Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
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Research Paper
Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Sudhanoti district (AJK), Pakistan Muhammad Ishtiaq a, Adeel Mahmood b,n, Mehwish Maqbool a a
Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science &Technology (MUST) Bhimber Campus, Bhimber Azad Kashmir, Pakistan Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
b
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 4 November 2014 Received in revised form 26 January 2015 Accepted 31 January 2015
Ethnobotanical study was aimed to document indigenous medicinal plants along with the ethnophar- Q2 macological therapeutic values, and to explore the frequencies and relative importance of reported plants. Objective of this study was to trace out the disease prevalence pattern with help of informant consensus factor. Material and method: Visual appraisal approach (VAA) and rapid rural appraisal (RRA) methods along with the group meetings and discussions about wide range of topics in an open-ended questionnaire with local people were employed for collection of qualitative ethnomedicinal data. Results and discussion: Current study reported 58 medicinal plants belonging to 33 families, where Rosaceae was the predominant family. Berberis lycium dominated among shrubs, which is used to treat liver problems (jaundice). Females and old people were found more allied to the indigenous healthcare system. Conservation threats to valued medicinal plants were detected during course of the study. Conclusion: Local communities of the study area are highly dependent on medicinal plants and reported the best therapeutic results for specific disorders. Urgent attention must be paid on conservation of medicinal flora, comprehensive documentation of indigenous medicinal knowledge and pharmacological/phytochemical validation of reported plants for specific diseases. & 2015 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
Keywords: Indigenous knowledge Ethnomedicines Information consensus factor Use value Azad Kashmir Pakistan
1. Introduction Since the origin of mankind, plants have been utilized to cope with health problems to sustain lives because of their ritual oddity and hallucinogenic character (Martin, 1995; Malik et al., 2005). As early as Neanderthal man, plants were believed to have curative power, whereas the earliest use was reported in Babylonian circa 1770 BC (WHO, 2002). Asian countries are well-known across the world for their medicinal flora and indigenous implications of plants (Patel, 2012) and contributed a significant literature in the field of pharmacology and pharmacognosy (Cox, 2000; Ishtiaq and Khan 2008). Exploration and documentation (ethnopharmacological) of endemic and exotic flora are imperative, as plants are part and parcel of folkloric medical and herbal therapies with their historical and cultural perspectives across the globe (Qureshi et al., 2009). Pakistan, part of south Asia, has been endowed with diversified medicinal vegetation. There are about 6000 species of wild plants from which 600–2000 have been used in folklore
n
Corresponding author. Tel.: þ 92 333 5805776. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Mahmood).
medicines (Ishtiaq et al., 2007). In recent years, interests on quantitative ethnomedicinal documentation based on microstatistical tools are increasing, though a limited number of reports on quantitative ethnomedicinal knowledge are available. (Mahmood et al., 2012, 2013; Ullah et al., 2013; Saqib et al., 2014;). However, attentions are being paid on qualitative ethnomedicinal and ethnobotanical research from different areas of Pakistan and numerous reports reflect the worth of indigenous medicinal knowledge from the country (Shinwari and Khan, 2000; Qureshi and Khan, 2001; Malik et al., 2005; Ishtiaq et al., 2006a, b; Qureshi et al., 2006; Ibrar et al., 2007; Ishtiaq et al., 2007, Ishtiaq and Khan 2008; Mahmood et al., 2011a, b, c, d). Based on the scarcity of quantitative ethnopharmacological data from Pakistan, this study was aimed to document indigenous medicinal plants along with the ethnopharmacological therapeutic values and to explore the frequencies and relative use values of reported plants from Sudhanoti district (Pallandri) of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan. Objective of this study was also to trace out the disease prevalence pattern with the help of informant consensus factor. To the best of our knowledge, the current study is the first report on quantitative ethnomedicinal knowledge reflecting the use of micro-statistical tools.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.054 0378-8741/& 2015 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
Please cite this article as: Ishtiaq, M., et al., Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Sudhanoti district (AJK), Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.054i
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M. Ishtiaq et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
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were identified by Dr. Muhammad Ishtiaq (Plant Taxonomist), Department of Botany, MUST. Voucher specimens were submitted in same herbarium after verifying their identification by matching with the Flora of Pakistan (Ali and Nasir, 1989–1991; Ali and Qaiser 1993–2011).
2. Materials and method 2.1. Study area District Sudhanoti (Pallandri), AJK, Pakistan was selected as the study area that lies between 33.71 latitude and 73.68 longitude in foots of Himalaya with an elevation of 5400 feet (Fig. 1). The study area comprises of hills and mountains along with small valleys and plains, comprising a total area of about 5695 km2. During summer and winter season temperature ranges between 20 and 35 1C and 5 and 20 1C, respectively. 2.2. Data collection
2.4. Data analysis The reliability and validity of ethnomedicinal information were checked and supported by different micro-statistical tools i.e. frequency of citation (FC), use value (UV) and informant consensus
Table 1 Frequency of respondents to questionnaires in research area (Pallandri).
Before conducting this study, random and planned preliminary visits were made during 2010–2011. Visual appraisal approach (VAA) and rapid rural appraisal (RRA) methods were employed for data collection during the final survey from July 2011 to January 2012. Group meetings and discussions on wide range of topics in an open-ended questionnaire with local people were arranged for collection of qualitative ethnomedicinal information. Mr. Ishtiaq was well aware with the local language (Pharri) of the study area which eases in communication with informants and permits accurate recording of data. A total of 267 people were interviewed and information regarding to age group, gender, marital status and literacy is presented in Table 1.
S. no.
Respondents
1
Demographic status: Indigenous Migrants Gender: Male Female Literacy rate: Primary school Middle school High school College University Illiterate Marital status: Single Married Age: 10–25 years 26–40 years 41–60 years 61 above years Total informant interviewed
2
3
4
2.3. Collection and identification of plants Plants used by local communities and herbal specialists were collected from the study area and transported to the Herbarium of Botany department, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur, AJK, Pakistan for further processing. Plants were dried, pressed, poisoned with 1% HgCl2 solution, mounted on herbarium sheets, and assessed for further correspondence. Herbarium specimens
5
6
Frequency
67% 33% 70% 30% 15% 12% 10% 08% 02% 53% 18% 82% 05% 15% 48% 32% 267
Fig. 1. Location map of the study area showing the surveyed area.
Please cite this article as: Ishtiaq, M., et al., Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Sudhanoti district (AJK), Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.054i
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factor (ICF) techniques with personal computer (Sadeghi et al., 2014). 2.4.1. Frequency of citation (FC) Information of specific plant species reported by informants with respect to indigenous medicinal information was determined frequency of citation. 2.4.2. Use value (UV) Relative importance of reported plants was calculated by formula given as (Phillips and Gentry, 1993) follows: X UVi ¼ Ui=Ni Here, Ui ¼number of use reports by each informer for specific plant species i. Ni¼the total number of informer interviewed for specific plant species i. 2.4.3. Informant consensus factor (ICF) Informant consensus factor (ICF) was calculated for aliments to identify the agreements of the informants on the reported remedies. ICF was calculated as ICF ¼
nur nt nur 1
where nur is number of used citations in each category and nt is the number of species used for specific disease.
3. Results and discussions 3.1. Demographic information The impact of literacy rate was imperative and it does exert effects, because majority of the population was not educated. Educated people were more allied to the modern healthcare system and allopathic medicines while illiterate and indigenous people/communities were more allied to the indigenous healthcare system depending upon medicinal plants. Young generation of the study area seems to be not paying attention to indigenous knowledge; the people from age group of 40–60 and 460 were found more knowledgeable (Table 1). 3.2. Diversity of medicinal plants The study area was found diversified with medicinal flora, which is a traditional source of medicines to treat different diseases. In this study, 58 medicinal plants belonging to 33 families were reported where Rosaceae was the predominant family (Table 2). Berberis lycium dominated among shrubs and used to treat liver problems (jaundice). 3.3. Herbal therapies and preparations Reported medicinal plants were used against more than 40 disorders including liver problems, cardiac disorders, initial stages of cancer and diabetes (Table 2). Total 7, 6, 3 and 13 plant species were found effective against liver problems, cardiac disorders, initial stages of cancer and diabetes, respectively. Different parts of reported plants were used to prepare indigenous medicines; among plant parts roots were found as favored part used with 31% usage in local indigenous therapies/preparations followed by leaves (28%), bark (21%), seeds (18%), flowers (8%) and resins/latex (4%). Roots are used mostly in herbal preparation which is a threat to medicinal flora in term of conservation (Kunwar et al., 2006; Mahmood et al., 2012; Mahmood et al., 2013). In an earlier study
3
67 conducted in Leepa valley, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan it 68 has been reported that extensive use of roots (Saussuria lappa) in 69 herbal therapies resulted threats of extinction to this species. Now 70 Saussuria lappa has been declared as the threatened species in 71 Pakistan (Saqib et al., 2014). Infusion, decoction, powder, extracts, 72 juice or mixed preparations with other dietary items like milk, 73 honey or water were common herbal preparations in the study 74 area and detailed process of preparation was described in pre75 viously published reports from other parts of Pakistan (Saqib et al., 76 2014, Ullah et al., 2013, Mahmood et al., 2013). Powder from roots 77 of Lycium vulgare found effective for wound healing while root 78 extract of Momordica charantia has been used against diabetes. 79 Leaves decoction of Mentha longifolia has been used extensively for 80 stomach problems and skin problems (emollient) and Melia 81 azardarch leaves extract was reported to be effective against 82 diabetes. Melia azardarch was also reported to treat fever and 83 these reported uses were in accordance to a previously published report by Martin (2005). Bulb of Allium cepa was employed as anti- Q5 84 85 bacterial agent and to treat dysentery, while, Memordica charantia 86 was considered as tonic agent for diabetes and uric acid disorders. 87 Plants (Prunus persica, Psidium guava, Punica granatum, Vitis 88 vinifera) exhibiting tonic properties were the fruit yielding plants 89 and considered as rich source of vitamins. 90 91 3.4. Mode of application 92 93 Herbal medicines were administration orally (480) followed 94 by the topical, paste, drop and brush as mode of application. Oral 95 ingestion of medicines is considered the best mode of application 96 for the ailment treatments (Mahmood et al., 2013); however 97 topical therapy is considered effective for physical traumas and 98 skin problems. For oral mode of application mono therapeutic 99 techniques for medication were observed common along with the 100 multi-therapeutic techniques. The number of plants for specific disorders varies from one to many and multiple plants were 101 reported to be effective against a single disease (Fig. 2). 102 103 3.5. Relative importance of medicinal plants 104 105 To evaluate the relative importance of reported medicinal 106 plants use values (UV) were calculated based on the informants' 107 citations for specific under study plant. Results of this study 108 depicted that Eucalyptus globulus exhibited higher UV i.e. 0.82, 109 followed by the Ficus bengalensis (0.81), Derris elliptica (0.78), 110 Achyranthus aspera (0.75), Musa paradisiac, Momordica charantia, 111 Delbergia sissoo (0.74) and Mentha spicata (0.73). Least UV was 112 exhibited by the Vitis vinifera and Pinus roxburgii i.e. 0.01 and this 113 increasing trend was found as follow; Phyllanthus emblica, Eugenia 114 jambolana (0.02), Prunus domesticus (0.04), Rubus Fruticasus (0.06), 115 and Helianthus annuus (0.08). It was noticed that medicinal plants 116 exhibiting higher UV were found frequently in the study area and 117 practiced in herbal therapies with higher frequencies than other 118 plants. Diversity of medicinal plants with lower UV was found 119 limited. These findings were not promising with the previously 120 published report from Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Leepa Valley 121 (Mahmood et al., 2012). Pinus roxburgii was found among the 122 dominating plants of the study area and people's trend for Pinus 123 roxburgii was allied to timber, fuel, shelter and construction 124 purposes while theme of this study was ethnopharmacological 125 relevance, which leads this plant among least used medicinal 126 127 plant. Observations of UVs in this study were in accordance to previously published reports from different regions of Pakistan 128 129 (Waziristan, Kotli Sattian, Gujranwala, Layyah and Cholistan desert) and Iran (Sistan, Sarvan), India and Kenya (Muthe et al., 130 131 2011; Mahmood et al., 2013; Ullah et al., 2013; Saqib et al., 2014; Sadeghi et al., 2014). 132
Please cite this article as: Ishtiaq, M., et al., Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Sudhanoti district (AJK), Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.054i
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S. no. Plant species and voucher no. Family name
Local name
a
Habit/ habitat
Flowering period
b
Part used
c
1
Solanaceae
Putkanda
WH
March–Apr
R, L
T, P
Liliaceae Liliaceae Apocynaceae
Piaz Lehsan Garanda
CH CH WH
March–Apr March–Apr Feb–May
Asteraceae
Thistle
WH
Feb–May
B, B, R, F R,
Rutaceae Asclepiadaceae
Leman Aak
CS WH
Feb–May Feb–May
Caesalpiniaceae Amaltas Berberidaceae Sumbloo
WT WS
Apiaceae
Dhania
Rosaceae Meliaceae Fabaceae
Bai Dana Tun Kanera
Solanaceae Cuscutaceae Papilionaceae
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Achyranthus aspera L. MUH1422 Allium cepa L. MUH-1354 Allium sativum L. MUH-1360 Carica opaca L. MUH-1340 Cnicus benedictus Drumn. MUH-1420 Citrus medica L. MUH-1353 Calotropis procera Ait MUH1355 Cassia fistula L. MUH-1388 Lycium vulgare Royle MUH1345 Corriandrium sativum L. MUH1390 Cydonia vulgaris L. MUH-1385 Cedrela toona Roxb MUH-1415 Derris elliptica Wallich. MUH1343 Datura alba Nees MUH-1419 Cuscta reflexa Roxb. MUH-1394 Delbergia sissoo Roxb MUH1409 Ficus bengalensis L. MUH-1380
RP
d
FC
20
e
UV Indigenous medicinal use
0.75 Purification of blood, bladder disorders and massage for joint pain
L O, T, P 17 L O, T, P 19 Latex, O, P, B 15
0.43 Anti-bacterial, dysentery cure, stung cure, bruise and pimples 0.51 Anti-hypertension, anti-hyperglycemia, stung cure, piles, pimples 0.66 Jaundice medicare, toothache, mastitis, and vermifuge
F, L
14
0.64 Cure liver disorder, and diuretic
T, O
18 13
0.45 To lower B.P., reduce obesity, anti-hyperglycemia, as rich source of vitamin C 0.33 Anti-rheumatic, Infection cure, cure T. B., and anti-snake poison
Feb–May Apr–Sep
F, Fl O, P Mlt, L, R, P, T, O F F, R O, T F, R O, P, T
12 16
0.60 Anti-constipation and chest infection, cure joint pain 0.66 To cure jaundice, cancer and healing of wounds
CH
Feb–May
F, L, R
17
WH WT WH
Apr–Sep Feb–May Feb–May
F, R, L O, T, P 12 R, F, Wd T, P 18 R, S, L O, P, B 11
0.64 Used against jaundice, stomach disorders. Jaundice, stomach disorders. 0.63 Anti-jaundice, anecdote and body vigor, lumbar pain 0.51 Antifungal, Antispasmodic, worm killer, allergy 0.78 Toothache, cure cardiovascular disorders, anti-hyperglycemia
Datoora WH Neeltharee WC Taali WT
Aug–Dec Mar–June
F, L, Mlt S Brk, R, F
P, B, T 16 P, B, T 15 P, T, O 11
0.09 To cure renal disorders, antispasmodic, snake bite, veterinary medicare 0.11 To purify blood and increase skin fairness, joint pain 0.74 Anti-diabetic, antimicrobial cure, to cure eyes infections, anti-allergy
Moraceae
Bor
WT
Sep–Dec
Mlt, F, L
0.81 Anti- jaundice, to cure menstrual disorders, to cure night-fall, spermatogenesis, lumbar pain
Ficus carica L. MUH-1397 Foeniculum vulgare Miller MUH-1391 Gymnema sylvestres Rbr.ex Schult MUH-1376 Eclipta alba L. MUH-1411 Eucalyptus globulus Labill MUH-1347 Helianthus annuus L. MUH1404 Jasminum humile L. MUH-1424 Justatia adhatoda L. MUH-1349
Moraceae Apiaceae
Pakwari Sonf
WT WH
Mar–July Feb–Apri
Mlt, F, L S, F, L
O, T, 19 B, P O, T, P 10 O, P, T 13
Asclepiadaceae
Tuma/Gor Mar Andosi Safeeda
WH
Feb–Apri
F, R, L
WH CT
Mar–Apr Mar–Apr
Wp L, F
O, B, P O, P T, P
O, T, B 12
Juglans Regia L. MUH-1412 Lawsonia inermis Robert MUH1378 Luffa cylendrica (L) Room MUH-1436 Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. MUH1375 Mallotus philipiensis Muell MUH-1417 Musa paradisica L. MUH-1393 Melia azardarch L. MUH-1341 Medicago denticalata L. MUH1382
Asteraceae Myrtaceae Asteraceae
O, T
18
0.12 Toothache, stomachache, cure constipation, anti-diabetics 0.69 To cure kidney infections, anti-constipation, treat abdominal pain, to reduce obesity, earache, eye infections, stomachache in neonates 0.14 Anti-rheumatic, anti-diabetic, vermicidal, blood purifier
12 9
0.59 Applied as pain killer, cure mastitis, feet disorders, antifungal 0.82 Anti-infection, cure cold and flu, earache, cure warts
WH
Mar–Apr
S, F, L
Oleaceae Acanthaceae
Suraj Mookhee Yasmine Baikar
WH WS
Mar–Apr Feb–Apr
14 19
0.49 To repellant insects, cure ringworms 0.16 Anti-diabetic, spleen disorders, antibacterial, cure phlegm and cough, appetizer and diuretic
Juglandaceae Lythraceae
Akhroot Heena
WT WS
Apr–May Mar–Apr
Fl, R T, P R, F, S, B O, T, P, B F, Brk, L O, T, B L, F, Brk O, P, T
14 17
0.45 Anti-hyperglycemia, anti-microbial, toothache, Gummosis, piles, syphilis 0.33 Anti- jaundice, to cure burning sensation, vermicidal, hair coloring agent, anti-fungal
Cucurbitaceae
Toori
WH
Mar–Apr
F, R
O, P
16
0.41 Laxative, freshener of hair, anti-peristalsis
Cucurbitaceae
Gya Kadoo WH
Sep–Oct
F, R, L
O, T, B 13
0.10 Diuretic, laxative, blood purifier, cure burns, wounds
Euphorbiaceae
Kameela
WS
Mar–Apr
Kaela Dareek
WH WT
Mar–Sep Mar–Apr
O,T, P, 16 B O, P, B 11 O, T, P 19
0.69 Anti-diarrhea, anti-worms, insecticidal, baiting plant to kill wild animals,
Musaceae Meliaceae
0.74 Antimicrobial, cure whooping cough, constipations, stomach ulcers 0.37 Anti-diabetic, cure throat infections, blood purifier, vermicidal
Fabaceae
Sireeri
WT
Feb–Mar
F, Infl, R, Brk Infl, L, F F, L, Brk, Infl L, F
O, P
0.09 Laxative, cure wounds
16
0.08 Anti-malarial, to lessen cholesterol, used as oil as food
M. Ishtiaq et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
Please cite this article as: Ishtiaq, M., et al., Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Sudhanoti district (AJK), Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.054i
Table 2 Indigenous medicinal plants and medicinal values used by the people of study area.
67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Cucurbitaceae
Kareela
WH
Feb–Mar
F, R, L
O, T
35
Momordica charantia L. MUH1361 Mentha spicata L. MUH-1369
Apiaceae
Podina
WH
Apr–May
L, R
O, P, B 17
36
Morus alba L. MUH-1351
Moraceae
WT
Mar–Apr
F, R
O, B
37
Nigella sativa L. MUH-1392
Nigellaceae
Cheeta Toot Kaloongee
WH
Apr–May
S, L
O, P, B 19
38
Olea ferruginea Royle MUH1402 Phytolacea letsenia L. MUH1429 Pinus roxburgii Sarg. MUH1352 Punica granatum L. MUH-1364 Prunus persica (L) Batsch. MUH-1358 Phyllanthus emblica L. MUH1371 Prunus amygdalus L. MUH-1413 Prunus domesticus L. MUH1414 Pyrus malus L. MUH-1401 Psidium guava L MUH-1363 Ricinius cummunis L. MUH1342 Rosa indica L. MUH-1365 Rubus Fruticasus D.Don. MUH1366 Swertia chiraita L. MUH-1368 Salix babylonica L. MUH-1384 Solanum nigrum L. MUH-1398 Eugenia jambolana Lam. MUH1418 Trigonella foenum-graecum L. MUH-1427 Taraxicum officinale L. MUH1026 Viola odorata L. MUH-1370 Vitis vinifera L MUH-1377
Oleaceae
Kahoo
WT
Arp–May
L, B, S
O, P, T 17
0.41 Anti-infectious, wound healer, anti-hypertension and anti-hyperglycemia. It is known as universal remedy against all diseases except death. 0.68 Anti-flatulence, antispasmodic, anti-paralysis, anti-hyperglycemia
Phytolaceae
Amlok
WS
Mar–Apr
F, L
O, T, P 18
0.09 Anti-burning sensations, healer of wounds, soothing of intestinal pains
Pinaceae
Cheer
WT
Jul–Aug
S, L, R
T, B, P 14
0.01 Bandage of bone fracture, diuretic, quenching of thirst
Punicaceae Rosaceae
Droona Aroo
WT WT
Mar–Apr Mar–Apr
F, R, L F, L
O, T, P 13 O, P 9
0.64 Eyes infections, heart palpitation, anti-jaundice, anti-stung 0.71 Kidney problem, constipation, worm killing, anti-flatulence
Euphorbiaceae
Aamla
WT
Sep–Oct
F, R, L
O, P, B 17
0.02 Anti-jaundice, blood pressure, culinary agent, emollient, rich source of vitamin C
Rosaceae Rosaceae
WT WT
Mar–Apr Mar–Apr
F, B, L F, L
O, P, T 11 O, T 12
0.59 Anti-spasmodic, vermifuge, sex-potent, lumber pain, rheumatic and hair shineness 0.04 Stomach thirst, heart palpitation, blood purifier
Rosaceae Myrtaceae Euphorbiaceae
Badaam Aloo Bhokhara Saib Amrood Narooli
WT CT WS
Mar–Apr Mar–Apr Mar–Apr
F, S, R F, R F, R, L
18 15 19
0.49 Potent vigor, blood purifier, anti-cardiovascular diseases 0.72 Anti-stomachache, cure abdominal pain, appetizer, and anti-constipation 0.19 Cure indigestion, anti-constipation, menstrual disorder, anti-paralysis
Rosaceae Rosaceae
Ghulaab Akhray
WS WS
Mar–Apr Mar–Apr
F, L, Fl F, L
O, P O, B O, P, T, B O, P, T O, T, B
17 14
0.39 Anti-constipation, anti-cholesterol, skin disorders, emollient, of face, perfume 0.06 Anti-jaundice, joint pains, wound healer
Gentianaceae Salicaceae Solanaceae Myrtaceae
Chratia Bainsa Makoo Jaaman
WS WT WH WT
Mar–Apr Sep–Oct Mar–Apr Mar–Apr
F, L, F, F,
O, P, T T, B, P O, T, P O, T, P
13 10 18 13
0.37 0.25 0.33 0.02
Apiaceae
WH
Mar–Apr
L, F, S
O, P
15
0.61 Anti-diarrhea and cure chronic cough, wound healer
Euphorbiaceae
Jangli Methee Haand
WH
Mar–Apr
L, R
P, B, T 18
0.66 Treat stomach, anti-jaundice, anti-tumor, piles, bruises, pimples, blood purifier
Violaceae Vitaceae
Banafshaa Dhaakh
WH WC
Mar–Apr Mar–Apr
Fl, L, R F, R
O, P, T 12 O, T 15
0.29 Anti-flu and cold, cough, Anti-constipation and cure throat infection 0.01 Blood purifier, quencher of thirst, body potency enhancer, anti-phlegm,
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
L R, B L, R R
14
15
0.74 Anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-hyperlipidemia, wound healer 0.73 To cure cough, throat pain, anti-vomiting, indigestion, stomachache, hypertension, obesity and anti-cholesterol 0.53 Anti-tuberculosis, cure cough and throat infections, cure earache
Cure stomach problems, anti-hemodialysis, skin diseases, cure throat infection Antispasmodic, blood purifier, tooth pain, skin cleanser Treat liver enlargement, anti-jaundice, cure eye allergy, renal calculi, vermicidal Anti-diabetes, anti-diarrhea, Anti-peristalysis, ulcer, cure liver disorder
a
Habit and habitat: Wild herb, WH; Wild climber, WC; Wild tree, WT; Wild shrub, WS; Cultivated herb, CH; Cultivated shrub, CS. Roots, R; Leaves, L; Branches, B; Flowers, F; Whole plant, WP; Bulb, Bl; Fruit, Fr; Seed, S; Rhizome, Rh; Bark, Ba; Stem, St; Milky latex, Mlt; Wood, Wd; Pod, P; Gum, Gm; Tuber, T. Rout of application; O, Oral; D, Drop; T, Topical: B, Brush; P, Paste. d FC: Frequency of citation. e UV: Use value.
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Please cite this article as: Ishtiaq, M., et al., Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Sudhanoti district (AJK), Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.054i
34
b c
5
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Fig. 2. Frequency of indigenous plants exhibiting curative activity against specific ailment.
3.6. Informant consensus factor (ICF) To trace out the disease prevalence pattern ICF acts as a good tool. Results of the current study revealed that chest infection was most prevalent in the study area exhibiting ICF value as 0.95 that perhaps, may be due to high altitude, cold climate and snowfall habit of this region. Followed by chest infection, bone fracture was ranked at second position with ICF as 0.87 and its reason may be the hilly terrains and tough routes along with the poor sanitary conditions. Among other most common ailments skin infection plus fever/cold/flu (ICF, 0.85), T.B. (ICF, 0.82), constipation (ICF, 0.78) and stomachic (ICF, 0.75) were observed through ICF calculations (Table 3). Similar results were observed in another study conducted in Saravan, Iran, where cold/fever was the predominant disorders exhibiting high ICF (Sadeghi et al., 2014).
4. Conclusion The current report revealed that the study area is diversified with a variety of plants with potential medicinal values. Reported medicinal plants were used against more than 40 disorders including liver problems, cardiac disorders, initial stages of cancer and diabetes. Unfortunately, medicinal flora is under threat to the extinction as people are unaware about the conservation strategies for future uses. Deforestation, overgrazing, anthropogenic activities, and extensive eradication of medicinal herbs from root, threatened the flora. Kashmir is highly diversified region for medicinal plants between India and Pakistan and the tribal living system across small valleys refined its indigenous knowledge. Previously published reports on indigenous medicinal knowledge from Kashmir revealed that more than 80% of the ailments are still treated by medicinal plants on priority basis. Results of the current report are also an agreement with the later statement and local communities of Pallndri (part of Kashmir) are highly dependent upon medicinal plants and found the best therapeutic results for specific disorder. On the basis of
Table 3 Informant consensus factor (ICF) for medicinal plants. Category
Species (%) All species
Use citation
(%) All citation
ICF
Diabetes Fever/flue/cold Liver problems/jaundice Constipation Menstrual disorder Toothache Arteriosclerosis Cancer (initial stages) Headache Wound healing T.B. Chest infection Blood purification Stomachache Diarrhea Joints infection Ureic acid Skin allergy Burning sensation Bone fracture Blood pressure/anticholesterol
13 03 07 05 04 02 02 03 03 01 02 01 03 09 01 03 02 01 03 02 06
22 06 11 18 10 13 05 08 06 02 06 03 09 33 02 09 07 01 09 09 23
7.26 1.98 3.63 5.94 3.30 4.29 1.65 2.69 1.98 0.66 1.98 0.99 2.97 10.8 0.66 2.97 2.31 0.33 2.97 2.97 7.59
0.42 0.85 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.19 0.75 0.71 0.65 0.45 0.85 0.95 0.75 0.75 0.65 0.75 0.83 0.93 0.75 0.87 0.77
13.2 3.03 3.03 5.05 4.04 2.02 2.02 3.03 3.03 1.01 2.02 1.01 3.03 9.09 1.01 3.03 2.02 1.01 3.03 2.02 6.06
results of the current report urgent attention must be paid for conservation of medicinal flora, comprehensive documentation of indigenous medicinal knowledge and pharmacological/phytochemical validation of reported plants for specific diseases.
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Please cite this article as: Ishtiaq, M., et al., Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Sudhanoti district (AJK), Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.054i
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Please cite this article as: Ishtiaq, M., et al., Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Sudhanoti district (AJK), Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.054i
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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep
Research Paper
Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Sudhanoti district (AJK), Pakistan Muhammad Ishtiaq a, Adeel Mahmood b,n, Mehwish Maqbool a a
Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science &Technology (MUST) Bhimber Campus, Bhimber Azad Kashmir, Pakistan Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
b
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 4 November 2014 Received in revised form 26 January 2015 Accepted 31 January 2015
Ethnobotanical study was aimed to document indigenous medicinal plants along with the ethnophar- Q2 macological therapeutic values, and to explore the frequencies and relative importance of reported plants. Objective of this study was to trace out the disease prevalence pattern with help of informant consensus factor. Material and method: Visual appraisal approach (VAA) and rapid rural appraisal (RRA) methods along with the group meetings and discussions about wide range of topics in an open-ended questionnaire with local people were employed for collection of qualitative ethnomedicinal data. Results and discussion: Current study reported 58 medicinal plants belonging to 33 families, where Rosaceae was the predominant family. Berberis lycium dominated among shrubs, which is used to treat liver problems (jaundice). Females and old people were found more allied to the indigenous healthcare system. Conservation threats to valued medicinal plants were detected during course of the study. Conclusion: Local communities of the study area are highly dependent on medicinal plants and reported the best therapeutic results for specific disorders. Urgent attention must be paid on conservation of medicinal flora, comprehensive documentation of indigenous medicinal knowledge and pharmacological/phytochemical validation of reported plants for specific diseases. & 2015 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
Keywords: Indigenous knowledge Ethnomedicines Information consensus factor Use value Azad Kashmir Pakistan
1. Introduction Since the origin of mankind, plants have been utilized to cope with health problems to sustain lives because of their ritual oddity and hallucinogenic character (Martin, 1995; Malik et al., 2005). As early as Neanderthal man, plants were believed to have curative power, whereas the earliest use was reported in Babylonian circa 1770 BC (WHO, 2002). Asian countries are well-known across the world for their medicinal flora and indigenous implications of plants (Patel, 2012) and contributed a significant literature in the field of pharmacology and pharmacognosy (Cox, 2000; Ishtiaq and Khan 2008). Exploration and documentation (ethnopharmacological) of endemic and exotic flora are imperative, as plants are part and parcel of folkloric medical and herbal therapies with their historical and cultural perspectives across the globe (Qureshi et al., 2009). Pakistan, part of south Asia, has been endowed with diversified medicinal vegetation. There are about 6000 species of wild plants from which 600–2000 have been used in folklore
n
Corresponding author. Tel.: þ 92 333 5805776. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Mahmood).
medicines (Ishtiaq et al., 2007). In recent years, interests on quantitative ethnomedicinal documentation based on microstatistical tools are increasing, though a limited number of reports on quantitative ethnomedicinal knowledge are available. (Mahmood et al., 2012, 2013; Ullah et al., 2013; Saqib et al., 2014;). However, attentions are being paid on qualitative ethnomedicinal and ethnobotanical research from different areas of Pakistan and numerous reports reflect the worth of indigenous medicinal knowledge from the country (Shinwari and Khan, 2000; Qureshi and Khan, 2001; Malik et al., 2005; Ishtiaq et al., 2006a, b; Qureshi et al., 2006; Ibrar et al., 2007; Ishtiaq et al., 2007, Ishtiaq and Khan 2008; Mahmood et al., 2011a, b, c, d). Based on the scarcity of quantitative ethnopharmacological data from Pakistan, this study was aimed to document indigenous medicinal plants along with the ethnopharmacological therapeutic values and to explore the frequencies and relative use values of reported plants from Sudhanoti district (Pallandri) of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan. Objective of this study was also to trace out the disease prevalence pattern with the help of informant consensus factor. To the best of our knowledge, the current study is the first report on quantitative ethnomedicinal knowledge reflecting the use of micro-statistical tools.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.054 0378-8741/& 2015 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
Please cite this article as: Ishtiaq, M., et al., Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Sudhanoti district (AJK), Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.054i
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were identified by Dr. Muhammad Ishtiaq (Plant Taxonomist), Department of Botany, MUST. Voucher specimens were submitted in same herbarium after verifying their identification by matching with the Flora of Pakistan (Ali and Nasir, 1989–1991; Ali and Qaiser 1993–2011).
2. Materials and method 2.1. Study area District Sudhanoti (Pallandri), AJK, Pakistan was selected as the study area that lies between 33.71 latitude and 73.68 longitude in foots of Himalaya with an elevation of 5400 feet (Fig. 1). The study area comprises of hills and mountains along with small valleys and plains, comprising a total area of about 5695 km2. During summer and winter season temperature ranges between 20 and 35 1C and 5 and 20 1C, respectively. 2.2. Data collection
2.4. Data analysis The reliability and validity of ethnomedicinal information were checked and supported by different micro-statistical tools i.e. frequency of citation (FC), use value (UV) and informant consensus
Table 1 Frequency of respondents to questionnaires in research area (Pallandri).
Before conducting this study, random and planned preliminary visits were made during 2010–2011. Visual appraisal approach (VAA) and rapid rural appraisal (RRA) methods were employed for data collection during the final survey from July 2011 to January 2012. Group meetings and discussions on wide range of topics in an open-ended questionnaire with local people were arranged for collection of qualitative ethnomedicinal information. Mr. Ishtiaq was well aware with the local language (Pharri) of the study area which eases in communication with informants and permits accurate recording of data. A total of 267 people were interviewed and information regarding to age group, gender, marital status and literacy is presented in Table 1.
S. no.
Respondents
1
Demographic status: Indigenous Migrants Gender: Male Female Literacy rate: Primary school Middle school High school College University Illiterate Marital status: Single Married Age: 10–25 years 26–40 years 41–60 years 61 above years Total informant interviewed
2
3
4
2.3. Collection and identification of plants Plants used by local communities and herbal specialists were collected from the study area and transported to the Herbarium of Botany department, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur, AJK, Pakistan for further processing. Plants were dried, pressed, poisoned with 1% HgCl2 solution, mounted on herbarium sheets, and assessed for further correspondence. Herbarium specimens
5
6
Frequency
67% 33% 70% 30% 15% 12% 10% 08% 02% 53% 18% 82% 05% 15% 48% 32% 267
Fig. 1. Location map of the study area showing the surveyed area.
Please cite this article as: Ishtiaq, M., et al., Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Sudhanoti district (AJK), Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.054i
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factor (ICF) techniques with personal computer (Sadeghi et al., 2014). 2.4.1. Frequency of citation (FC) Information of specific plant species reported by informants with respect to indigenous medicinal information was determined frequency of citation. 2.4.2. Use value (UV) Relative importance of reported plants was calculated by formula given as (Phillips and Gentry, 1993) follows: X UVi ¼ Ui=Ni Here, Ui ¼number of use reports by each informer for specific plant species i. Ni¼the total number of informer interviewed for specific plant species i. 2.4.3. Informant consensus factor (ICF) Informant consensus factor (ICF) was calculated for aliments to identify the agreements of the informants on the reported remedies. ICF was calculated as ICF ¼
nur nt nur 1
where nur is number of used citations in each category and nt is the number of species used for specific disease.
3. Results and discussions 3.1. Demographic information The impact of literacy rate was imperative and it does exert effects, because majority of the population was not educated. Educated people were more allied to the modern healthcare system and allopathic medicines while illiterate and indigenous people/communities were more allied to the indigenous healthcare system depending upon medicinal plants. Young generation of the study area seems to be not paying attention to indigenous knowledge; the people from age group of 40–60 and 460 were found more knowledgeable (Table 1). 3.2. Diversity of medicinal plants The study area was found diversified with medicinal flora, which is a traditional source of medicines to treat different diseases. In this study, 58 medicinal plants belonging to 33 families were reported where Rosaceae was the predominant family (Table 2). Berberis lycium dominated among shrubs and used to treat liver problems (jaundice). 3.3. Herbal therapies and preparations Reported medicinal plants were used against more than 40 disorders including liver problems, cardiac disorders, initial stages of cancer and diabetes (Table 2). Total 7, 6, 3 and 13 plant species were found effective against liver problems, cardiac disorders, initial stages of cancer and diabetes, respectively. Different parts of reported plants were used to prepare indigenous medicines; among plant parts roots were found as favored part used with 31% usage in local indigenous therapies/preparations followed by leaves (28%), bark (21%), seeds (18%), flowers (8%) and resins/latex (4%). Roots are used mostly in herbal preparation which is a threat to medicinal flora in term of conservation (Kunwar et al., 2006; Mahmood et al., 2012; Mahmood et al., 2013). In an earlier study
3
67 conducted in Leepa valley, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan it 68 has been reported that extensive use of roots (Saussuria lappa) in 69 herbal therapies resulted threats of extinction to this species. Now 70 Saussuria lappa has been declared as the threatened species in 71 Pakistan (Saqib et al., 2014). Infusion, decoction, powder, extracts, 72 juice or mixed preparations with other dietary items like milk, 73 honey or water were common herbal preparations in the study 74 area and detailed process of preparation was described in pre75 viously published reports from other parts of Pakistan (Saqib et al., 76 2014, Ullah et al., 2013, Mahmood et al., 2013). Powder from roots 77 of Lycium vulgare found effective for wound healing while root 78 extract of Momordica charantia has been used against diabetes. 79 Leaves decoction of Mentha longifolia has been used extensively for 80 stomach problems and skin problems (emollient) and Melia 81 azardarch leaves extract was reported to be effective against 82 diabetes. Melia azardarch was also reported to treat fever and 83 these reported uses were in accordance to a previously published report by Martin (2005). Bulb of Allium cepa was employed as anti- Q5 84 85 bacterial agent and to treat dysentery, while, Memordica charantia 86 was considered as tonic agent for diabetes and uric acid disorders. 87 Plants (Prunus persica, Psidium guava, Punica granatum, Vitis 88 vinifera) exhibiting tonic properties were the fruit yielding plants 89 and considered as rich source of vitamins. 90 91 3.4. Mode of application 92 93 Herbal medicines were administration orally (480) followed 94 by the topical, paste, drop and brush as mode of application. Oral 95 ingestion of medicines is considered the best mode of application 96 for the ailment treatments (Mahmood et al., 2013); however 97 topical therapy is considered effective for physical traumas and 98 skin problems. For oral mode of application mono therapeutic 99 techniques for medication were observed common along with the 100 multi-therapeutic techniques. The number of plants for specific disorders varies from one to many and multiple plants were 101 reported to be effective against a single disease (Fig. 2). 102 103 3.5. Relative importance of medicinal plants 104 105 To evaluate the relative importance of reported medicinal 106 plants use values (UV) were calculated based on the informants' 107 citations for specific under study plant. Results of this study 108 depicted that Eucalyptus globulus exhibited higher UV i.e. 0.82, 109 followed by the Ficus bengalensis (0.81), Derris elliptica (0.78), 110 Achyranthus aspera (0.75), Musa paradisiac, Momordica charantia, 111 Delbergia sissoo (0.74) and Mentha spicata (0.73). Least UV was 112 exhibited by the Vitis vinifera and Pinus roxburgii i.e. 0.01 and this 113 increasing trend was found as follow; Phyllanthus emblica, Eugenia 114 jambolana (0.02), Prunus domesticus (0.04), Rubus Fruticasus (0.06), 115 and Helianthus annuus (0.08). It was noticed that medicinal plants 116 exhibiting higher UV were found frequently in the study area and 117 practiced in herbal therapies with higher frequencies than other 118 plants. Diversity of medicinal plants with lower UV was found 119 limited. These findings were not promising with the previously 120 published report from Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Leepa Valley 121 (Mahmood et al., 2012). Pinus roxburgii was found among the 122 dominating plants of the study area and people's trend for Pinus 123 roxburgii was allied to timber, fuel, shelter and construction 124 purposes while theme of this study was ethnopharmacological 125 relevance, which leads this plant among least used medicinal 126 127 plant. Observations of UVs in this study were in accordance to previously published reports from different regions of Pakistan 128 129 (Waziristan, Kotli Sattian, Gujranwala, Layyah and Cholistan desert) and Iran (Sistan, Sarvan), India and Kenya (Muthe et al., 130 131 2011; Mahmood et al., 2013; Ullah et al., 2013; Saqib et al., 2014; Sadeghi et al., 2014). 132
Please cite this article as: Ishtiaq, M., et al., Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Sudhanoti district (AJK), Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.054i
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S. no. Plant species and voucher no. Family name
Local name
a
Habit/ habitat
Flowering period
b
Part used
c
1
Solanaceae
Putkanda
WH
March–Apr
R, L
T, P
Liliaceae Liliaceae Apocynaceae
Piaz Lehsan Garanda
CH CH WH
March–Apr March–Apr Feb–May
Asteraceae
Thistle
WH
Feb–May
B, B, R, F R,
Rutaceae Asclepiadaceae
Leman Aak
CS WH
Feb–May Feb–May
Caesalpiniaceae Amaltas Berberidaceae Sumbloo
WT WS
Apiaceae
Dhania
Rosaceae Meliaceae Fabaceae
Bai Dana Tun Kanera
Solanaceae Cuscutaceae Papilionaceae
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Achyranthus aspera L. MUH1422 Allium cepa L. MUH-1354 Allium sativum L. MUH-1360 Carica opaca L. MUH-1340 Cnicus benedictus Drumn. MUH-1420 Citrus medica L. MUH-1353 Calotropis procera Ait MUH1355 Cassia fistula L. MUH-1388 Lycium vulgare Royle MUH1345 Corriandrium sativum L. MUH1390 Cydonia vulgaris L. MUH-1385 Cedrela toona Roxb MUH-1415 Derris elliptica Wallich. MUH1343 Datura alba Nees MUH-1419 Cuscta reflexa Roxb. MUH-1394 Delbergia sissoo Roxb MUH1409 Ficus bengalensis L. MUH-1380
RP
d
FC
20
e
UV Indigenous medicinal use
0.75 Purification of blood, bladder disorders and massage for joint pain
L O, T, P 17 L O, T, P 19 Latex, O, P, B 15
0.43 Anti-bacterial, dysentery cure, stung cure, bruise and pimples 0.51 Anti-hypertension, anti-hyperglycemia, stung cure, piles, pimples 0.66 Jaundice medicare, toothache, mastitis, and vermifuge
F, L
14
0.64 Cure liver disorder, and diuretic
T, O
18 13
0.45 To lower B.P., reduce obesity, anti-hyperglycemia, as rich source of vitamin C 0.33 Anti-rheumatic, Infection cure, cure T. B., and anti-snake poison
Feb–May Apr–Sep
F, Fl O, P Mlt, L, R, P, T, O F F, R O, T F, R O, P, T
12 16
0.60 Anti-constipation and chest infection, cure joint pain 0.66 To cure jaundice, cancer and healing of wounds
CH
Feb–May
F, L, R
17
WH WT WH
Apr–Sep Feb–May Feb–May
F, R, L O, T, P 12 R, F, Wd T, P 18 R, S, L O, P, B 11
0.64 Used against jaundice, stomach disorders. Jaundice, stomach disorders. 0.63 Anti-jaundice, anecdote and body vigor, lumbar pain 0.51 Antifungal, Antispasmodic, worm killer, allergy 0.78 Toothache, cure cardiovascular disorders, anti-hyperglycemia
Datoora WH Neeltharee WC Taali WT
Aug–Dec Mar–June
F, L, Mlt S Brk, R, F
P, B, T 16 P, B, T 15 P, T, O 11
0.09 To cure renal disorders, antispasmodic, snake bite, veterinary medicare 0.11 To purify blood and increase skin fairness, joint pain 0.74 Anti-diabetic, antimicrobial cure, to cure eyes infections, anti-allergy
Moraceae
Bor
WT
Sep–Dec
Mlt, F, L
0.81 Anti- jaundice, to cure menstrual disorders, to cure night-fall, spermatogenesis, lumbar pain
Ficus carica L. MUH-1397 Foeniculum vulgare Miller MUH-1391 Gymnema sylvestres Rbr.ex Schult MUH-1376 Eclipta alba L. MUH-1411 Eucalyptus globulus Labill MUH-1347 Helianthus annuus L. MUH1404 Jasminum humile L. MUH-1424 Justatia adhatoda L. MUH-1349
Moraceae Apiaceae
Pakwari Sonf
WT WH
Mar–July Feb–Apri
Mlt, F, L S, F, L
O, T, 19 B, P O, T, P 10 O, P, T 13
Asclepiadaceae
Tuma/Gor Mar Andosi Safeeda
WH
Feb–Apri
F, R, L
WH CT
Mar–Apr Mar–Apr
Wp L, F
O, B, P O, P T, P
O, T, B 12
Juglans Regia L. MUH-1412 Lawsonia inermis Robert MUH1378 Luffa cylendrica (L) Room MUH-1436 Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. MUH1375 Mallotus philipiensis Muell MUH-1417 Musa paradisica L. MUH-1393 Melia azardarch L. MUH-1341 Medicago denticalata L. MUH1382
Asteraceae Myrtaceae Asteraceae
O, T
18
0.12 Toothache, stomachache, cure constipation, anti-diabetics 0.69 To cure kidney infections, anti-constipation, treat abdominal pain, to reduce obesity, earache, eye infections, stomachache in neonates 0.14 Anti-rheumatic, anti-diabetic, vermicidal, blood purifier
12 9
0.59 Applied as pain killer, cure mastitis, feet disorders, antifungal 0.82 Anti-infection, cure cold and flu, earache, cure warts
WH
Mar–Apr
S, F, L
Oleaceae Acanthaceae
Suraj Mookhee Yasmine Baikar
WH WS
Mar–Apr Feb–Apr
14 19
0.49 To repellant insects, cure ringworms 0.16 Anti-diabetic, spleen disorders, antibacterial, cure phlegm and cough, appetizer and diuretic
Juglandaceae Lythraceae
Akhroot Heena
WT WS
Apr–May Mar–Apr
Fl, R T, P R, F, S, B O, T, P, B F, Brk, L O, T, B L, F, Brk O, P, T
14 17
0.45 Anti-hyperglycemia, anti-microbial, toothache, Gummosis, piles, syphilis 0.33 Anti- jaundice, to cure burning sensation, vermicidal, hair coloring agent, anti-fungal
Cucurbitaceae
Toori
WH
Mar–Apr
F, R
O, P
16
0.41 Laxative, freshener of hair, anti-peristalsis
Cucurbitaceae
Gya Kadoo WH
Sep–Oct
F, R, L
O, T, B 13
0.10 Diuretic, laxative, blood purifier, cure burns, wounds
Euphorbiaceae
Kameela
WS
Mar–Apr
Kaela Dareek
WH WT
Mar–Sep Mar–Apr
O,T, P, 16 B O, P, B 11 O, T, P 19
0.69 Anti-diarrhea, anti-worms, insecticidal, baiting plant to kill wild animals,
Musaceae Meliaceae
0.74 Antimicrobial, cure whooping cough, constipations, stomach ulcers 0.37 Anti-diabetic, cure throat infections, blood purifier, vermicidal
Fabaceae
Sireeri
WT
Feb–Mar
F, Infl, R, Brk Infl, L, F F, L, Brk, Infl L, F
O, P
0.09 Laxative, cure wounds
16
0.08 Anti-malarial, to lessen cholesterol, used as oil as food
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Please cite this article as: Ishtiaq, M., et al., Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Sudhanoti district (AJK), Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.054i
Table 2 Indigenous medicinal plants and medicinal values used by the people of study area.
67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Cucurbitaceae
Kareela
WH
Feb–Mar
F, R, L
O, T
35
Momordica charantia L. MUH1361 Mentha spicata L. MUH-1369
Apiaceae
Podina
WH
Apr–May
L, R
O, P, B 17
36
Morus alba L. MUH-1351
Moraceae
WT
Mar–Apr
F, R
O, B
37
Nigella sativa L. MUH-1392
Nigellaceae
Cheeta Toot Kaloongee
WH
Apr–May
S, L
O, P, B 19
38
Olea ferruginea Royle MUH1402 Phytolacea letsenia L. MUH1429 Pinus roxburgii Sarg. MUH1352 Punica granatum L. MUH-1364 Prunus persica (L) Batsch. MUH-1358 Phyllanthus emblica L. MUH1371 Prunus amygdalus L. MUH-1413 Prunus domesticus L. MUH1414 Pyrus malus L. MUH-1401 Psidium guava L MUH-1363 Ricinius cummunis L. MUH1342 Rosa indica L. MUH-1365 Rubus Fruticasus D.Don. MUH1366 Swertia chiraita L. MUH-1368 Salix babylonica L. MUH-1384 Solanum nigrum L. MUH-1398 Eugenia jambolana Lam. MUH1418 Trigonella foenum-graecum L. MUH-1427 Taraxicum officinale L. MUH1026 Viola odorata L. MUH-1370 Vitis vinifera L MUH-1377
Oleaceae
Kahoo
WT
Arp–May
L, B, S
O, P, T 17
0.41 Anti-infectious, wound healer, anti-hypertension and anti-hyperglycemia. It is known as universal remedy against all diseases except death. 0.68 Anti-flatulence, antispasmodic, anti-paralysis, anti-hyperglycemia
Phytolaceae
Amlok
WS
Mar–Apr
F, L
O, T, P 18
0.09 Anti-burning sensations, healer of wounds, soothing of intestinal pains
Pinaceae
Cheer
WT
Jul–Aug
S, L, R
T, B, P 14
0.01 Bandage of bone fracture, diuretic, quenching of thirst
Punicaceae Rosaceae
Droona Aroo
WT WT
Mar–Apr Mar–Apr
F, R, L F, L
O, T, P 13 O, P 9
0.64 Eyes infections, heart palpitation, anti-jaundice, anti-stung 0.71 Kidney problem, constipation, worm killing, anti-flatulence
Euphorbiaceae
Aamla
WT
Sep–Oct
F, R, L
O, P, B 17
0.02 Anti-jaundice, blood pressure, culinary agent, emollient, rich source of vitamin C
Rosaceae Rosaceae
WT WT
Mar–Apr Mar–Apr
F, B, L F, L
O, P, T 11 O, T 12
0.59 Anti-spasmodic, vermifuge, sex-potent, lumber pain, rheumatic and hair shineness 0.04 Stomach thirst, heart palpitation, blood purifier
Rosaceae Myrtaceae Euphorbiaceae
Badaam Aloo Bhokhara Saib Amrood Narooli
WT CT WS
Mar–Apr Mar–Apr Mar–Apr
F, S, R F, R F, R, L
18 15 19
0.49 Potent vigor, blood purifier, anti-cardiovascular diseases 0.72 Anti-stomachache, cure abdominal pain, appetizer, and anti-constipation 0.19 Cure indigestion, anti-constipation, menstrual disorder, anti-paralysis
Rosaceae Rosaceae
Ghulaab Akhray
WS WS
Mar–Apr Mar–Apr
F, L, Fl F, L
O, P O, B O, P, T, B O, P, T O, T, B
17 14
0.39 Anti-constipation, anti-cholesterol, skin disorders, emollient, of face, perfume 0.06 Anti-jaundice, joint pains, wound healer
Gentianaceae Salicaceae Solanaceae Myrtaceae
Chratia Bainsa Makoo Jaaman
WS WT WH WT
Mar–Apr Sep–Oct Mar–Apr Mar–Apr
F, L, F, F,
O, P, T T, B, P O, T, P O, T, P
13 10 18 13
0.37 0.25 0.33 0.02
Apiaceae
WH
Mar–Apr
L, F, S
O, P
15
0.61 Anti-diarrhea and cure chronic cough, wound healer
Euphorbiaceae
Jangli Methee Haand
WH
Mar–Apr
L, R
P, B, T 18
0.66 Treat stomach, anti-jaundice, anti-tumor, piles, bruises, pimples, blood purifier
Violaceae Vitaceae
Banafshaa Dhaakh
WH WC
Mar–Apr Mar–Apr
Fl, L, R F, R
O, P, T 12 O, T 15
0.29 Anti-flu and cold, cough, Anti-constipation and cure throat infection 0.01 Blood purifier, quencher of thirst, body potency enhancer, anti-phlegm,
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
L R, B L, R R
14
15
0.74 Anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-hyperlipidemia, wound healer 0.73 To cure cough, throat pain, anti-vomiting, indigestion, stomachache, hypertension, obesity and anti-cholesterol 0.53 Anti-tuberculosis, cure cough and throat infections, cure earache
Cure stomach problems, anti-hemodialysis, skin diseases, cure throat infection Antispasmodic, blood purifier, tooth pain, skin cleanser Treat liver enlargement, anti-jaundice, cure eye allergy, renal calculi, vermicidal Anti-diabetes, anti-diarrhea, Anti-peristalysis, ulcer, cure liver disorder
a
Habit and habitat: Wild herb, WH; Wild climber, WC; Wild tree, WT; Wild shrub, WS; Cultivated herb, CH; Cultivated shrub, CS. Roots, R; Leaves, L; Branches, B; Flowers, F; Whole plant, WP; Bulb, Bl; Fruit, Fr; Seed, S; Rhizome, Rh; Bark, Ba; Stem, St; Milky latex, Mlt; Wood, Wd; Pod, P; Gum, Gm; Tuber, T. Rout of application; O, Oral; D, Drop; T, Topical: B, Brush; P, Paste. d FC: Frequency of citation. e UV: Use value.
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Please cite this article as: Ishtiaq, M., et al., Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Sudhanoti district (AJK), Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.054i
34
b c
5
67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
Fig. 2. Frequency of indigenous plants exhibiting curative activity against specific ailment.
3.6. Informant consensus factor (ICF) To trace out the disease prevalence pattern ICF acts as a good tool. Results of the current study revealed that chest infection was most prevalent in the study area exhibiting ICF value as 0.95 that perhaps, may be due to high altitude, cold climate and snowfall habit of this region. Followed by chest infection, bone fracture was ranked at second position with ICF as 0.87 and its reason may be the hilly terrains and tough routes along with the poor sanitary conditions. Among other most common ailments skin infection plus fever/cold/flu (ICF, 0.85), T.B. (ICF, 0.82), constipation (ICF, 0.78) and stomachic (ICF, 0.75) were observed through ICF calculations (Table 3). Similar results were observed in another study conducted in Saravan, Iran, where cold/fever was the predominant disorders exhibiting high ICF (Sadeghi et al., 2014).
4. Conclusion The current report revealed that the study area is diversified with a variety of plants with potential medicinal values. Reported medicinal plants were used against more than 40 disorders including liver problems, cardiac disorders, initial stages of cancer and diabetes. Unfortunately, medicinal flora is under threat to the extinction as people are unaware about the conservation strategies for future uses. Deforestation, overgrazing, anthropogenic activities, and extensive eradication of medicinal herbs from root, threatened the flora. Kashmir is highly diversified region for medicinal plants between India and Pakistan and the tribal living system across small valleys refined its indigenous knowledge. Previously published reports on indigenous medicinal knowledge from Kashmir revealed that more than 80% of the ailments are still treated by medicinal plants on priority basis. Results of the current report are also an agreement with the later statement and local communities of Pallndri (part of Kashmir) are highly dependent upon medicinal plants and found the best therapeutic results for specific disorder. On the basis of
Table 3 Informant consensus factor (ICF) for medicinal plants. Category
Species (%) All species
Use citation
(%) All citation
ICF
Diabetes Fever/flue/cold Liver problems/jaundice Constipation Menstrual disorder Toothache Arteriosclerosis Cancer (initial stages) Headache Wound healing T.B. Chest infection Blood purification Stomachache Diarrhea Joints infection Ureic acid Skin allergy Burning sensation Bone fracture Blood pressure/anticholesterol
13 03 07 05 04 02 02 03 03 01 02 01 03 09 01 03 02 01 03 02 06
22 06 11 18 10 13 05 08 06 02 06 03 09 33 02 09 07 01 09 09 23
7.26 1.98 3.63 5.94 3.30 4.29 1.65 2.69 1.98 0.66 1.98 0.99 2.97 10.8 0.66 2.97 2.31 0.33 2.97 2.97 7.59
0.42 0.85 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.19 0.75 0.71 0.65 0.45 0.85 0.95 0.75 0.75 0.65 0.75 0.83 0.93 0.75 0.87 0.77
13.2 3.03 3.03 5.05 4.04 2.02 2.02 3.03 3.03 1.01 2.02 1.01 3.03 9.09 1.01 3.03 2.02 1.01 3.03 2.02 6.06
results of the current report urgent attention must be paid for conservation of medicinal flora, comprehensive documentation of indigenous medicinal knowledge and pharmacological/phytochemical validation of reported plants for specific diseases.
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