Journal of Perinatology (2015) 35, 304–306 © 2015 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved 0743-8346/15 www.nature.com/jp

PERINATAL/NEONATAL CASE PRESENTATION

Inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants with prolonged preterm rupture of the membranes: a case series J Semberova1,2,4, SM O’Donnell1, J Franta1 and J Miletin1,2,3 The available evidence does not support the routine use of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) in the care of premature infants. We present a case series of 22 preterm infants born after prolonged preterm premature rupture of membranes and oligohydramnios with respiratory failure. Oxygenation index decreased significantly after commencement of iNO. Journal of Perinatology (2015) 35, 304–306; doi:10.1038/jp.2015.2

INTRODUCTION Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) reduces the combined outcome of death or treatment with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in newborn infants with respiratory failure born at or near term.1 However, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials of iNO therapy in preterm infants did not show any significant effect on mortality, chronic lung disease (CLD) or other morbidities.1 An individual patient data meta-analysis from 11 of these trials did not show benefits for different subgroups of infants.2 The National Institute of Health Consensus Development Conference workshop in 2010 concluded that ‘the available evidence does not support the use of iNO in early routine, early rescue or later rescue regimens in the care of premature infants below 34 weeks of gestation’.3 Despite this lack of proven benefit, positive effects of iNO have been reported in small numbers of preterm infants born following prolonged preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) occurring before 37 weeks of gestation is considered preterm (PPROM). Prolonged PPROM (⩾7 days) often results in oligohydramnios and is associated with increased neonatal mortality and both long- and short-term morbidity.4 Pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension, resulting in respiratory failure, occur frequently in this group of patients.5–7 A comparison of 12 cases of preterm infants born after prolonged PPROM who were enrolled in a large randomized multicenter trial of iNO compared to placebo showed increased survival (4/6 versus 2/6), reduced bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (2/5 versus 2/2) and severe intraventricular hemorrhage or periventricular leukomalacia (1/5 versus 1/2) among the infants treated with iNO.5 Also, improved oxygenation and survival was reported in a number of small non-randomized studies of preterm infants with severe hypoxic respiratory failure born following prolonged PPROM.6–12 At our hospital, preterm infants with severe hypoxic respiratory failure may be treated with iNO as a rescue therapy (that is, those who remain hypoxic following treatment with ventilation and surfactant) at the discretion of the attending physician. We 1

present a case series of preterm infants delivered after prolonged PPROM treated with iNO.

METHODS We identified preterm infants born after prolonged PPROM treated with iNO at our hospital between 2007 and 2012. Infants with the following were included in the study: gestational age o32 weeks, birth weight ⩽ 1500 g, documented PPROM ⩾ 7 days, oxygenation index ((OI), calculated as a fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) multiplied by mean airway pressure (mmHg) multiplied by 100, divided by partial pressure of arterial O2 (PaO2, mmHg)) ⩾ 10 despite surfactant (Curosurf, Chiesi, UK) treatment and documented iNO therapy. From their medical records, we calculated the infants’ Clinical Risk Index for Babies (CRIB) I and II scores to estimate the level of illness.13,14 We recorded the following outcomes: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

OI response at 1 and 24 h after starting iNO Survival to discharge CLD—oxygen therapy at 28 days of life CLD—oxygen therapy at 36 weeks postmenstrual age Severe intraventricular hemorrhage 4grade 2 Cystic periventricular leukomalacia Necrotizing enterocolitis ⩾ Bell's stage 2 Retinopathy of prematurity 4grade 2 disease Pneumothorax and pulmonary interstitial emphysema

We also recorded the starting dose of iNO, duration of iNO therapy, ventilation mode, number of surfactant doses administered and availability of echocardiographic confirmation of suspected pulmonary hypertension. The data were analyzed using a PC-based statistics package (StatsDirect version 3.0.97, StatsDirect Ltd, Altrincham, UK). Descriptive statistics, paired t-test and Fisher's exact test were used and Po 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The local research ethics committee approved the study.

Department of Neonatology, The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; 2Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, Prague, Czech Republic and Department of Paediatrics, UCD School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Dublin, Ireland. Correspondence: Dr J Miletin, Department of Neonatology, The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Cork Street, Dublin 8, Ireland. E-mail: [email protected] 4 JS compiled the first draft of the article. Received 21 August 2014; revised 8 December 2014; accepted 6 January 2015 3

Inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants J Semberova et al

305 Table 1.

Cohort characteristics

Number of patients Gestation (weeks)—mean (± s.d.) Birth weight (g)—mean (± s.d.) Gender (n (%)) Antenatal steroids complete course (n (%)) PPROM duration (days)—mean (± s.d.) Documented oligohydramnios (n (%)) Maternal chorioamnionitis (n (%)) Apgar scores at 1, 5 and 10 min—median (IQR) CRIB I and CRIB II scores—median (IQR) Surfactant—1 dose (n (%)) 2 Doses (n (%)) 3 Doses (n (%)) iNO starting dose (p.p.m.)—mean (± s.d.) iNO therapy duration (h)—mean (± s.d.)

22 26.2 ( ±2.2) 931.4 ( ±250.9) 13 (59%) male and 9 (41%) female 21 (95%) 41.5 ( ±26.5) 19 (86%) 14 (67%; information not available in 1 case) 4 (2–6), 7 (6–8) and 7 (7–8) 11 ( 9–12) and 12 (8–14) 2 (9%) 14 (64%) 6 (27%) 16.5 ( ±5.3 p.p.m.) 72.8 ( ±62.7)

Abbreviations: CRIB, Clinical Risk Index for Babies; iNO, inhaled nitric oxide; IQR, interquartile range; PPROM, preterm premature rupture of the membrane.

Table 2.

Outcomes—OI, MAP and and PaO2 before and after iNO administration (mean (± s.d.))

OI prior to iNO start OI 1 h after iNO start OI 24 h after iNO start MAP prior to iNO start MAP 1 h after iNO start MAP 24 h after iNO start PaO2 prior to iNO start PaO2 1 h after iNO start PaO2 24 h after iNO start Pre- and postductal SaO2 prior to iNO start Pre- and postductal SaO2 1 h after iNO start Pre- and postductal SaO2 24 h after iNO start Survival to discharge (n (%)) CLD: O2 at 28 days (n (%)); O2 at 36 weeks (n (%)) Severe IVH4grade 2 (n (%)) PVL (n (%)) NEC ⩾ Bell's stage 2 (n (%)) ROP4grade 2 disease (n (%)) Air leak: PNX (n (%)); PIE (n (%))

29.7 ±15.2 9.2 ± 5.7; aPo0.0001 4.5 ± 2.1; aPo 0.0001, bP = 0.0005 11.8 ± 2.1 11.5 ± 2.6; aP = 0.75 a 8.6 ± 1.8; Po 0.0001, bP = 0.0002 5.9 ± 2.5 12.5 ± 11; aP = 0.01 a 8.3 ± 2; P = 0.004, bP = 0.09 84.4 ± 10.2; 78.8 ± 8.3 95 ± 3.3; 94.6 ± 3.9 93.7 ± 2.2; 93.6 ± 3.6 19/22 (86%) 16/19 (84%); 11/19 (58%) 5/21 (24%; information not available in 1 case) 1/19 (5%) 2/19 (11%) 1/19 (5%) 4/22 (18%); 2/22 (9%)

Abbreviations: CLD, chronic lung disease; iNO, inhaled nitric oxide; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; MAP, mean airway pressure; NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis; OI, oxygenation index; PaO2, partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood; PIE, pulmonary interstitial emphysema; PNX, pneumothorax; PVL, periventricular leukomalacia; ROP, retinopathy of prematurity; SaO2, arterial oxygen saturation. aCompared to the value before iNO administration. bCompared to the value 1 h after iNO administration.

RESULTS We identified 22 infants who fulfilled the inclusion criteria for the study. Detailed cohort characteristics are presented in Table 1. All infants were intubated, mechanically ventilated and had received surfactant before iNO was started. Ventilation and cardiovascular support were conducted according to individual patient needs and usual departmental practice with 7/22 of the babies receiving high frequency oscillatory ventilation and 15/22 receiving inotropes. Seventeen of the 22 infants had point of care echocardiography examination before starting iNO and 16 had findings consistent with pulmonary hypertension. INO therapy was started at a median (interquartile range) age of 3 (2–4) hours. More details regarding iNO therapy are available in Table 1. OI dropped significantly 1 h post iNO initiation with a further gradual decrease after 24 h of iNO therapy. Initially, we observed a significant increase in PaO2 1 h after starting iNO without change in mean airway pressure, followed by a significant decrease in mean airway pressure 24 h later. Nineteen out of 22 babies survived to discharge. Two infants had multiple organ failure resulting in death at 3 and 5 days, respectively and one infant died of pulmonary hemorrhage associated with early onset sepsis at 6 h of age. All outcomes are summarized in Table 2. © 2015 Nature America, Inc.

We have identified three cases fulfilling the inclusion criteria, who did not get iNO treatment. Unfortunately, all of them passed away within the first day of life. These patients’ characteristics seem to have been similar to those receiving iNO, with the best OI 26.7 ± 8.4 as compared to the pre-iNO OI in the iNO group 29.7 ± 15.2. However, the number of such cases is very small and thus the data cannot be presented as a full comparative study. DISCUSSION All the infants, whose cases we present, had a substantially high mortality risk. We felt an ethical obligation to commence iNO as a potential rescue therapy, while being aware of the current lack of evidence to support our decision. The OI decreased significantly at both 1 and 24 h after starting iNO treatment, indicating a substantial improvement in the initial respiratory disease. Although the infants in our cohort had worse oxygenation than those in the iNO arm of a large randomized trial of 420 infants o1500 g with respiratory failure (PiNO; mean OI 29.7 versus 23), the outcomes, even given the small sample size, appear favorable.15 The composite outcome of CLD or death in our cohort was 64% compared to 80% in the iNO arm of the PiNO trial, Journal of Perinatology (2015), 304 – 306

Inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants J Semberova et al

306 severe intraventricular hemorrhage/periventricular leukomalacia occurred in 29% compared to 39%, respectively. Our results are in agreement with the published outcomes of the PiNO trial subset of cases born after prolonged PPROM,5 suggesting that this specific subpopulation might benefit from iNO. The question remains whether the incidence of CLD and the number of severe morbidities would be lower if these babies had been stabilized earlier, that is, if iNO was not used only as an ultimate rescue therapy and instead was started after the first dose of surfactant in a baby unresponsive to other measures. In our cohort, infants born between the years 2007 and 2009 received significantly more surfactant doses prior to the commencement of iNO, with 50% (5/10) receiving three doses, as opposed to only 8% (1/12) in the years 2010 to 2012 (P = 0.05). The outcomes of both groups are similar in terms of the rate of death or CLD (70% in 2007 to 2009 and 58% in 2010 to 2012, respectively; P = 0.61), with a significant decrease in the incidence of severe intraventricular hemorrhage/ periventricular leukomalacia (50% in 2007 to 2009 versus 9% in 2010 to 2012, respectively; P = 0.05). CONCLUSION This case series contributes to the existing evidence illustrating the benefit of iNO therapy in a subgroup of preterm infants born with a history of prolonged PPROM, oligohydramnios and suspected pulmonary hypoplasia. Larger randomized trials are desirable. In the meantime, given the evidence currently available, we would advocate iNO treatment in this particular population. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare no conflict of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by the EU FP7/2007–2013 under grant agreement no. 260777 (The HIP trial).

REFERENCES 1 Barrington KJ, Finer N. Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; (12): CD000509.

Journal of Perinatology (2015), 304 – 306

2 Askie LM, Ballard RA, Cutter GR, Dani C, Elbourne D, Field D et al. Inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants: an individual patient data meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pediatrics 2011; 128: 729–739. 3 Cole FS, Alleyne C, Barks JD, Boyle RJ, Carrol JL, Dokken D et al. NIH Consensus Development Conference statement: inhaled nitric-oxide therapy for premature infants. Pediatrics 2011; 127: 363–369. 4 Kilbride HW, Thibeault DW. Neonatal complications of preterm premature rupture of membranes. pathophysiology and management. Clin Perinatol 2001; 28: 761–785. 5 Chock VY, Van Meurs KP, Hintz SR, Ehrenkranz RA, Lemons JA, Kendrick DE et al. NICHD Neonatal Research Network Inhaled nitric oxide for preterm premature rupture of membranes, oligohydramnios, and pulmonary hypoplasia. Am J Perinatol 2009; 26: 317–322. 6 Geary C, Whitsett J. Inhaled nitric oxide for oligohydramnios induced pulmonary hypoplasia: a report of two cases and review of the literature. J Perinatol 2002; 22: 82–85. 7 Aikio O, Metsola J, Vuolteenaho R, Perhomaa M, Hallman M. Transient defect in nitric oxide generation after rupture of fetal membranes and responsiveness to inhaled nitric oxide in very preterm infants with hypoxic respiratory failure. J Pediatr 2012; 161: 397–403. 8 Kabra NS, Kluckow MR, Powell J. Nitric oxide in preterm infant with pulmonary hypoplasia. Indian J Pediatr 2004; 71: 427–429. 9 Peliowski A, Finer NN, Etches PC, Tierney AJ, Ryan CA. Inhaled nitric oxide for premature infants after prolonged rupture of membranes. J Pediatr 1995; 126: 450–453. 10 Williams O, Hutchings G, Debieve F, Debauche C. Contemporary neonatal outcome following rupture of membranes prior to 25 weeks with prolonged oligohydramnios. Early Hum Dev 2009; 85: 273–277. 11 Welzing L, Bagci S, Abramian A, Bartmann P, Berg C, Mueller A. CPAP combined with inhaled nitric oxide for treatment of lung hypoplasia and persistent foetal circulation due to prolonged PPROM. Early Hum Dev 2011; 87: 17–20. 12 Uga N, Ishii T, Kawase Y, Arai H, Tada H. Nitric oxide inhalation therapy in very low-birthweight infants with hypoplastic lung due to oligohydramnios. Pediatr Int 2004; 46: 10–14. 13 The International Neonatal Network. The CRIB (clinical risk index for babies) score: a tool for assessing initial neonatal risk and comparing performance of neonatal intensive care units. Lancet 1993; 342: 193–198. 14 Parry G, Tucker J, Tarnow-Mordi W. UK Neonatal Staffing Study Collaborative Group CRIB II: an update of the clinical risk index for babies score. Lancet 2003; 361: 1789–1791. 15 Van Meurs KP, Wright L, Ehrenkranz RA, Lemons JA, Ball MB, Poole WK et al. Inhaled nitric oxide for premature infants with severe respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 13–22.

© 2015 Nature America, Inc.

Inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants with prolonged preterm rupture of the membranes: a case series.

The available evidence does not support the routine use of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) in the care of premature infants. We present a case series of 22...
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