. A decoction of the bark is taken in treatment of dry cough. A decoction is applied topically in the treatment of leprosy (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). A decoction of the bark is used to treat fever in children, drunk to aid digestion or as a powerful stimulant (Kokwaro, 1976).

I00 Fruits: Powdered fruits in combination with bark of Piliotigma reticulata is used to stop bleeding (Kerharo and Adam, 1974). The pods are used as an adstringent and a decoction is used as a febrifuge and, externally, as an adstringent (EIHamidi, 1970). A decoction is used externally and internally in the treatment of leprosy (Nwude and Ebong, 1980). Gum: The gum is used for diabetes in Ayurveda and Unani medicine (Kapoor and Kapoor, 1980). Isolated substances: Roots: The root contains amyrin, betulin, octacosan-l-ol and B-sitosterol (Prakash and Garg, 1981). Leaves: The leaves contain N,N-dimethyltryptamine (Wahba and Elkheir, 1975). Bark: The bark contains gallo-catechin (Sastry et al., 1963), protocatechnic acid, pyrocatechol (El Sissi et al., 1967) and tannin (El Sissi et al., 1967; Hussein Ayoub, 1983). Fruits: Tannin (Hussein Ayoub, 1983), gallic acid, leucocyanidin and protocathecuic acid (Adewoye and Rao, 1977) have been found. Seeds: The rare amino acids djenkolic acid, djenkolic acid sulfoxide, ,y-glutamyl-djenkolic acid, N-acetyl-djenkolic acid, N-acetyl-djenkolic acid sulfoxide, pipecolic acid and 4-hydroxypipecolic acid have been found (Seneviratne and Fowden, 1968). Flowers: The flavonoids baicalein, coreopsin, genistin, isoliquiritigenin-4-O-B-D-glucoside, liquiritigenin-7- O-B-D-glucoside, okanin-4'-O-B-I>glucoside, quercetin, sakuranin and taxifolin-3-O-BD-glucoside were isolated by Mostafa et al. (1980). Entire plant: The plant contains 35% tannin (Bravo, 1931). Pharmacological effects: Leaves: A decoction of the leaves did not inhibit protopectinase and showed weak inhibition of polygalacturonase (Prasad and Gupta, 1967). Bark: An acetone extract had anti-yeast activity on Piricularia oryzae in a concentration of 0.001% (agar plate) (Sastry et al., 1963). Antifungal activity was demonstrated for an aqueous extract against three different fungi (Gupta and Bilgrami, 1970). A decoction did not inhibit protopectinase and had weak inhibiting activity on polygalacturonase (Prasad and Gupta, 1967). A 50% ethanol extract showed hypotensive activity in the dog at an i.v. dose of 50 mg/kg. The same extract had anti-amoebic effect but had no cytotoxic or anti-tumour activity. The extract inhibited acetylcholine- and histamine-induced contractions of the guinea pig ileum (concentration not stated).

The LDs0 for the extract was 0.5 g/kg (animal not stated in abstract) (Bhakuni et al., 1969). A 50% ethanol extract had no spermicidal activity on rat or human semen at a concentration of 2%. The same concentration caused coagulation of rat and human semen (Kamboj et al., 1977). Both aqueous, acetone and ethanol extracts had molluscicidal activity (Hussein Ayoub, 1983; Mohamed and Ayoub, 1983). Fruits: Aqueous, acetone and ethanol extracts had molluscieidal activity (Hussein Ayoub, 1982,1983; Mohamed and Ayoub, 1983), whereas the petrolether extract was inactive (Hussein Ayoub, 1982), The activity was located in the tannin fraction (Hussein Ayoub, 1982; Ayoub, 1982a). The decoction and the tannin fraction had also algicidal activity (Ayoub, 1982a; 1982b). Seeds: Seeds given in the food to rats had hypoglycemic activity (Singh et al., 1975). Pods and seeds caused tachycardia, abortion, liver damage, dyspnea, slight hyperglycemia and methaemoglobinemia when given to goats (Terblance et al., 1957). Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf.

Synonyms: A. merkeri Harms, A. nubica Benth., A. virchowiana Vatke. SMP: 59. Vernacular name: Gumar. Plant part used: Dried roots. Medicinal use: Against impotence. Preparation of remedy: Three pieces of the root (20 cm long) are boiled with one liter of water and the decoction filtered. Dosage: One cup daily for 15 days. Literature Uses reported: The ash from the burnt plant is used as a protection against anthrax (Kokwaro, 1976). Isolated substances: No reports have been found. Pharmacological effects: No reports have been found. Acacia reficiens Wawra subsp, misera (Vatke) Brenan

Synonym: A. misera Vatke. Vernacular name: Qansah. SMP: 121. Plant part used: Fresh or dried leaves. Medicinal use: Against headache and mental deficiency. Preparation of remedy: The leaves are powdered and three tablespoonfuls of the powder is mixed with one cup of sesame oil. Dosage: The hair of the head is cut off and one cup of the mixture is spread over the head. The treatment is repeated for three nights.

101

Literature

Uses reported: Roots: The roots are used to treat a swollen scrotum. The infusion is drunk as a sexual stimulant (Kokwaro, 1976). Isolated substances: No reports have been found. Pharmacological effects: No reports have been found.

Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne. subsp, raddiana (Savi) Brenan. SMP: 58. Vernncular name: Qurac. Plant into used: Stembark with gum. Medicinal use: Against asthma. Preparation of remedy: Two handfuls of bark are crushed and mixed with two glasses of water. The mixture is left overnight and then filtered. Dosage: One glass of the filtrate three times a day for three days.

Literature Uses reported: Leaves: The leaves are used against fever, sometimes mixed with Combretum micranthum or Guiera senegalensis. They are also used as antidotes (in combination with Strychnos spinosa). Crushed leaves are used to treat allergic oedemas and dermatosis (Kerharo and Adam, 1974). Spines: Thorns are stuck in a goat's pancreas to blind a man who has the evil eye (Kokwaro, 1976). Isolated substances: The diaryl-propan-2-ol derivatives Quracol A and B have been isolated from the gum-covered stem bark (Hagos et al., 1987). Derivatives of djenkolic acid have been isolated from the seed (Seneviratne and Fowden, 1968) and N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine from the leaf (Wahba and Elkheir, 1975). Pharmacologieul effects: An aqueous extract of the gum-covered bark inhibits contractions of the guinea pig ileum, induced by electric stimulation or by histamine. The quracols have the same effect, but other substances in the extract are also responsible for the total effect of the extract (Hagos et al., 1990). Acacia zanzibarica (S. Moore) Taub. Synonyms: A. leucacantha Vatke, Pithecolobium zanzibaricum S. Moore. SMP: 106. Vernacular name: Fullaay. Plant part used: Dried rootbark. Medicinal use: For treatment of wounds. Preparation of remedy: The bark is crushed and powdered. Dosage: The powder is applied on wounds as a disinfectant.

Literature No reports have been found concerning medicinal use, isolated substances or pharmacological effects. Acacia zanzibariaca microphylla Brenan

(S. Moore) Taub.

var.

SMP: 237. Vernacular name: Fulay. Plant part used: Dried stembark. Medicinal use: Against anaemia. Preparation of remedy: A handful of the bark is boiled with one litre of water for ten to fifteen minutes. Dosage: One liter a day for one week.

Literature No reports have been found concerning medicinal use, isolated substances or pharmacological effects. Ablizia anthelmintica (A.Rich.) Brogn. Synonyms: Albizia conjugato-pinnata Vatke, A. anthelmintica var. pubescens Burtt-Davy, Besenna anthelmintica A. Rich. SMP: 101. Vernacular name: Reydab. Plant part used: Fresh or dried roots or bark. Medicinal use: Against gonorrhoea and worms. Preparation of remedy: A handful of crushed roots or bark are boiled. Dosage: Two cups three times a day for three days. Literature Uses reported: Root: A decoction of the fresh bark of the roots mixed with the roots of five other plants, a.o. Cyphostemma adenocaula (Steud ex A. Rich.) Descoings and Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. and also containing eggs, is drunk on the first day of menstruation to treat sterility in women (Hedberg et al., 1983a). A decoction of the root is used as an anthelmintic, mainly against tapeworm and as a purgative. Roots are also said to be used against fever and to treat gonorrhoea and as a sexual stimulant for women. An overdose can cause death (Kokwaro, 1976). The root is used as a remedy for stomach troubles and the rootbark as a febrifuge and purgative (Watt and BreyerBrandwijk, 1962). The use of a decoction as an anthelmintic is also reported in (Tschesche and K/immerer, 1969). Sternbark: The bark is used as a sexual stimulant, a gonorrhoea remedy, against nervous complaints, to treat swelling of the body, in childbirth and as a remedy for syphilis and rheumatism. Taken immediately before menses the

102 bark is said to prevent pregnancy (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). A decoction or infusion is used against tapeworm (Tschesehe and Forstmann, 1957; Weiss, 1979). The use of the bark as a sexual stimulant for men is reported by Bally (1937) and for women by Merker (1910). A preparation of the bark is also used for haemorrhage after child birth (Bally, 1937). The bark is used as an anthelmintic (E1-Hamidi, 1970). Leaves and bark: A decoction of leaves and bark caused the death of a woman (Kokwaro, 1976). Isolated substances: Roots: The root bark contains the triterpene saponin musennin and deglucomusennin (Tschesche and Kammerer, 1969; Tschescbe et al., 1966). Stembark: The triterpene saponin musennin has been isolated and its structure determined. Echinocystic acid was also found (Tschesche and Forstmann, 1957). Seeds: The non-protein amino acids albizziine, S-~-carboxyethyl)-L-cysteine, S-05-carboxy-isopropyl)-L-cysteine and 4-hydroxy-pipecolic acid have been isolated (Krauss and Reinbothe, 1970). Pharmacological effects: Bark: The ethanol extract of the bark was not toxic to cats and rabbits at an oral dose of 2.0 g/kg. A saponin fraction of the bark had no anthelmintic activity and was not toxic to rabbits when given intraveneously (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1929). An ethanol extract of the rootbark had anthelmintic activity and musennin was identified as the active principle (Tschesehe and Forstman, 1957). Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Am.

Synonyms: D. glomerata (Forssk.) Chiov., D. nutans (Pers.) Benth., D. nyassana Taub., D. platycarpa (Welw. ex) Oliv., Mimosa cinerea L., M. glomerata Forssk., M. nutans Pers. SMP: 13, 138. Vernacular name: Dhiigtaar. Plant Fm't used: 1. Fresh roots. 2 and 3. Fresh or dried leaves. Medicinal use: 1. Against impotence. 2. Against pneumonia. 3. As an adstringent on the skin. Preparation of remedy: 1. One kg of roots is boiled with four glasses of water until two glasses remains. 2. Three teaspoonfuls of powdered leaves is mixed with one cup of water. 3. The leaves are crushed. Dosage: 1. One glass daily for two days. 2. The mixture is applied externally. 3. The crushed leaves are applied once a day for three days. Literature Uses reported: Roots: A decoction of fresh roots

is used to treat snake bite (Hedberg et al., 1983a). Roots, bark and leaves are boiled together with unspecified plant parts and used as an inhalant. Roots are chewed or macerated and put on snake bites to remove poison. Crushed roots are mixed with food and eaten as an aphrodisiac. A decoction can be used for the same purpose. The decoction is also used as an adstringent for scorpion bite (Kokwaro, 1976). The root is used for chest complaints, as a leprosy and syphilis remedy, as a diuretic and purgative, as an aphrodisiac and as an antidote to snake bite. The smoke of burning roots is inhaled to treat pulmonary tuberculosis (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The vapour of the boiling roots is used to treat mental diseases (Kerharo and Adam, 1974). An infusion of the root is given to women after childbirth (Vasileva, 1969). A decoction of the root is used in the treatment of leprosy (Nwude and Ebong, 1980). A decoction is used against rheumatism (Joshi and Sharma, 1977). A preparation of the root is used as an aphrodisiac (Angenot, 1970). Leaves: The leaf juice is drunk against lepra. The ash of leaves and fruits is mixed with oil and applied externally against the same illness. The leaf juice is drunk against pneumonia (Haerdi, 1964). An extract of the leaves is mixed with a little salt and used as treatment for conjunctivitis and stomach ache. Chewed leaves are placed on scorpion bite. Leaves are pounded and applied locally to cause anesthesia. They are also used for treatment of ulcers and gonorrhea (Kokwaro, 1976). The leaf is used for indigestion and diarrhoea. Fresh leaves are used to treat abscesses and skin conditions. The leaf is a remedy for snake bite and scorpion sting. A cold-water infusion of the powdered leaf is squirted into the nose and mouth to relieve headache. The smoke of burning leaves is inhaled to treat pulmonary tuberculosis (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The leaves have diuretic properties (Kerharo and Adam, 1974). Stembark: A decoction is drunk against elephantiasis and applied cold after circumcision to heal the wound. The powdered bark is used externally for all sorts of skin affections. The bark is also used to relieve postpartum pain, as a remedy for snake bite and scorpion sting and as an emetic (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The bark has diuretic properties. The powdered bark is eaten to treat poisoning. The bark is used against tooth decay (Kerharo and Adam, 1974). Undefined plant parts: A decoction is used as a vaginal douche, as a remedy for catarrh, sore throat, colic, diarrhoea, headache, veneral

103 diseases, urethral complaints, abdominal complaints, bronchitis, pneumonia, epilepsy and internal abscesses. The plant has analgesic properties and is used as an anthelmintic (Watt and BreyerBrandwijk, 1962). Isolated substances: Roots: The presence in the roots and leaves of alkaloids and saponins has been indicated (Bouquet, 1972), but absence of alkaloids is also reported (Haerdi, 1964). BAmyrine, friedelanol, friedelin, octacosan-1-ol and B-sitosterol have been isolated from the root (Joshi and Sharma, 1977). Pharmacological effects: Stem bark: An aqueous extract was devoid of CNS-activity in the rat (Sandberg and Cronlund, 1977). A patent has been filed for an aqueous extract useful for treatment of furuncle and blennorhoea (Limelette, 1958). Leaves: A methanol extract showed molluscicidal activity against Bulinus globosus at a. concentration of 100 ppm (Sofowora and Adewunmi, 1980). Aerial parts: An ethanol-water (1:1) extract was inactive in the CA-9KB test for cytotoxic activity. LDs0 i.p. in mice of this extract was 750 mg/kg (Dhar et al., 1973).

directions were given. 3. Half a cup three times a day for three days.

Literature No reports have been found concerning medicinal use, isolated substances or pharmacological effects. Ficus sycomorus L. Synonyms: F. chanas Forssk., Sycomorus antiquorum Gasp., S. rigida Miq. SMP: 48. Vernacular name: Mukey, Darey. Plant part used: 1. Fresh or dry stembark. 2. Dry leaves which have fallen to the ground. 3. Roots. Medicinal use: 1. To induce lactation. 2. Against dysentery. 3. Against diarrhoea. Preparation of remedy: 1. Two handfuls of bark are cut to pieces and boiled with three glasses of water. 2. A handful of leaves are boiled with one cup of water and the decoction filtered. 3. Two pieces of the root, 15 cm long, are boiled with one glass of water. Dosage: 1. The patient is fumigated with the vapours and the cold decoction is poured over her shoulder. Lactation starts immediately. 2. One cup once a day for three days. 3. One and a half glass once a day for one week.

Newtonia erlangeri (Harms) Brenan. Synonym: Piptadenia erlangeri Harms. SMP: 141. Vernacular name: Dhay-dhay. Plant part used: Dried or fresh stembark. Medicinal use: Against bloatedness. Preparation of remedy: A half cup of powdered bark is mixed with one glass of water. Dosage: One glass during the day.

Literature No reports have been found concerning medicinal use, isolated substances or pharmacological effects. MORACEAE

Ficus bussei Mildbr. & Burret SMP: 118. Vernacular name: Kala-jeeje. Plant part used: Fresh or dried stem-bark. Medicinal use: 1. Against hysteria, impotence and heart pain. 2. To treat placental retention in women. 3. Against hiccups. Preparation of remedy: 1. The roots are crushed and one teaspoonful mixed with half a cup of water. 2. A decoction is prepared. 3. The bark is burnt and three teaspoonfuls of the ash mixed with half a cup of oil or butter. Dosage: 1. Half a cup three times a day for three days. 2. No specific

Literature Uses reported: Roots: The root is used as an ecbolic in Uganda (Mitchell, 1938). Stem bark: A decoction of the bark and the latex is used for chest conditions, cough and scrofula. The bark is used as an antidiarrhoeal. An infusion of the bark is taken to releave pain in the throat (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Leaves: The leaf and fruit are fed to cows to increase the flow of milk (Watt and Breyer Brandwijk, 1962). Isolated substances: The leaf contains the triterpenes ot-amyrin and lupeol, the steroid /~sitosterol and the coumarin derivative psoralene (Abu-Mustafa et al., 1964). Marmesin, bergapten and psoralene were isolated by EI-Khrisy et al. (1985). Pharmacological effects: No reports have been found. MORINGACEAE

Moringa borziana Mattei Synonym: Hyperanthera borziana (Mattei) Chiov. SMP: 87. Vernacular name: Fintir. Plant part used: Fresh or dried roots. Dried roots are preferred. Medicinal use: Used to treat abdominal

104 diseases. Also used for hemorrhoids. Preparation of remedy: The root is crushed to a powder. Dosage: Two tablespoons of the powder are mixed with one glass of milk. One teaspoon of the mixture is taken three times a day for seven days.

ministrered to bulls to increase their potency (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Isollted substances: No reports have been found. Pharmacological effects: No reports have been found.

Literature No reports have been found concerning medicinal use, isolated substances or pharmacological effects.

PAPILIONACEAE

OLACACEAE Ximenia caffra Sond. SMP: 63, 112. Vernacular name: Madharuug or Muracood; Mandharud. Plant part used: 1. Fresh roots 2. Fresh leaves. Medicinal use: 1. Against bilharzia 2. Against diarrhoea and vomiting. Preparation of remedy: 1. A piece of the root, 0.5meters long, is crushed and boiled with two glasses of water. The extract is filtered. 2. The leaves are crushed and two teaspoonfuls are boiled with one cup of water. Dosage: 1. One third of the decoction is drunk each day for three days. 2. One cup three times a day for four days. Literature Uses reported: Roots: The roots are powdered and boiled with maize flour to a porridge, which is eaten by women in treatment of sterility. A decoction of the root is drunk against dysmenorrhoea and bloody diarrhoea. A decoction of roots mixed with stems of Deinbollia borbonica Scheff is drunk against mental illness. A decoction of roots mixed with chicken and roots of Combretum cfr. molle R.Bv ex D. Don, is used against severe stomach ache or colic (Hedberg et al., 1983a). A decoction is drunk to treat abscess and against malaria and bilharzia. Powdered root bark is applied to syphilitic sores (Haerdi, 1964). The root decoction is a part medicine for syphilis, hookworm and chest pains (Kokwaro, 1976). The root is a remedy for fever and diarrhoea and a decoction is used for syphilis and ancylostomiasis. It is said to have purgative effect (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Leaves: The leafjuice is drunk against malaria (Haerdi, 1964). The leafjuice with a little water is put into an itchy eye in treatment of trachoma, especially in children. Fresh leaves are chewed and the juice swallowed for stomach ache (Kokwaro, 1976). A decoction of the leaf is a remedy for hookworm and syphilis and the leaf is ad-

Ciitoria ternatea L.

Synonyms: C. mearnsii De Wild., C. tanganicensis Micheli, C. zanzibarensis Vatke. SMP: 76, 137. Vernacular name: Caleen-koris, Fiitfiite. Plant part used: Fresh roots. Medicinal use: Against constipation. Preparation of remedy: a. Seven roots are crushed and boiled with one litre of water and the decoction filtered, b. Half a kilogramme of roots is powdered and mixed with one glass of milk. Dosage: The whole preparation is taken as one dose. Literature Uses reported: Roots: A decoction is used as an emmenagogue (Quisumbing, 1951) and a cathartic (Haddock, 1974). A decoction prepared of roots and seeds is used as an emetic and a purgative (Dragendorff, 1898). Seeds: A decoction is used as a laxative (Haddock, 1974) and as an emmenagogue (Quisumbing, 1951; Dragendorff, 1898; Rageau, 1973). Isolated substances: Roots: The roots contain the triterpenes taraxerol and taraxerone (Banerjee and Chakravarti, 1963; 1964). Leaves: The flavanoids astragalin, kae~npferol3-O-a-L-rhamnosyl-(1,6)-galactoside and -glucoside, as well as fl-sitosterol, have been isolated (Aiyar et al., 1973). The lactone aparajitin (Tiwari and Gupta, 1959) and the steroid stigmast-4-en3,6-dion (Ripperger, 1978) have been found. Flowers: The flowers contain the flavanoids delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside (Lowry and Chew, 1974), cyanin and kaempferol (Ranganayaki and Sing, 1979). Seeds: The seeds contain adenosine, flavone3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxy-3-rhamnoglucoside and nicotiflorin (Kulshrestha and Khare, 1968). Afzelin (Aiyar et al., 1973), quercetin and isoquercitrin (Gupta and Lal, 1968) have also been found as well as the steroids campestrol (Sinha, 1960a; 1960b),/~-sitosterol (Gupta and Lal, 1968; Sinha, 1960a; 1960b), ,},-sitosterol and stigmasterol (Sinha, 1960a; 1960b). Other compounds found are: 4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid (Aiyar et al., 1973; Kulshrestha and Khare, 1967; 1968), ethyl-or-D-

105

galactopyraroside (Kulshrestha arid Khare, 1967; 1968), hexacosan-l-ol (Gupta and Lal, 1968), proline, tyrosine and valine (Kulshrestha and Khare, 1967). Pharmaeulogical effects: Roots: The ethanol extract has anthelmintic activity (Kaleysa Raj, 1975). Stem: A methanol extract has no molluscicidal activity (Sofowora and Adewunmi, 1980). Plant part not specified: A decoction had antiimplantation effect when given subcutaneously to mice (Matsui et al., 1967). Crotalaria retu~a L. SMP: 83. Vernacular name: Shalaxshalax. Plant part nsed: Fresh roots. Medicinal use: For treatment of wounds. Preparation of remedy: The roots are crushed. Dosage: The paste is applied to the wound.

Literature Uses relmrted: Roots: The roots are used for chest diseases (Kokwaro, 1976). The root is crushed and mixed with spices as a remedy for colic. It is also used to treat haemoptysis (Watt and BreyerBrandwijk, 1962). Leaves: The leaf is used as a fever remedy and a preparation of the plant is applied locally to treat skin diseases (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Seeds: The seeds are used as a purgative but this use is not recommended due to the toxicity of the preparation (Kerharo and Adam, 1974). Isolated substances: The pyrrolizidine alkaloids isatinecine, monocrotaline, monocrotaline-Noxide, retusamine, retusamine-N-oxide, retusine and spectabiline have been isolated from the seeds (Willaman and Schubert, 1961; Adams and Rogers, 1939; Kumari et al., 1966; Culvenor, 1957; Ross, 1977; Han et al., 1981). Monocrotaline has also been found in the rest of the plant (Robins et al., 1974) and its N-oxide in the leaf (willaman and Schubert, 1961)). The seeds also contain acyclic aamino acids (Ramakrishnan et al., 1981) and the flavone vitexin-4'-O-galactoside (Srinivasan and Subramanian, 1983). Pharmacological effects: Aerial parts: An ethanol-water (1:1) extract had hypothermal activity in mice at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg. The extract also had antispasmodic activity on the isolated guinea pig ileum against contractions caused by histamine and acetylcholine. LDs0 (i.p.) of the extract was 1.0 g/kg. The extract had no analgesic, anticonvulsant or hypoglycemic activity and it did not cause barbiturate potentiation. It was also inactive as an

antiinflammatory agent, had no diuretic activity, lacked spermicidal effect and did not cause semen coagulation (Dhawan et al., 1977). Seeds: Toxicity studies on the pig gave ambiguous results (Ross, 1977). Indigofera coerulea Roxb. var. occidentalis Gillett & Ali SMP: 192. Vernacular name: Salamaki, Chaway qoryo. Plant part used: 1. Dried leaves. 2. Fresh leaves. Medicinal use: 1. Against constipation. 2. To treat eye infections. Prelmratian of remedy: 1. Two glasses of boiling water are poured over one handful of leaves. 2. One handful of leaves are mixed with one cup of boiling water and the mixture left in a covered jar for half an hour. Dosage: 1. One glass once. 2. The eyes are washed with the filtrate each morning for three days. Literature No reports have been found concerning medicinal use, isolated substances or pharmacological effects. Indigofera schimperi Jaub. & Spach Synonym:/. tettensis Klotzsch. SMP: 122. Vernacular name: Geed-guduuka. Plant part used: Fresh or dried roots. Medicinal use: Against temporary impotence. Preparation of remedy: The root is mixed with salt. Dosage: A root is eaten every one and a half hours during the day. Literature No reports have been found concerning medicinal use, isolated substances or pharmacological effects. Indigofera tinctoria L. Synonyms:/. bergii Vatke,/. cinerascens DC.,/. houer Forssk., /. ornithopodioides Schum., /. orthocarpa (DC.) Berg & Schmidt, /. sumatrana Gaertn. SMP: 36, 216. Vernacular name: Cilaanari. Plant part used: 1. Fresh leaves. 2. Fresh roots. Medicinal use: Against chest pains, probably bronchitis, Preparation of remedy: A handful of leaves or one piece of root (about 10 cm long) are crushed and mixed with half a cup of butter or oil. Dosage: The mixture is applied on the chest. The preparation is calculated to last for two days.

106

Literature Uses re~orted: Roots: The roots are used against syphilis (Kokwaro, 1976). The root is used to treat lithiasis, syphilis and gonorrhoea. An infusion of the root is used as an antidote in arsenic poisoning and to destroy insect vermin. A decoction of the dried roots is used against sudden high fevers (Anonymous 1977). A decoction is used externally on cows to promote the growth of hair (Singh and Kohli, 1956). Leaves: The leaves are used against stomach troubles (Kokwaro, 1976). The leaf is used as an external application to skin diseases and to wounds. The juice of the leaf, mixed with honey, has been used to treat enlargement of the liver and spleen, epilepsy and other nervous affections. In hydrophobia a dose of two ounces of fresh juice with an equal amount of milk is given in the morning for three days as a prophylactic. The juice or poultice of the leaf is also applied to tooth wounds. The medicine may produce a slight headache and, in larger doses, purging (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The fresh leaves are used in China as a remedy for scabies (Anonymous, 1977). Entire plant: The plant is used in India as a remedy for snake bite and scorpion sting but has no antidotal, preventive or therapeutic effect. The juice of the plant has been administered in asthma, whooping cough, palpitations of the heart and in some lung diseases and kidney complaints (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Plant part not specified: A decoction is used to treat epilepsy (Chopra, 1933). Isolated substances: Roots: The root contains sugars and amino acids (Bhalla and Dakwake, 1978) as well as an the indole alkaloid indirubin (Ji et al., 1981). Leaves: The leaves contain indirubin (Fang and Wu, 1982) and the flavonoids hesperidin, kaempferol, naringine, quercetin and rutin (Bhalla and Dakwake, 1978). Seeds: The seeds contain the tetrasaccharide stachyose (Archambault, 1956). Entire plant: The indole alkaloid indirubin has been found in the entire plant (Anonymous, 1980). Another report of the ocurrence of indirubin does not state the plant part from which it was isolated (Zhang, 1980). Pharmacological effects: Root: An ethanol extract had weak activity against earthworms (Kaleysa Raj, 1975). Aerialparts: LDs0 of the ethanol extract, i.p. in mice was 1.0 g/kg. This extract had antihepato-

toxic activity (CCl4-induced hepatic injury) in rats, mice and rabbits. The extract also had choleretic activity in rats. (Anand et al., 1979). A water-ethanol (1:1) extract had no spermicidal effect in rats or effect on semen coagulation in vitro. LDs0 of this extract, i.p. in mice, was 1.0 g/kg (Dhawan et al., 1980). Entire plant: A water-ethanol (1:1) extract had antihepatotoxic activity (CCLt-induced hepatic injury) when administered by gastric intubation to rats at a dose of 100 mg/kg (Anand et al., 1981). Plant part not specified." A decoction was active against chronic myelotic leukemia in humans, but high doses were required and serious side effects were seen such as abdominal pain and hemorrhagic enteritis (Zhang, 1980). Indirubin: Indirubin inhibited Lewis lung carcinoma and Walker carcinosarcoma 256, but not L7212 or P388 leukemia in mice. Subacute toxicity tests with indirubin at 100-400 mg/kg/day, orally, for 30 days in rats showed no effects on leukocytes or on liver or renal functions. An 80 mg/kg/day oral dose given for 1-3 months produced anorexia and diarrhoea but no effects on bone marrow were observed (Ji et al., 1981).

Psoralea corylifolia L. Synonyms: Cullen corylifolia (L.) Medik., Trifolium unifolium Forssk. SNIP: 25. Vernacular name: Sisimo or Geed biyood. Plant part used: 1. Fresh or dried fruits. 2. Dried fruits. 3. Fresh leaves. 4. Fresh leaves. 5. Dried branches. 6. Fresh aerial parts. Medicinal use: 1. To drive demons from the body. 2. Against furunculus and scabies on the head. 3. Against abundant salivation in animals. 4. To treat bleeding around teeth (in humans). 5. To treat wounds. 6. Against rigidity of limbs in epilepsy. Against loss of memory. Prelmration of remedy: 1. A handful of crushed fruits are mixed with a piece (the size of a thumb) of Commiphora molmol resin and a little water and oil added. 2. A handful of fruits are boiled with one cup of oil. 3. A handful of leaves are crushed, mixed with half a litre of water and the mixture filtered. 4. The leaves are crushed. 5. The branches are powdered. 6. The aerial parts of one plant are crushed and mixed with half a litre of arachis oil and 5 g of pimpinella. Dosage: 1. The mixture is applied over the whole body. One drop is placed in each ear. 2. The mixture is applied topically. 3. Half a cup two times a day for three days. 4. The juice is applied to the bleeding gums. 5. The powder is applied to the wound. 6. The mixture is

107

applied on the body. One drop is placed in each nostril. Literature Uses reported: A decoction of the fruit, mixed with other plants is used to treat impotency (Anonymous, 1970). The seed is used as an aphrodisiac (Das, 1955). Isolated substances: Roots: Angelicin (a coumarin derivative), daucosterol, psoralen, sitosterol, coumestrol (a coumarin derivative), daizein (an isoflavone) and trilaurin (Gupta et al., 1980a). Seeds: Angelicin (Desai et al., 1987), bakuchalcone (Gupta et al., 1982), bavachine (a flavanone) (Gupta et al., 1975; 1977b), bavachromanol (a flavonoid) (Suri et al., 1980), caleine B (sesquiterpene) (Anand et al., 1978), 2'-4-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy-5'-formylchalcone (Gupta et al., 1975), corylidin (a coumarin derivative) (Gupta et al., 1977a; Gupta et al., 1980b), corylinal (isoflavone) (Gupta et al., 1978), daucosterol (Gupta et al., 1977a), iso-neobavaflavone (Gupta et al., 1975; 1977b), linoleic acid and linolenic acid (Dhar et al., 1978), neobavachalcone (Gupta et al., 1977b), iso-neobavachalcone (Gupta et al., 1980a), psoralen (furo-coumarin derivative) (Desai et al., 1987; Bhattacharji, 1961), iso-psoralen (Bhattacharji, 1961), psoralenol (isoflavone) (Suri et al., 1978), psoralidin (Gupta et al., 1975; 1977b), psoralidin-oxide (Gupta et al., 1980b), raffinose (Bhattacharji, 1961), triacontane (Gupta et al., 1977a). Fruit: Corylin (a flavanoid) (Jain et al., 1974). Not specified plant parts: Angelicin, psoralen and psoralidin (Pathak et al., 1962). Pharmacological effects: Seeds: The ethanol extract had no activity against Mycobacteriwn tuberculosis (Mukerji and Gupta, 1959) and had weak anthelmintic activity against earthworm (Kaleysa Raj, 1975). The ethanol extract had embryotoxic, antiimplantation and oestrogenic effects on the rat at a dose of 30 mg/animal (Khan, 1976). Oestrogenic effect of the dried seeds were also reported by Jackson (1959). No mutagenic activity was found in aqueous or methanol extracts of the seeds (Yamamoto et al., 1982). Rhynchosia albissima Gand. Synonym: R. albomarginata Chiov. SMP: 124. Vernacular name Bug-buko. Plant part used: Fresh or dried roots. Medicinal use: As a laxative. Preparation of remedy: 1/4 kg of roots is boiled with one glass of water and one glass of milk is

added. Dosage: The whole preparation is drunk in the morning whereupon the patient should not eat before noon. Literature Uses reported: A decoction of roots together with roots of another plant is used against impotence and as an aphrodisiac (Hedberg et al., 1983b). Isolated sulmanees: No reports have been found. Pharmaeologleal effects: No reports have been found.

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