Vol. 78, No. 2, 1977
BIOCHEMICAL
AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
INHIBITION BY CHOLERA TOXIN OF PARATHYROID HORMONE-INDUCED CALCIUMRELEASE FROM BONE IN CULTURE Naokazu Clinical Institute
Received
Nagata,
Yuriko
Ono and Narimichi
Kimura
Division, Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashiku, Tokyo-173,
August
Japan
II,1977 SUMMARY
Cholera toxin was added to the culture of fetal rat limb bone and its effect on calcium release as well as on adenylate cyclase activity was examined. Cholera toxin increased the content of adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (CAMP) in bone. The effect on CAMP was of slower onset and of longer duration as compared with parathyroid hormone (PTH) effect. PTH added to the tissue which had been stimulated by cholera toxin increased CAMP further but the effect was partially additive. In contrary to PTH which caused a clear calcium mobilization, cholera toxin by itself had no effect or rather inhibited the release of 45Ca from the prelabeled bone. When the toxin (0.1-l yg/ml) was combined with PTH (10 U/ml), calcium release stimulated by PTH was completely abolished.
It is well --in vitro
(1,2)
that
or --in vivo
(CAMP) content how CAMP is
known
in the involved
(3,4)
skeletal in the
action
action
ration
CAMP --in vivo
the
action
results Klein
and Raisz from
related
to bone resorption (10)
raised
into
of osteoblastic
activity
inhibition
of osteoclastic
activity.
Copyrighr All rights
skeletal
present
0 1977 by Academic of reproduction in any
study,
Press.
form
Inc. reserved.
level tissue
action
been exDlained
bone mineral
and CAMP increased
whether
animals
of calcium are
respectively.
we examined
mobilization
(5,6),
(7-10).
CAMP on 45Ca pools
Recently, by PTH is
toxin
of CAMP
Dietrich
related
by calcitonin
cholera
mimics the
complicated
of two different
CAMP increased
yet
Though the administ-
of dibutyryl
a presence
and formation,
inhibition
In the
plasma
given
3':5'-monophosphate
thyroparathyroidectomized
bone and suggested
that
and calcitonin
has not
to decrease it.
a biphasic
a possibility
it
of PTH to increase
on cultured
observed
release
et al
fetal
(8)
(PTH)
adenosine
However,
an increased
--in vitro
hormone
an increased
of calcitonin
of PTH inducing
obtained
induce tissue.
and in the opposite of dibutyryl
parathyroid
to the to the
could
induce
819 ISSN
0006.19l.Y
Vol. 78, No. 2, 1977
BIOCHEMICAL
Cycle AMP pmollmg
AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
protein
OJ 0
1
2345678
24 hours
Fig. 1 Effects of cholera toxin and PTH on CAMP in bone. Rat fetal bone was cultured in control medium for 24 hours and then either saline (control), cholera toxin or PTH was added (0 time). A phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-l-methyl xanthine 0.5 mM, was added into all incubations 313 min prior to the end of the reaction. Each mean +_SEM is of 4 cultures.
an increased affected adenylate
CAMP in the
bone mineral cyclase
skeletal
metabolism.
in numbers
tissue,
and if
Cholera
of tissues
toxin
and induce
so,
how the
chanqe
of CAMP
has been shown to stimulate the
accumulation
of tissue
CAMP (11-18).
METHODS AND MATERIALS A pair of radius and ulna from each limb of fetus of 18-19th day of gestation was excised and cultured on stainlesssteel grid in 1 ml of Ham F 12 medium (Nissui Seiyaku Co., Tokyo) in an atmosphere of 5 % CO2 and 95 % air at 37°C. The culture medium was modified to contain 1 mM calcium, 1 % bovine serum albumin, 5000 II/l00 ml of penicillin and 5 mg/lOO ml of streptomycin sulfate. After 24 hours of culture, the medium was changed to the same control culture medium or containing appropriate addition(s). To examine the level of CAMP in bone, 0.5 mM of 3-isobutyl-l-methyl xanthine (Aldrich Chemical Co.) was added to the culture medium 30 min prior to the termination of reaction. The tissue was homogenized in cold 7.5 % trichloroacetic acid in glass homogenizer, and the extract was shaken for 3 times with The formwater-saturated ethyl ether and neutralized further with 0.1 M Tris. ed precipitate was removed by centrifugation and CAMP purified on Dowex 50-X8 (H+ form) column was measured by Gilman's method as described elsewhere (19). Trichloroacetic acid precipitate was dissolved in 1 N NaOH and protein was determined by the method of Lowry et al (20) usin bovine serum albumin as standard. To measure the release of calcium, pregnant rat was injected intraperitoneally with 300 $i of 45CaC12 (21.4 mCi/mg, New England Nuclear) on 17th A pair of radius and ulna day of pregnancy and was killed 24 hours thereafter. from each limb of fetus was incubated for 24 hours in control medium as described above. After this period of preculture, medium, control or containing an appro-
820
Vol. 78, No. 2, 1977
BIOCHEMICAL
AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
E 1% f1 I-0
c
1 24 - 40 hours
0 - 24 hours
Fig. 2 Effects of cholera toxin and PTH on 45 Ca release from prelabeled bone. Prelabeled fetal bone was cultured for 24 hours in the control medium. Thereafter, the medium containing indicated addition was changed every 24 hours and 45Ca in it was counted. The percentage release of total 45Ca shown was determined as described in Methods. Each mean -+ SEM is of 4 cultures.
priate addition, was changed every 24 hours for 3 days, and released 45Ca during each 24 hours was counted in scintillation fluid containing 30 % Triton, 70 % toluene, 10 mg/lOO ml 1,4-bis[2-(5-phenyl oxazol.yl)] benzene and 0.4 g/100 ml 2,5-diphenyl oxazole. At the end of 3 days of this experimental culture, the tissue was homogenized in 0.3 ml of water in glass homogenizer and counted for radioactivity after dissolving in 0.5 ml of Protosol (New England Nuclear). The percentage release of total 45Ca was determined by measured radioactivity in both bone and medium and was calculated as follows: percent release = (medium 45Ca/[medium 45Ca + bone 45Cal) x 100. PTH (trichloroacetic acid powder, 363 U/mg) and cholera toxin (lot No. CZ-2820) were purchased from Inolex Corp. and Schwarz/Mann, respectively. RESULTS Cholera bone
(Fig.
duration
1).
with
that
and was at the
higher Table
found
leveled
base line
in the
than
1 shows the
toxin
of PTH.
at 5 to 7 hours
to that
significantly
as PTH induced
of cholera
a peak at 5 min,
of CAMP measured comparable
as well
The effect
as compared
of PTH showed at 2 hours
toxin
effect
was of slower
The level off
to a half
at 24 hours.
after tissue
base line
an increased
the
after
and of longer
of CAMP after of the
the
peak value
of cholera
to PTH for
addition already the
toxin
5 min,
in
levels
were
and still
24 hours.
of varying
821
onset
On the otherhand,
addition
exposed
CAMP content
concentration
of cholera
toxin
as
Vol. 78, No. 2, 1977
BIOCHEMICAL
AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
Table The CAMP content
1
in the presence
of cholera
toxin
and/or
Cyclic
PTH
10 U/ml
After cholera toxin at PTH was present was added to all Each mean f SEM
well
as combined
protein
pg/ml
0.05
17.6
+- 1.2
47.3
132.6
t- 12.9
0.5
2 2.8
102.6
of the
addition,
toxin
range
of dose examined.
When PTH was allowed
to work
which
had been stimulated
by cholera
5 hours,
Fig.
effect
was only
a dose dependent
toxin
partially
2 shows the release
medium containing
indicated
45 Ca in
it
The stimulation
culture.
was counted. within Cholera
mobilization
24 hours toxin,
by itself
of PTH.
The inhibitory
the
day of the
third
an increase Table
124.0
+- 7.3
177.8
+- 14.5
but
effect culture.
from
for
5 min on the
the tissue
CAMP was increased
was changed
by 1 U/ml
within
The concentration
1).
a22
bone. 24 hours
by 10 U/ml
of PTH was seen after
to the effect
level
fetal every
release
was not only
was complete
of CAMP to the comparable
at 5
of CAMP within
prelabeled
of calcium
otherhand,
inhibitory
increase
toxin,
additive.
reagent(s)
and that on the
for
of calcium
Culture
was evident
+- 6.0
Cholera
after
but its
induced
and PTH on CAMP.
hours
further
1.0
24 hours of preculture, media were changed to those containing concentrations indicated and incubated for 5 hours thereafter. for the last 5 min. 3-isobutyl-l-methyl xanthine (0.5 mM) incubations 30 min before the end of the reaction. is of 4 cultures.
effect
its
pmol/mg toxin
0
concentration
PTH
AMP
Cholera
None
of varying
to that
ineffective
of both high 24 hours of cholera
of PTH
2nd day of on calcium
and low doses
and continued toxin
by 10 U/ml
and
until
used induced
PTH (Fig.
1 and
Vol. 78, No. 2, 1977
BIOCHEMICAL
+
I
AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
m d
cu ,’
+I Lo . Ln v
+I N . cu -
d 0 0 +I +I N Lo od b
0
.
+I r-. 0 d +I
c\I d +I
0
UJ
od
u3
0 0 +I +I * m m
+
cr) 0 +I * m’
d I
+I Tr
u3 0. +I IN c; -
+
ln. co N 0 0 d +I +I +I * N Ln 7N’ L
0
+ m 0
c-4 0 + P-J
P-l d I
d +I d m’
+I
d
823
m d
0
Vol. 78, No. 2, 1977
BIOCHEMICAL
The effect mobilization
is
0.05 pg/ml
of varying
toxin
already
by the presence
of 0.1 pg/ml
in the presence
of 1 yglml
calcium
than
dose of cholera
in Table 2.
surranarized
of cholera
AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
on PTH-induced
Antagonistic
on the first
of the
toxin.
of the toxin
bone of control
toxin
effect
added
with
by
was c7ear
day of addition
In this
calcium
and was complete
experiment,
bone cultured
or without
PTH released
less
culture.
DISCUSSION Cholera vitro.
in a variety
duration. most,
PTH action cholera
cholera
the
glucose
oxidation
nolysis
in liver
antagonizes
to be mediated
tissue
(22),
in rat
testis
toxin
droplet
(17),
formation
cyclase-CAMP
administration
is
stimulated
the increase
by such a ubiquitous stimulator
the
cells
(15),
(12), glycoge-
and testoste-
stimulation
toxin
seems that
by cholera
of CAMP in the cells
824
examined.
(16)
hormonal
that
in marked
in fat
cells
of
thought
system.
it
as cholera
the fact
slices
of PTH and cholera
also
messenger
tissues
in thyroid
mimics
stimulated
and is
production
in adrenal
on CAMP accumulation, cells
in the other
gl,ycerol
thus
(21),
toxin
It was
mobilization
to exolain
intestine
sm.
CAMP is a second
is difficult observed
and of long
cholera
metabol
mobilization
steroidoqenesis
the adenylate
additivity
that
PTH effect
and colloid
via
that
in bone mineral
of the
As a combined
of PTH-sensitive
hyoothesis
demonst-
n the
we thought
the calcium
-in
ndicated
toxin
of CAMP in bone mineral
popular
onset have
of cholera
CAMP (ll-la),
inhibited
response
was of slow
of laboratories
effect
has .been shown to stimulate
production
therefore,
role
powerfully
to the
to the effects toxin
a number
via
bone culture
fetal
of the toxin
the effect
from
on bone resulting
Cholera
a partial
(ll-la),
are mediated
toxin
According
toxin
contrast
organs
CAMP in rat
a characteristic
of the biological
to investigate
that
by PTH.
with
reports
not all,
as other
be useful found
if
an increased
of tissues
As recent
as well
rone
induced
In an accordance
rated
that
toxin
toxin
the
adenylate It
toxin. including
is not
exhibited
target enough
only cyclase
comes out, cells
to drive
of PTH the cells
BIOCHEMICAL
Vol. 78, No. 2, 1977
to mobilize
bone mineral.
notion
CAMP in bone
that
increase
results
in the
Recently, of bone cell
Luben
were
of osteoclast
increased
in each
might
notion
result
tion
increase findings
is not
toxin,
result
cyclase
conclusion
activity,
by CAMP.
stimulation
increased
were
of CAMP
increase
in CAMP
the calcitonin-
osteoclastic
activity.
in the present
that
enriched
seems to be consistent
PTH-stimulated
CAMP, inhibited
(10,23)
characteris-
Such
by PTH of osteoclastic
The finding
types sensitive
on the role
whereas
in decreased
the
conclusion
adenylate
the
cyclase
the metabolic
by PTH or calcitonin that
the
and its
distinct
adenylate
expressed
Their
(10)
action
with
mobilization.
possessing
which
osteoblastic
that
through
their
cells
consistent
two metabolically
PTH-sensitive
et al
might
mediated
may support
with
population
suggest
probably
that
is
of calcitonin
separating
in cells
by Oietrich
result
of bone mineral
of osteoblast. cell
the
messenqer
(23)
showed
in decreased
stimulated recent
et al
and those
characteristic
the
a second
enriched
in cells
with
is
interpreted,
suppression
population
to calcitonin tics
Simply
AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
study
PTH-induced
CAMP suppresses
bone resorpthat
cholera
bone resorption
the osteoclastic
activity. Although the effect further
the cholera
toxin-stimulated
of PTH and apparently study
is
needed
hormone.
It
stimulated
by PTH is
mediated
by CAMP working
intracellular
to determine
seems most
concentration
the
effect role
to know whether
through
in concert
the
exactly
interesting
actually
calcium
reproduced
adenylate
mechanism with
cyclase
failed
of calcitonin
in bone,
of CAMP increased bone mineral
independent
some signal(s)
to mimic
by each
mobilization
of CAMP or still such as a change
of
(24).
REFERENCES 1. Murad,F., Chase,L.R., 2.
and Aurbach,G.D. Brewer,H.B.,Jr.,
(1970) J. Biol. Chem. -245 1520-1526. and Vaughan,M. (1970) Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci.
US.
65 446-453. 3. agata,N., 731.
Sasaki,M.,
Kimura,N.,
and Nakane,K.
(1975)
Endocrinology
-96 725-
4. 535. Nagata,N.,
Sasaki,M.,
Kimura,N.
, and Nakane,K.
(1975)
Endocrinology
37 527-
825
Vol. 78, No. 2, 1977
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
BIOCHEMICAL
AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
Wells,H., and Lloyd,W. (1969) Endocrinology Rasmussen,H., Pechet,M., and Fast,D. (1968) Vaes,G. (1968) Nature 219 939-940. Klein,D.C., and Raisz,L.G. (1971) Endocrinology Herrmann-Erlee,M.P.M., and Meer,J.M. (1974) Dietrich,J.W., Canals,E.M., Maina,D.M., and
84 861-867. ;jT Clin. Invest.
-47 1843-1850.
89 818-826. Endocrinology 94 424-434. Raisz,L.G. (19m) Endocrinology
98 943-949. 11. @ie,S., and Sharp,G.W.G. (1972) in Advances in Cyclic Nucleotide Research, Vol 1, (Greengard,P., Robison,G.A., and Paolelli,R., eds) pp.163-174, Raven Press, New York. 12. Vaughan,M., Pierce,N.F., and Greenou h,W.B.,III. (1970) Nature 226 658-659. 13. Gorman,R.E., and Bitensky,M.W. (1972 7 Nature 235 439-440. 14. Strom, T.B., Deisseroth,A., Morganroth,J., Carpenter,C.B., and Merril1,J.B. (1972) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US. 69 2995-2999. 15. Mashiter,K., Mashiter,G.D., Haugerx.L., and Field,J.B. (1973) Endocrinology 92 541-549. 16. Eksar,A., Maudsley,D.V., and Peron,F.G. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 381
308-323. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.
Sato,K., Miyachi,Y., Ohsawa,N., and Kosaka,K. (1975) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 62 696-703. Kurokag,K., Friedler,R.M., and Massry,S.G. (1975) Kidney International -7 137-144. and Nagata,N. (1975) Endocrinology Kakuta,S., Suda,T., Sasaki,S., Kimura,N., 97 1288-1293. and Randal1,R.J. (1951) J. Biol. Chem, i%wry,O.H., Rosebrough,N.J., Farr,A.L., 193 265-275. Gbach,G.D., Keutmann,H.T., Niall,H.D., Tregear,G.W., O'Riordan,J.L.H., Marcus,R., Marx,S.J., and Potts,J.T.,Jr. (1972) Recent Progress in Hormone Research 28 353-398. Zieve,P.Dx Pierce,N.F., and Greenough,W.B. (1970) Clin. Res. 18 690. Luben,R.A., Wong,G.L., and Cohn,D.V. (1976) Endocrinology -99 5%-534. Rasmussen,H. (1971) Am. J. Med. -50 567-588.
826
BIOCHEMICAL
AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
INHIBITION BY CHOLERA TOXIN OF PARATHYROID HORMONE-INDUCED CALCIUMRELEASE FROM BONE IN CULTURE Naokazu Clinical Institute
Received
Nagata,
Yuriko
Ono and Narimichi
Kimura
Division, Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashiku, Tokyo-173,
August
Japan
II,1977 SUMMARY
Cholera toxin was added to the culture of fetal rat limb bone and its effect on calcium release as well as on adenylate cyclase activity was examined. Cholera toxin increased the content of adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (CAMP) in bone. The effect on CAMP was of slower onset and of longer duration as compared with parathyroid hormone (PTH) effect. PTH added to the tissue which had been stimulated by cholera toxin increased CAMP further but the effect was partially additive. In contrary to PTH which caused a clear calcium mobilization, cholera toxin by itself had no effect or rather inhibited the release of 45Ca from the prelabeled bone. When the toxin (0.1-l yg/ml) was combined with PTH (10 U/ml), calcium release stimulated by PTH was completely abolished.
It is well --in vitro
(1,2)
that
or --in vivo
(CAMP) content how CAMP is
known
in the involved
(3,4)
skeletal in the
action
action
ration
CAMP --in vivo
the
action
results Klein
and Raisz from
related
to bone resorption (10)
raised
into
of osteoblastic
activity
inhibition
of osteoclastic
activity.
Copyrighr All rights
skeletal
present
0 1977 by Academic of reproduction in any
study,
Press.
form
Inc. reserved.
level tissue
action
been exDlained
bone mineral
and CAMP increased
whether
animals
of calcium are
respectively.
we examined
mobilization
(5,6),
(7-10).
CAMP on 45Ca pools
Recently, by PTH is
toxin
of CAMP
Dietrich
related
by calcitonin
cholera
mimics the
complicated
of two different
CAMP increased
yet
Though the administ-
of dibutyryl
a presence
and formation,
inhibition
In the
plasma
given
3':5'-monophosphate
thyroparathyroidectomized
bone and suggested
that
and calcitonin
has not
to decrease it.
a biphasic
a possibility
it
of PTH to increase
on cultured
observed
release
et al
fetal
(8)
(PTH)
adenosine
However,
an increased
--in vitro
hormone
an increased
of calcitonin
of PTH inducing
obtained
induce tissue.
and in the opposite of dibutyryl
parathyroid
to the to the
could
induce
819 ISSN
0006.19l.Y
Vol. 78, No. 2, 1977
BIOCHEMICAL
Cycle AMP pmollmg
AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
protein
OJ 0
1
2345678
24 hours
Fig. 1 Effects of cholera toxin and PTH on CAMP in bone. Rat fetal bone was cultured in control medium for 24 hours and then either saline (control), cholera toxin or PTH was added (0 time). A phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-l-methyl xanthine 0.5 mM, was added into all incubations 313 min prior to the end of the reaction. Each mean +_SEM is of 4 cultures.
an increased affected adenylate
CAMP in the
bone mineral cyclase
skeletal
metabolism.
in numbers
tissue,
and if
Cholera
of tissues
toxin
and induce
so,
how the
chanqe
of CAMP
has been shown to stimulate the
accumulation
of tissue
CAMP (11-18).
METHODS AND MATERIALS A pair of radius and ulna from each limb of fetus of 18-19th day of gestation was excised and cultured on stainlesssteel grid in 1 ml of Ham F 12 medium (Nissui Seiyaku Co., Tokyo) in an atmosphere of 5 % CO2 and 95 % air at 37°C. The culture medium was modified to contain 1 mM calcium, 1 % bovine serum albumin, 5000 II/l00 ml of penicillin and 5 mg/lOO ml of streptomycin sulfate. After 24 hours of culture, the medium was changed to the same control culture medium or containing appropriate addition(s). To examine the level of CAMP in bone, 0.5 mM of 3-isobutyl-l-methyl xanthine (Aldrich Chemical Co.) was added to the culture medium 30 min prior to the termination of reaction. The tissue was homogenized in cold 7.5 % trichloroacetic acid in glass homogenizer, and the extract was shaken for 3 times with The formwater-saturated ethyl ether and neutralized further with 0.1 M Tris. ed precipitate was removed by centrifugation and CAMP purified on Dowex 50-X8 (H+ form) column was measured by Gilman's method as described elsewhere (19). Trichloroacetic acid precipitate was dissolved in 1 N NaOH and protein was determined by the method of Lowry et al (20) usin bovine serum albumin as standard. To measure the release of calcium, pregnant rat was injected intraperitoneally with 300 $i of 45CaC12 (21.4 mCi/mg, New England Nuclear) on 17th A pair of radius and ulna day of pregnancy and was killed 24 hours thereafter. from each limb of fetus was incubated for 24 hours in control medium as described above. After this period of preculture, medium, control or containing an appro-
820
Vol. 78, No. 2, 1977
BIOCHEMICAL
AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
E 1% f1 I-0
c
1 24 - 40 hours
0 - 24 hours
Fig. 2 Effects of cholera toxin and PTH on 45 Ca release from prelabeled bone. Prelabeled fetal bone was cultured for 24 hours in the control medium. Thereafter, the medium containing indicated addition was changed every 24 hours and 45Ca in it was counted. The percentage release of total 45Ca shown was determined as described in Methods. Each mean -+ SEM is of 4 cultures.
priate addition, was changed every 24 hours for 3 days, and released 45Ca during each 24 hours was counted in scintillation fluid containing 30 % Triton, 70 % toluene, 10 mg/lOO ml 1,4-bis[2-(5-phenyl oxazol.yl)] benzene and 0.4 g/100 ml 2,5-diphenyl oxazole. At the end of 3 days of this experimental culture, the tissue was homogenized in 0.3 ml of water in glass homogenizer and counted for radioactivity after dissolving in 0.5 ml of Protosol (New England Nuclear). The percentage release of total 45Ca was determined by measured radioactivity in both bone and medium and was calculated as follows: percent release = (medium 45Ca/[medium 45Ca + bone 45Cal) x 100. PTH (trichloroacetic acid powder, 363 U/mg) and cholera toxin (lot No. CZ-2820) were purchased from Inolex Corp. and Schwarz/Mann, respectively. RESULTS Cholera bone
(Fig.
duration
1).
with
that
and was at the
higher Table
found
leveled
base line
in the
than
1 shows the
toxin
of PTH.
at 5 to 7 hours
to that
significantly
as PTH induced
of cholera
a peak at 5 min,
of CAMP measured comparable
as well
The effect
as compared
of PTH showed at 2 hours
toxin
effect
was of slower
The level off
to a half
at 24 hours.
after tissue
base line
an increased
the
after
and of longer
of CAMP after of the
the
peak value
of cholera
to PTH for
addition already the
toxin
5 min,
in
levels
were
and still
24 hours.
of varying
821
onset
On the otherhand,
addition
exposed
CAMP content
concentration
of cholera
toxin
as
Vol. 78, No. 2, 1977
BIOCHEMICAL
AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
Table The CAMP content
1
in the presence
of cholera
toxin
and/or
Cyclic
PTH
10 U/ml
After cholera toxin at PTH was present was added to all Each mean f SEM
well
as combined
protein
pg/ml
0.05
17.6
+- 1.2
47.3
132.6
t- 12.9
0.5
2 2.8
102.6
of the
addition,
toxin
range
of dose examined.
When PTH was allowed
to work
which
had been stimulated
by cholera
5 hours,
Fig.
effect
was only
a dose dependent
toxin
partially
2 shows the release
medium containing
indicated
45 Ca in
it
The stimulation
culture.
was counted. within Cholera
mobilization
24 hours toxin,
by itself
of PTH.
The inhibitory
the
day of the
third
an increase Table
124.0
+- 7.3
177.8
+- 14.5
but
effect culture.
from
for
5 min on the
the tissue
CAMP was increased
was changed
by 1 U/ml
within
The concentration
1).
a22
bone. 24 hours
by 10 U/ml
of PTH was seen after
to the effect
level
fetal every
release
was not only
was complete
of CAMP to the comparable
at 5
of CAMP within
prelabeled
of calcium
otherhand,
inhibitory
increase
toxin,
additive.
reagent(s)
and that on the
for
of calcium
Culture
was evident
+- 6.0
Cholera
after
but its
induced
and PTH on CAMP.
hours
further
1.0
24 hours of preculture, media were changed to those containing concentrations indicated and incubated for 5 hours thereafter. for the last 5 min. 3-isobutyl-l-methyl xanthine (0.5 mM) incubations 30 min before the end of the reaction. is of 4 cultures.
effect
its
pmol/mg toxin
0
concentration
PTH
AMP
Cholera
None
of varying
to that
ineffective
of both high 24 hours of cholera
of PTH
2nd day of on calcium
and low doses
and continued toxin
by 10 U/ml
and
until
used induced
PTH (Fig.
1 and
Vol. 78, No. 2, 1977
BIOCHEMICAL
+
I
AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
m d
cu ,’
+I Lo . Ln v
+I N . cu -
d 0 0 +I +I N Lo od b
0
.
+I r-. 0 d +I
c\I d +I
0
UJ
od
u3
0 0 +I +I * m m
+
cr) 0 +I * m’
d I
+I Tr
u3 0. +I IN c; -
+
ln. co N 0 0 d +I +I +I * N Ln 7N’ L
0
+ m 0
c-4 0 + P-J
P-l d I
d +I d m’
+I
d
823
m d
0
Vol. 78, No. 2, 1977
BIOCHEMICAL
The effect mobilization
is
0.05 pg/ml
of varying
toxin
already
by the presence
of 0.1 pg/ml
in the presence
of 1 yglml
calcium
than
dose of cholera
in Table 2.
surranarized
of cholera
AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
on PTH-induced
Antagonistic
on the first
of the
toxin.
of the toxin
bone of control
toxin
effect
added
with
by
was c7ear
day of addition
In this
calcium
and was complete
experiment,
bone cultured
or without
PTH released
less
culture.
DISCUSSION Cholera vitro.
in a variety
duration. most,
PTH action cholera
cholera
the
glucose
oxidation
nolysis
in liver
antagonizes
to be mediated
tissue
(22),
in rat
testis
toxin
droplet
(17),
formation
cyclase-CAMP
administration
is
stimulated
the increase
by such a ubiquitous stimulator
the
cells
(15),
(12), glycoge-
and testoste-
stimulation
toxin
seems that
by cholera
of CAMP in the cells
824
examined.
(16)
hormonal
that
in marked
in fat
cells
of
thought
system.
it
as cholera
the fact
slices
of PTH and cholera
also
messenger
tissues
in thyroid
mimics
stimulated
and is
production
in adrenal
on CAMP accumulation, cells
in the other
gl,ycerol
thus
(21),
toxin
It was
mobilization
to exolain
intestine
sm.
CAMP is a second
is difficult observed
and of long
cholera
metabol
mobilization
steroidoqenesis
the adenylate
additivity
that
PTH effect
and colloid
via
that
in bone mineral
of the
As a combined
of PTH-sensitive
hyoothesis
demonst-
n the
we thought
the calcium
-in
ndicated
toxin
of CAMP in bone mineral
popular
onset have
of cholera
CAMP (ll-la),
inhibited
response
was of slow
of laboratories
effect
has .been shown to stimulate
production
therefore,
role
powerfully
to the
to the effects toxin
a number
via
bone culture
fetal
of the toxin
the effect
from
on bone resulting
Cholera
a partial
(ll-la),
are mediated
toxin
According
toxin
contrast
organs
CAMP in rat
a characteristic
of the biological
to investigate
that
by PTH.
with
reports
not all,
as other
be useful found
if
an increased
of tissues
As recent
as well
rone
induced
In an accordance
rated
that
toxin
toxin
the
adenylate It
toxin. including
is not
exhibited
target enough
only cyclase
comes out, cells
to drive
of PTH the cells
BIOCHEMICAL
Vol. 78, No. 2, 1977
to mobilize
bone mineral.
notion
CAMP in bone
that
increase
results
in the
Recently, of bone cell
Luben
were
of osteoclast
increased
in each
might
notion
result
tion
increase findings
is not
toxin,
result
cyclase
conclusion
activity,
by CAMP.
stimulation
increased
were
of CAMP
increase
in CAMP
the calcitonin-
osteoclastic
activity.
in the present
that
enriched
seems to be consistent
PTH-stimulated
CAMP, inhibited
(10,23)
characteris-
Such
by PTH of osteoclastic
The finding
types sensitive
on the role
whereas
in decreased
the
conclusion
adenylate
the
cyclase
the metabolic
by PTH or calcitonin that
the
and its
distinct
adenylate
expressed
Their
(10)
action
with
mobilization.
possessing
which
osteoblastic
that
through
their
cells
consistent
two metabolically
PTH-sensitive
et al
might
mediated
may support
with
population
suggest
probably
that
is
of calcitonin
separating
in cells
by Oietrich
result
of bone mineral
of osteoblast. cell
the
messenqer
(23)
showed
in decreased
stimulated recent
et al
and those
characteristic
the
a second
enriched
in cells
with
is
interpreted,
suppression
population
to calcitonin tics
Simply
AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
study
PTH-induced
CAMP suppresses
bone resorpthat
cholera
bone resorption
the osteoclastic
activity. Although the effect further
the cholera
toxin-stimulated
of PTH and apparently study
is
needed
hormone.
It
stimulated
by PTH is
mediated
by CAMP working
intracellular
to determine
seems most
concentration
the
effect role
to know whether
through
in concert
the
exactly
interesting
actually
calcium
reproduced
adenylate
mechanism with
cyclase
failed
of calcitonin
in bone,
of CAMP increased bone mineral
independent
some signal(s)
to mimic
by each
mobilization
of CAMP or still such as a change
of
(24).
REFERENCES 1. Murad,F., Chase,L.R., 2.
and Aurbach,G.D. Brewer,H.B.,Jr.,
(1970) J. Biol. Chem. -245 1520-1526. and Vaughan,M. (1970) Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci.
US.
65 446-453. 3. agata,N., 731.
Sasaki,M.,
Kimura,N.,
and Nakane,K.
(1975)
Endocrinology
-96 725-
4. 535. Nagata,N.,
Sasaki,M.,
Kimura,N.
, and Nakane,K.
(1975)
Endocrinology
37 527-
825
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5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
BIOCHEMICAL
AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
Wells,H., and Lloyd,W. (1969) Endocrinology Rasmussen,H., Pechet,M., and Fast,D. (1968) Vaes,G. (1968) Nature 219 939-940. Klein,D.C., and Raisz,L.G. (1971) Endocrinology Herrmann-Erlee,M.P.M., and Meer,J.M. (1974) Dietrich,J.W., Canals,E.M., Maina,D.M., and
84 861-867. ;jT Clin. Invest.
-47 1843-1850.
89 818-826. Endocrinology 94 424-434. Raisz,L.G. (19m) Endocrinology
98 943-949. 11. @ie,S., and Sharp,G.W.G. (1972) in Advances in Cyclic Nucleotide Research, Vol 1, (Greengard,P., Robison,G.A., and Paolelli,R., eds) pp.163-174, Raven Press, New York. 12. Vaughan,M., Pierce,N.F., and Greenou h,W.B.,III. (1970) Nature 226 658-659. 13. Gorman,R.E., and Bitensky,M.W. (1972 7 Nature 235 439-440. 14. Strom, T.B., Deisseroth,A., Morganroth,J., Carpenter,C.B., and Merril1,J.B. (1972) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US. 69 2995-2999. 15. Mashiter,K., Mashiter,G.D., Haugerx.L., and Field,J.B. (1973) Endocrinology 92 541-549. 16. Eksar,A., Maudsley,D.V., and Peron,F.G. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 381
308-323. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.
Sato,K., Miyachi,Y., Ohsawa,N., and Kosaka,K. (1975) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 62 696-703. Kurokag,K., Friedler,R.M., and Massry,S.G. (1975) Kidney International -7 137-144. and Nagata,N. (1975) Endocrinology Kakuta,S., Suda,T., Sasaki,S., Kimura,N., 97 1288-1293. and Randal1,R.J. (1951) J. Biol. Chem, i%wry,O.H., Rosebrough,N.J., Farr,A.L., 193 265-275. Gbach,G.D., Keutmann,H.T., Niall,H.D., Tregear,G.W., O'Riordan,J.L.H., Marcus,R., Marx,S.J., and Potts,J.T.,Jr. (1972) Recent Progress in Hormone Research 28 353-398. Zieve,P.Dx Pierce,N.F., and Greenough,W.B. (1970) Clin. Res. 18 690. Luben,R.A., Wong,G.L., and Cohn,D.V. (1976) Endocrinology -99 5%-534. Rasmussen,H. (1971) Am. J. Med. -50 567-588.
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