Research

Case Report/Case Series

Immature Teratoma of the Maxillary Sinus A Rare Pediatric Tumor Alice E. Chang, MD; Bryan T. Ambro, MD; Scott E. Strome, MD; John C. Papadimitriou, MD, PhD; Kevin D. Pereira, MD, MS

IMPORTANCE Noncongenital immature teratomas in the head and neck are extremely rare,

and to our knowledge have not previously been reported in the maxillary sinus of a pediatric patient. OBSERVATIONS Teratomas are neoplasms that contain tissue from more than 1 embryonic cell

layer that is foreign to the location where they arise and are most commonly found in the sacrococcygeal and gonadal regions in children. We present an unusual case of an immature teratoma in the maxillary sinus of a 10-year-old boy and discuss the diagnostic workup, management, and clinical course. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Immature teratomas represent a subset of benign teratomas with immature elements that may carry a worse prognosis. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;140(9):870-872. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2014.1800 Published online August 21, 2014.

Report of a Case A 10-year-old boy presented with a 1-month history of right upper jaw pain associated with a mild facial weakness on that side. His parents noted a globular swelling over his right cheek that Figure 1. Clinical Photograph Demonstrating Preoperative Appearance

The patient has globular swelling of the right cheek with associated ptosis and superior displacement of the globe.

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Author Affiliations: Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Chang, Ambro, Strome, Pereira); Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Papadimitriou). Corresponding Author: Kevin D. Pereira, MD, MS, Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 16 S Eutaw St, Ste 500, Baltimore, MD 21201 (kpereira @smail.umaryland.edu).

rapidly increased in size (Figure 1). Computed tomographic imaging revealed a soft-tissue heterogeneous mass in the right maxillary sinus measuring approximately 4.4 × 4.6 cm and invading the right ostiomeatal complex, pterygopalatine fossa, and masticator space. It had also eroded the right orbital floor, causing a mass effect on the inferior rectus muscle (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Preoperative Computed Tomographic Scan

The scan shows a heterogeneous mass in the right maxillary sinus causing bony destruction of the medial wall of the maxilla and right orbital floor. The tumor contains calcifications, and invades the orbit, compressing the inferior rectus muscle and displacing the globe superiorly.

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Immature Teratoma of the Maxillary Sinus

Case Report/Case Series Research

Figure 3. Hematoxylin-Eosin–Stained Histopathologic Images A

B

C

A, Elements from multiple germ layers are seen, including immature fatty and/or fibrous mesodermal and/or mesenchymal tissue. B, Immature ectodermal squamous epithelium and endodermal glandular epithelium (inset) tissue. C, Immature neuroectodermal tissue. Original magnification ×10 for all images.

Multiple subcentimeter lymph nodes were seen in the jugulodigastric regions on both sides and the posterior triangles. An incisional biopsy via a sublabial approach revealed a tumor with elements from multiple germ layers, including epithelium (squamous, columnar, and occasional adnexal-like structures) and mesenchyme (adipose, fibroblastic, and cartilaginous features). Neuroectodermal features were present in other areas. All the components displayed multifocal immature or embryonal elements with characteristics consistent with a diagnosis of immature teratoma (Figure 3). After input from a multidisciplinary tumor board, the patient underwent a partial maxillectomy via a midface degloving approach with the use of calvarial bone grafts for reconstruction of the infraorbital rim and maxillary buttresses and titanium mesh for reconstruction of the right orbital floor. The lesion was resected to the visible margins of the tumor, allowing for the proximity of vital structures. Histopathologic examination of the surgical specimen revealed margins positive for tumor. His postoperative course was uneventful, and he was scheduled for regular follow-up with evaluation and input from the oncology service. Three months later, the patient developed acute right cheek swelling, and an intranasal biopsy revealed recurrent disease. Despite subsequent chemotherapy with bleomycin, cisplatin, and etoposide, the tumor continued to grow, and a repeated biopsy 3 months later proved positive for persistent teratoma. He underwent revision oncologic resection. Intraoperative and final pathologic margin findings were negative. The prior reconstruction was removed with the specimen, and further reconstruction was deferred to a secondary procedure. He underwent postoperative proton beam radiation therapy to the surgical site in 33 fractions (total dose, 59.4 Gy). Two years after completion of adjuvant treatment, he developed progressive ipsilateral hypoglobus and midfacial softtissue atrophy that was reconstructed with a right orbital floor titanium implant and composite dermal-fat graft. This resulted in improved functional and cosmetic outcome, aljamaotolaryngology.com

though a more definitive free-tissue reconstruction is being planned. Four years after his initial surgical resection, the patient had no evidence of recurrence by serial endoscopic examinations and magnetic resonance imaging studies. Oncology specialists also confirmed by serial measurements that his α-fetoprotein level had not risen since the completion of therapy.

Discussion Immature teratomas of the head and neck are extremely rare. Congenital teratomas occur in 1 in 4000 births, although those in the head and neck make up less than 2% of cases.1,2 Within the head and neck, most teratomas occur in the neck and nasopharynx, although several other sites have been reported, including the oral cavity, sinonasal cavities, external and middle ear, and mandible.3-5 These benign tumors generally present during infancy, and when they involve the head and neck they can cause neonatal respiratory distress. Surgical excision is the mainstay of treatment. When teratomas occur in adults, they are more likely to be malignant, carrying 3- and 5-year survival rates of roughly 30% and 20%, respectively. 6 Some authors describe a bimodal distribution for the presentation of teratomas, with those presenting in infancy more likely to be benign and those in later childhood or adulthood more likely to be malignant. 1 The tumor marker α-fetoprotein should be checked every 2 to 3 months after definitive teratoma treatment to monitor for recurrence. From 20% to 40% of benign teratomas in children contain immature elements. Immature teratomas are a poorly understood subset of teratomas that are not well characterized in children, although they carry a significant risk of decreased event-free survival and overall survival compared with mature teratomas.7 A grading system of 1 to 3 (1 indicating the most mature elements, 3, the least mature elements) has been

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Research Case Report/Case Series

Immature Teratoma of the Maxillary Sinus

described for ovarian teratomas. However, the utility of this grading system for nongonadal teratomas is unknown.8 In some studies of adult ovarian teratomas, grade 3 immature teratomas have been considered malignant, but most authors consider them to be a benign lesion that can be managed by surgical excision alone.9 If the immature elements are represented primarily by the tumor’s neuroectodermal components, the tumors tend to behave benignly but can metastasize. A review of 135 pediatric germ cell tumors noted a correlation between grade 3 immature teratomas and the presence of microscopic foci of yolk sac tumors, emphasizing the importance of careful histologic analysis of these specimens.10 Malignancy in a teratoma, or somatic malignancy, consists of the concomitant presence of teratocarcinoma cells and malignant nonteratomatous germ cell elements (eg, yolk sac tumor).1 The present case involved immature elements from all germ layers, but overtly malignant features (teratocarcinoma, yolk sac tumor, etc.) were lacking. The present case did not involve a congenital lesion, and to our knowledge, it is the first reported teratoma involving the maxillary sinus in a pediatric patient. Approximately 50 cases of adult sinonasal teratoid carcinosarcoma have been reported, including 1 case where the patient developed regional and distant metastases and was treated with multiple resections and postoperative irradiation.11 A report of a series of teratoid carcinosarcomas of the upper respiratory tract describes 8 adults with tumors originating in different areas of the head and neck: the ethmoid sinus (n = 4), other paranasal sinuses (n = 2), unspecified sinus (n = 1), and nasopharynx (n = 1).12 Overall prognosis depends on many factors, including patient age, tumor resectability, and the presence of local or distant metastases.13 Several chromosomal abnormalities have been observed in the pathogenesis of these extrago-

Conclusions In the case reported herein, a multidisciplinary team agreed that multimodality therapy was warranted, owing to the aggressive tumor biology and recurrent nature of the disease. Given the paucity of literature on immature teratomas of the head and neck in pediatric patients, our goal was to highlight the challenges faced in treating this rare tumor and to suggest therapeutic and reconstructive options.

ARTICLE INFORMATION

REFERENCES

Submitted for Publication: September 6, 2013; final revision received March 5, 2014; accepted April 1, 2014.

1. Smirniotopoulos JG, Chiechi MV. Teratomas, dermoids, and epidermoids of the head and neck. Radiographics. 1995;15(6):1437-1455.

Published Online: August 21, 2014. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2014.1800.

2. Coppit GL III, Perkins JA, Manning SC. Nasopharyngeal teratomas and dermoids. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2000;52(3):219-227.

Author Contributions: Dr Pereira full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: Chang, Strome, Pereira. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Ambro, Papadimitriou. Drafting of the manuscript: Chang. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Ambro, Strome, Papadimitriou, Pereira. Administrative, technical, or material support: Ambro. Study supervision: Papadimitriou, Pereira. Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Strome is a cofounder and stockholder in Gliknik Inc. He also receives royalties from the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine for intellectual property related to cell surface marker B7-H1. No other disclosures are reported.

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nadal germ cell tumors, although patients with benign teratomas are often cytogenetically normal. The importance of molecular changes has yet to be clearly elucidated in cases of immature teratomas.14 Despite the paucity of reported cases, most authors agree that this disease entity warrants extirpative surgical management, with consideration given to postoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy in the adult population. In a prospective study of 73 children with extracranial immature teratomas,15 22 had tumors in extragonadal sites. Five patients had recurrence of disease 4 to 7 months after surgical excision but were successfully treated with platinum-based therapy. The authors concluded that complete surgical excision is effective treatment in pediatric cases of immature teratomas, even those with histologically malignant elements, although all patients merit close follow-up. The proximity to the orbit, cranial base, and other vital structures in our patient prompted a more cautious initial approach, with excision of all visible disease, but resulted in positive margins. Although this can explain the subsequent recurrence and course, we believe that the rarity of the tumor and the lack of known successful therapies in this location justified the decision.

3. Lopes MA, Pereira CM, da Cruz Perez DE, Vargas PA, de Almeida OP. Benign teratoma of the buccal mucosa in a 9-year-old girl. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005;100(5):598-602.

8. Thurlbeck WM, Scully RE. Solid teratoma of the ovary: a clinicopathological analysis of 9 cases. Cancer. 1960;13:804-811. 9. Rescorla FJ. Pediatric germ cell tumors. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2012;21(1):51-60. 10. Heifetz SA, Cushing B, Giller R, et al. Immature teratomas in children: pathologic considerations. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998;22(9):1115-1124. 11. Su YY, Friedman M, Huang CC, Wilson M, Lin HC. Sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma. Am J Otolaryngol. 2010;31(4):300-303.

4. Selimoğlu E, Oztürk A, Demirci M, Erdoğan F. A giant teratoma of the tongue. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2002;66(2):189-192.

12. Shanmugaratnam K, Kunaratnam N, Chia KB, Chiang GS, Sinniah R. Teratoid carcinosarcoma of the paranasal sinuses. Pathology. 1983;15(4):413-419.

5. Morita T, Fujiki N, Sudo M, Miyata K, Kurata K. Neonatal mature teratoma of the sphenoidal sinus. Am J Otolaryngol. 2000;21(6):398-401.

13. Azizkhan RG, Caty MG. Teratomas in childhood. Curr Opin Pediatr. 1996;8(3):287-292.

6. Sharma HS, Abdullah JM, Othman NH, Muhamad M. Teratocarcinosarcoma of the nasal cavity and ethmoid. J Laryngol Otol. 1998;112(7): 682-686. 7. Mann JR, Gray ES, Thornton C, et al; UK Children’s Cancer Study Group Experience. Mature and immature extracranial teratomas in children. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(21):3590-3597.

14. Bussey KJ, Lawce HJ, Olson SB, et al. Chromosome abnormalities of eighty-one pediatric germ cell tumors: sex-, age-, site-, and histopathology-related differences. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1999;25(2):134-146. 15. Marina NM, Cushing B, Giller R, et al. Complete surgical excision is effective treatment for children with immature teratomas with or without malignant elements. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(7):21372143.

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Immature teratoma of the maxillary sinus: a rare pediatric tumor.

Noncongenital immature teratomas in the head and neck are extremely rare, and to our knowledge have not previously been reported in the maxillary sinu...
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