Independent and Combined Influence of the Components of Physical Fitness on Academic Performance in Youth Irene Esteban-Cornejo, MSc1, Carlos Ma Tejero-Gonzalez, PhD1, David Martinez-Gomez, PhD1, Juan del-Campo, PhD1, Ana Gonzalez-Galo, MSc2, Carmen Padilla-Moledo, PhD2, James F. Sallis, PhD3, and Oscar L. Veiga, PhD1, on behalf of the UP & DOWN Study Group* Objective To examine the independent and combined associations of the components of physical fitness with academic performance among youths. Study design This cross-sectional study included a total of 2038 youths (989 girls) aged 6-18 years. Cardiorespiratory capacity was measured using the 20-m shuttle run test. Motor ability was assessed with the 4 10-m shuttle run test of speed of movement, agility, and coordination. A muscular strength z-score was computed based on handgrip strength and standing long jump distance. Academic performance was assessed through school records using 4 indicators: Mathematics, Language, an average of Mathematics and Language, and grade point average score. Results Cardiorespiratory capacity and motor ability were independently associated with all academic variables in youth, even after adjustment for fitness and fatness indicators (all P # .001), whereas muscular strength was not associated with academic performance independent of the other 2 physical fitness components. In addition, the combined adverse effects of low cardiorespiratory capacity and motor ability on academic performance were observed across the risk groups (P for trend .10); thus, all analyses were performed with the total sample. Partial correlations adjusted for sex, age, city, and pubertal status were used to examine the relationships between physical fitness and fatness indicators. The associations of the components (cardiorespiratory capacity, muscular strength, and motor ability) of physical fitness (predictor variables) with academic performance (outcomes) were analyzed by linear regression using 2 separate models. Model 1 was controlled for sex, age, city, pubertal status, and maternal education, whereas model 2 was adjusted for model 1, with the 3 physical fitness variables included simultaneously in the regression. Multicollinearity among the exposures was not found in any of the models (variance inflation factors
