This article was downloaded by: [North Carolina State University] On: 27 February 2015, At: 21:57 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B: Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/lesb20
Influence of pesticides on acetylene reduction and growth of microorganisms in an organic soil C. M. Tu
a
a
Research Institute , Agriculture Canada , London, Ontario, Canada , N6A 5B7 Published online: 14 Nov 2008.
To cite this article: C. M. Tu (1979) Influence of pesticides on acetylene reduction and growth of microorganisms in an organic soil , Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B: Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes, 14:6, 617-624, DOI: 10.1080/03601237909372155 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601237909372155
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions
Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 21:57 27 February 2015
and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/termsand-conditions
J . ENVIRON. SCI. HEALTH, B 1 4 ( 6 ) , 617-624 (1979)
Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 21:57 27 February 2015
INFLUENCE OF PESTICIDES ON ACETYLENE REDUCTION AND GROWTH OF MICROORGANISMS IN AN ORGANIC SOIL*
KEY WORDS:
Acetylene reduction, organic s o i l , non-symbiotic, nitrogen fixation, pesticides, microorganism
C. M. Tu Research Institute, Agriculture Canada London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
ABSTRACT The effects of 32 pesticides at two concentrations on acetylene reduction (non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation), nitrogen fixers, bacteria and fungi in an organic soil were assessed. pesticide treatments suppressed C H controls.
None of the
reduction as compared to
No significant inhibition of the population of non-
symbiotic nitrogen fixers occurred.
However, stimulatory effects
were observed with treatments of fensulfothion, fonofos, oxamyl, R
R
R
DDR , TeloneR and Telone CR . Bacterial and fungal populations showed temporary declines but all recovered within 7 days to levels similar to or higher than those in the controls.
617 Copyright © 1979 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Neither this work nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
618
TU INTRODUCTION P e s t i c i d e s have been used e x t e n s i v e l y f o r p e s t c o n t r o l i n
agriculture.
Several s t u d i e s
2
> 3> h' 5 > 6 i n d i c a t e t h a t
these
materials have l i t t l e effect on microbial a c t i v i t i e s related to
Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 21:57 27 February 2015
soil f e r t i l i t y .
Information available on the side effects of
these pesticides on nitrogenase activity in soils i s limited. Several workers have noted a delcine in numbers of Azotobacter sp.
in soil following pesticide applications 2,6
that nitrogen fixation would be affected
7
8
> .
an( j
have concluded
This study was
conducted to determine the effects of 32 pesticides on the activity of soil bacteria in acetylene reduction (nitrogen fixation) and on populations of indigenous microorganisms in an organic s o i l . MATERIALS AND METHODS The o r g a n i c s o i l contained 29% t o t a l carbon, 1.92% Kjeldahl n i t r o g e n and had a pH i n w a t e r of 7 . 6 . The f r e s h s o i l was crushed t o p a s s through a 2-mm s i e v e .
Procedures f o r carbon, n i t r o g e n and pH
a n a l y s e s of t h e s o i l samples have been d e s c r i b e d
9
.
Changes i n
t h e s o i l m i c r o f l o r a were determined by p l a t i n g on sodium albuminate agar for bacteria
and on rose bengal-streptomycin agar for fungi' 1 .
Populations of non-symbiotic nitrogen fixers were counted using a glucose-nitrogen free agar at 28 C.
.
Plates were incubated in the dark
The arithmetic means of the t r i p l i c a t e counts were used
to calculate
numbers and a c t i v i t i e s of microorganisms per gram soil
expressed on an oven-dry basis.
With the exception of the fumigants,
the pesticides (Table 1) were a minimum of 94% purity.
Required
amounts of pesticide were applied to the soil using a carrier sand as described by Tu9. R II
The fumigants, DD , Telone , Telone C , Telone
R and Vorlex , were injected directly into the s o i l .
Samples
INFLUENCE OF PESTICIDES IN ORGANIC SOIL Table 1.
Effect of different treatments on populations of non-symbiotic nitrogen fixers in an organic soil (lOVg soil) Ratesi of
Treatment
application
Control Autoclaving Streptomycin Chlorfenvinphos Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Ethion Ethoprop Fensulfothion Fonofos Leptophos Malathion Parathion Phorate Thionazin Triazophos Trichloronat Terbufos Chlordane Dieldrin Lindane Carbofuran Metalkamate Oxamyl Permethrin
0 0 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
DD2 Telone 3 Telone C1* Telone II Vorlex6 Captan Haneb Thiram 2,4-D Nitrapyrin
5
0 0 200 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 300 60 60 60 80 10 10
5 5 30
10 60
5 5
5 S 5 5 5
5 5 5 5
S 5 5 150 30 30 30 40 5
Rates of treatments Low High Incubation period (days)
2
(wg/g)
Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 21:57 27 February 2015
619
10
25 0- 1 27 33 28 27 17 24 52* 85* 28 29 30 34 20 26 21 24 119* 26 22 18 30 39* 38* 46* 43* 43* 41' 34 31 31 33 31 27
7
2
7
22 0* 30 40 72* 46* 27 27 57* 174" 20 22 108* 16 32 31 29 68* 125* 90* 26 23 40 46* 47* 49* 43* 47* 42* 39 33 36 38 31 29
25 0* 27 18 24 24 21 20 36* 85* 25 28 20 27 14 21 14 16 31 26 25
22 0*
15 17 37* 29 41* 38* 37* 33 33 30 29 30 29 19
28 27 81* 30 23 28 218* 185* 14 26 99* 10 29 31 32 11 48* 26 24 18 41* 39* 40*
43* 42* 39* 38* 36* 28 32 31 30 25
••
Significantly different from control P = 0.05. 1 , 3 - d i c h l o r o p r o p e n e , 1,2-dichloropropane and r e l a t e d C3 hydrocarbons m i x t u r e . * 1,3-dichloropropene and r e l a t e d C3 hydrocarbons. ** • 1,3-dichloropropene and r e l a t e d C3 hydrocarbons 85% and c h l o r o p i c r i n 15%. 5 * 1,3-dichloropropene 92% and r e l a t e d C 3 h y d r o c a r b o n s . 6 * 1,3-dichloropropene and r e l a t e d C3 hydrocarbons 80%, and methyl i s o t h i o c y a n a t e 20%. 2# 3
treated with (NH ) SO -N and Urea-N at levels of 50 and 100 yg/g streptomycin at 100 and 200 yg/g, and steam autoclaving were
prepared to compare their effects with those of the pesticides. (NHi))2S0it, urea and streptomycin were mixed thoroughly in the soil with carrier sand.
Twenty-gram portions of each soil sample were
weighed into 100-ml serum bottles equipped with rubber stoppers. Each sample was brought to 60% of moisture-holding capacity with
620 sterile distilled water and sealed with an aluminum seal.
An
untreated sample was autoclaved at 121 C for 7 h daily on 4 successive days.
All samples in the serum bottles were evacuated
and flushed for at least 30 min with a mixture of carbon dioxide +
Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 21:57 27 February 2015
oxygen + argon (0.4:22:77.6).
For the assay of ethylene (C^Hi,)
production by gas chromatography, samples received 1 ml of purified acetylene (C 2 H2).
In addition to the controls, soil samples without
C 2 H 2 were included to measure endogenous formation of C2H4. Samples were incubated at 28 C in the dark for 2 and 7 days.
A
0.5-ml gas sample was removed by a syringe after pumping the syringe several times to equilibrate the gas mixture in the bottle. Ethylene formation was determined by gas chromatography12.
The
Capacity of soil samples to reduce C2H2 to C2H
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B: Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/lesb20
Influence of pesticides on acetylene reduction and growth of microorganisms in an organic soil C. M. Tu
a
a
Research Institute , Agriculture Canada , London, Ontario, Canada , N6A 5B7 Published online: 14 Nov 2008.
To cite this article: C. M. Tu (1979) Influence of pesticides on acetylene reduction and growth of microorganisms in an organic soil , Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B: Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes, 14:6, 617-624, DOI: 10.1080/03601237909372155 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601237909372155
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions
Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 21:57 27 February 2015
and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/termsand-conditions
J . ENVIRON. SCI. HEALTH, B 1 4 ( 6 ) , 617-624 (1979)
Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 21:57 27 February 2015
INFLUENCE OF PESTICIDES ON ACETYLENE REDUCTION AND GROWTH OF MICROORGANISMS IN AN ORGANIC SOIL*
KEY WORDS:
Acetylene reduction, organic s o i l , non-symbiotic, nitrogen fixation, pesticides, microorganism
C. M. Tu Research Institute, Agriculture Canada London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
ABSTRACT The effects of 32 pesticides at two concentrations on acetylene reduction (non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation), nitrogen fixers, bacteria and fungi in an organic soil were assessed. pesticide treatments suppressed C H controls.
None of the
reduction as compared to
No significant inhibition of the population of non-
symbiotic nitrogen fixers occurred.
However, stimulatory effects
were observed with treatments of fensulfothion, fonofos, oxamyl, R
R
R
DDR , TeloneR and Telone CR . Bacterial and fungal populations showed temporary declines but all recovered within 7 days to levels similar to or higher than those in the controls.
617 Copyright © 1979 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Neither this work nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
618
TU INTRODUCTION P e s t i c i d e s have been used e x t e n s i v e l y f o r p e s t c o n t r o l i n
agriculture.
Several s t u d i e s
2
> 3> h' 5 > 6 i n d i c a t e t h a t
these
materials have l i t t l e effect on microbial a c t i v i t i e s related to
Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 21:57 27 February 2015
soil f e r t i l i t y .
Information available on the side effects of
these pesticides on nitrogenase activity in soils i s limited. Several workers have noted a delcine in numbers of Azotobacter sp.
in soil following pesticide applications 2,6
that nitrogen fixation would be affected
7
8
> .
an( j
have concluded
This study was
conducted to determine the effects of 32 pesticides on the activity of soil bacteria in acetylene reduction (nitrogen fixation) and on populations of indigenous microorganisms in an organic s o i l . MATERIALS AND METHODS The o r g a n i c s o i l contained 29% t o t a l carbon, 1.92% Kjeldahl n i t r o g e n and had a pH i n w a t e r of 7 . 6 . The f r e s h s o i l was crushed t o p a s s through a 2-mm s i e v e .
Procedures f o r carbon, n i t r o g e n and pH
a n a l y s e s of t h e s o i l samples have been d e s c r i b e d
9
.
Changes i n
t h e s o i l m i c r o f l o r a were determined by p l a t i n g on sodium albuminate agar for bacteria
and on rose bengal-streptomycin agar for fungi' 1 .
Populations of non-symbiotic nitrogen fixers were counted using a glucose-nitrogen free agar at 28 C.
.
Plates were incubated in the dark
The arithmetic means of the t r i p l i c a t e counts were used
to calculate
numbers and a c t i v i t i e s of microorganisms per gram soil
expressed on an oven-dry basis.
With the exception of the fumigants,
the pesticides (Table 1) were a minimum of 94% purity.
Required
amounts of pesticide were applied to the soil using a carrier sand as described by Tu9. R II
The fumigants, DD , Telone , Telone C , Telone
R and Vorlex , were injected directly into the s o i l .
Samples
INFLUENCE OF PESTICIDES IN ORGANIC SOIL Table 1.
Effect of different treatments on populations of non-symbiotic nitrogen fixers in an organic soil (lOVg soil) Ratesi of
Treatment
application
Control Autoclaving Streptomycin Chlorfenvinphos Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Ethion Ethoprop Fensulfothion Fonofos Leptophos Malathion Parathion Phorate Thionazin Triazophos Trichloronat Terbufos Chlordane Dieldrin Lindane Carbofuran Metalkamate Oxamyl Permethrin
0 0 100 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
DD2 Telone 3 Telone C1* Telone II Vorlex6 Captan Haneb Thiram 2,4-D Nitrapyrin
5
0 0 200 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 300 60 60 60 80 10 10
5 5 30
10 60
5 5
5 S 5 5 5
5 5 5 5
S 5 5 150 30 30 30 40 5
Rates of treatments Low High Incubation period (days)
2
(wg/g)
Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 21:57 27 February 2015
619
10
25 0- 1 27 33 28 27 17 24 52* 85* 28 29 30 34 20 26 21 24 119* 26 22 18 30 39* 38* 46* 43* 43* 41' 34 31 31 33 31 27
7
2
7
22 0* 30 40 72* 46* 27 27 57* 174" 20 22 108* 16 32 31 29 68* 125* 90* 26 23 40 46* 47* 49* 43* 47* 42* 39 33 36 38 31 29
25 0* 27 18 24 24 21 20 36* 85* 25 28 20 27 14 21 14 16 31 26 25
22 0*
15 17 37* 29 41* 38* 37* 33 33 30 29 30 29 19
28 27 81* 30 23 28 218* 185* 14 26 99* 10 29 31 32 11 48* 26 24 18 41* 39* 40*
43* 42* 39* 38* 36* 28 32 31 30 25
••
Significantly different from control P = 0.05. 1 , 3 - d i c h l o r o p r o p e n e , 1,2-dichloropropane and r e l a t e d C3 hydrocarbons m i x t u r e . * 1,3-dichloropropene and r e l a t e d C3 hydrocarbons. ** • 1,3-dichloropropene and r e l a t e d C3 hydrocarbons 85% and c h l o r o p i c r i n 15%. 5 * 1,3-dichloropropene 92% and r e l a t e d C 3 h y d r o c a r b o n s . 6 * 1,3-dichloropropene and r e l a t e d C3 hydrocarbons 80%, and methyl i s o t h i o c y a n a t e 20%. 2# 3
treated with (NH ) SO -N and Urea-N at levels of 50 and 100 yg/g streptomycin at 100 and 200 yg/g, and steam autoclaving were
prepared to compare their effects with those of the pesticides. (NHi))2S0it, urea and streptomycin were mixed thoroughly in the soil with carrier sand.
Twenty-gram portions of each soil sample were
weighed into 100-ml serum bottles equipped with rubber stoppers. Each sample was brought to 60% of moisture-holding capacity with
620 sterile distilled water and sealed with an aluminum seal.
An
untreated sample was autoclaved at 121 C for 7 h daily on 4 successive days.
All samples in the serum bottles were evacuated
and flushed for at least 30 min with a mixture of carbon dioxide +
Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 21:57 27 February 2015
oxygen + argon (0.4:22:77.6).
For the assay of ethylene (C^Hi,)
production by gas chromatography, samples received 1 ml of purified acetylene (C 2 H2).
In addition to the controls, soil samples without
C 2 H 2 were included to measure endogenous formation of C2H4. Samples were incubated at 28 C in the dark for 2 and 7 days.
A
0.5-ml gas sample was removed by a syringe after pumping the syringe several times to equilibrate the gas mixture in the bottle. Ethylene formation was determined by gas chromatography12.
The
Capacity of soil samples to reduce C2H2 to C2H
