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American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujhy20
Hypnotherapy at a Distance Through Use of the Telephone H. E. Stanton Ph.D.
a
a
University of Tasmania Published online: 20 Sep 2011.
To cite this article: H. E. Stanton Ph.D. (1978) Hypnotherapy at a Distance Through Use of the Telephone, American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 20:4, 278-281, DOI: 10.1080/00029157.1978.10403945 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00029157.1978.10403945
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/ page/terms-and-conditions
THEAMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS Volume 20, Number4, April 1978 Printedin U S A .
Hypnotherapy at a Distance Through Use of the Telephone
Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:33 08 January 2015
H. E. STANTON, Ph.D Universiry of Tasmania
Some of the literature reports on hypnosis at a distance are briefly described and two case studies outlined. The first of these involves a patient previously treated by the therapist and the second a patient whom the therapist had never met. The treatment given in each case is described, as is the reaction of therapist and patient. It is concluded that, as far as these two cases are concerned, hypnotherapy by means of telephone was as successful as it would have been in a face-to-face situation.
A number of case reports have appeared in the literature describing hypnotherapeutic treatment conducted at a distance. In this situation, therapist and patient do not meet on a face-to-face basis at any time, all interaction being conducted by means of the telephone or through the mail. Leff ( 1969), for example, treated a young girl for a sleep problem when she was unable to visit him personally. Using the telephone he induced hypnosis and suggested she would retire that evening by nine o’clock and sleep comfortably through the night. According to her mother, the girl accepted these suggestions and did as the therapist had instructed. The one session seems to have been sufficient, for the girl was reported as continuing to enjoy a comfortable night’s sleep. A patient who developed a serious hiccup problem after an operation was also treated by telephone hypnosis (Kroger, 1969), again successfully, with the patient gaining immediate relief from his symptom. Owens (1970), working in the dental field, hypnotized 14 of his patients by means of the telephone with a positive out-
come resulting from his efforts. In this case, the patients had previously experienced normal face-to-face hypnosis with the dentist so this report does describe a situation somewhat different from those outlined above. However, Owens did include in his study two patients who had not experienced hypnosis prior to the treatment at a distance. They, too, responded favourably. The mail as well as the telephone was used by Weitzenhoffer (1972) in his treatment method. Again, however, patients were not naive. Weitzenhoffer trained them in several office visits to respond to a signal, such as the patient’s first name combined in the same sentence with the word “sleep. ” The suggestion was made that this signal would be effective whether given personally, by tape, by telephone or by letter. In his Ph.D. thesis, Mussenden (1974) attempted to determine if telephone hypnosis was possible using a prerecorded tape. He concluded that the experimental group which received the taped hypnotic induction over the telephone did comply
278
Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:33 08 January 2015
HYPNOTHERAPY VIA TELEPHONE
with more suggestions than the group not given such an induction. This result held for both high and low susceptible subjects. The finding embodied, then, in the literature would seem to be that hypnosis at a distance is entirely feasible, even with patients the therapist has not previously met. This concept poses somewhat of a problem for those of us who place great reliance upon the establishment of therapist-patient rapport as a major element in successful treatment. It would seem to make more difficult the creation of such rapport and the expectation-belief factor that normally accompanies it. Much of the improvement noted as a result of hypnotherapy is, I think, attributable to the therapist’s own belief in the efficacy of his methods and the transmission of this expectancy to his patients. Given confidence by the therapist’s positive attitude, the patient more easily accepts the suggestion that he will be able to heal himself. As this interaction continues, both parties are continually picking up cues from each other with many suggestions being given and accepted, both in and out of the hypnotic state. Fish (1973) has construed this process in terms of placebos and faith-healing, “. . . as a process which takes place between two believers” (p. 18). Can this process be effective at a distance where no face-to-face contact is involved? Perhaps this begs the question of whether the creation of personal rapport is really an essential element in successful therapy. This is an issue, however, I shall not pursue. Rather, I wish to report two case studies which throw some light on the question of hypnotherapy through the medium of the telephone. The actual treatment will be outlined with some comment on both the feelings of my patients and myself.
279
mal treatment for helping patients let go of this habit was used (Stanton, 1978). Rapport was quickly established and Joan was quite confident she would be successful in overcoming her habit of cigarette smoking. In this she was quite correct, for when she contacted me by telephone fifteen months later she had not smoked since the date of her treatment. However, she now wished to lose weight. Her problem was one of access, for she now lived in a different part of the state and was unable to see me personally. We decided to embark upon the normal three or four-session treatment for weight loss embraced by the patients who consult me under conventional circumstances (Stanton, 1975). This involves direct suggestion relating to the amount and type of food eaten; general suggestions of an ego-enhancing nature; mental imagery to establish a desired goal; and training in self-hypnosis as a means of transferring control to the patient. The hypnotic state itself was induced as I would have done on a face-to-face basis with a combination of deep breathing, muscle relaxation, visualization of a pleasant scene, and a count from one to twenty. The same induction procedure was used in the second case to be described a little later. According to the patients, it proved to be quite successful on both occasions. During the course of our telephone hypnotherapy several comments made by the patient were pertinent to the issue raised earlier. Although she felt our earlier relationship was quickly reestablished, she found it more difficult to speak about her eating problems. In particular, without the assistance of nonverbal cues such as an attentive look, a smile or a raised eyebrow, she often “dried up,” groping for the means of expressing herself clearly. The Case I. Joan quality of my voice, which she had previJoan, a woman of 36, had previously ously found soft and soothing, was far less consulted me in an effort to stop smoking. pleasing as it took on the metallic tone of We had only one session in which my nor- the telephone. As a result, Joan found it
Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:33 08 January 2015
280
STANTON
hypnosis did not last very long. An urgent request for help came from a policeman who was to sit for an examination vital to his future career. He had failed several times previously and this was to be his last chance. As with Joan, he was unable to visit me personally for treatment and enquired if there was any other way I could help him. This case differed from the one described earlier in that I had never met the patient, so the establishment of trust and the building of confidence had to be undertaken entirely at a distance. We had four sessions in all during which I helped Michael adopt different study methods and a more positive attitude to his work. Emphasis was placed upon his ability to concentrate, to absorb material he wanted to learn effortlessly and easily, and to retrieve this information from his memory whenever he wished to do so. In addition we used success imagery in which he visualized himself achieving the results he wanted, handling the examination in a calm, confident and relaxed manner. Further details of this procedure are given in Stanton (1977). Although Michael had failed in previous tests during the year, he finished third in a class of fifty-eight on the final examination and so gained his promotion. Surprisingly enough, I enjoyed this experience. The challenge of helping Michael gain confidence in his own ability to succeed provided the stimulus I had lacked with Joan. Whereas I was aware, in her case, of the contrast between the treatment upon which we were now engaged and that which had transpired earlier, with Michael I had no such problem. He, too, seemed quite happy with the telephone as a means of communication, feeling he was letting go more deeply each session. Unlike Joan, he had no standard of comparison, so was not handicapped in this way. Overall, he found his treatment a pleasant experience, Case 2. Michael believing from our initial session that he My resolution to do no more telephone would succeed. To put this in perspective,
more difficult to let go, and she felt the depth of her relaxation was not great by comparison with that which she had previously experienced in the face-to-face situation. On the other hand, she completely shared my belief that we would be successful, and had no doubts about her ability to accept completely the suggestions I gave her. From my own point of view, I found the experience unsatisfactory. I missed the personal contact which I realized is part of my enjoyment of therapy. There was a remoteness which prevented me drifting into a relaxed state comparable to that of my patient. I find such a state facilitates communication, and I was uneasy in the adoption of the more authoritarian role which seemed to be virtually forced on me through use of the telephone. Such feelings are highly subjective, of course, but as I can speak only in the context of personal experience I feel they are relevant. I mentioned enjoyment a little earlier. Perhaps a therapist should not feel this for, after all, is not his role only to help his patient? My belief is, however, he is more likely to achieve this end if he is enthusiastic and “turned on” by his work, so perhaps my stress on rapport is simply a function of my own need. Be that as it may, without the personal contact on a face-toface basis I was dissatisfied with my work with Joan and not encouraged to repeat my experience with hypnosis at a distance. Despite this, the fact remains that we attained our aim. Joan achieved the weight loss she desired and did so as quickly as many of my conventionally treated patients. I might conclude from this that treatment by telephone is likely to be successful in terms of the desired end product but unsatisfactory in personal terms, both to me and, in this case, the patient.
Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:33 08 January 2015
HYPNOTHERAPY VIA TELEPHONE
Michael sought my help through the recommendation of a fellow policeman whom I had helped in a similar way, though, in his case, it was through face-to-face treatment. Thus it is reasonable to assume he already expected that I would be able to help him and my task in enhancing this belief was made so muc’h the easier. Still, as the majority of my patients do come to me in this way, through the recommendation of others who have been helped in some way or another, Michael’s case does provide a valid comparison with conventional hypnotherapy.
CONCLUSION Although I have written in a highly subjective manner invoking the particular therapeutic framework I find both successful and personally rewarding, I suspect my experience with hypnosis at a distance is capable of considerable generalization. If I had read this account written by someone else my immediate reaction would have been to disagree, my feeling being that I should have enjoyed more the telephonic treatment with the patient I already knew rather than the one with whom I was unacquainted. This would be based on the hypothesis that in the former case I was simply renewing or reviving a relationship already established whereas in the latter case I had the far more difficult task of creating an atmosphere of trust and confidence. That such was not the case is explainable in the terms I have already used. Telephone communication suffered by comparison with face-to-face communication in Joan’s case whereas it laboured under no such disadvantages with Michael. In fact, it turned out to be a mutually enhancing experience which has encouraged me to accept any further opportunities to undertake hypnosis at a distance should they arise. Quite apart, however, from these per-
28 1
sonal musings stands the fact of success. In both cases I have outlined, the patients achieved the goal they desired, and they did so as quickly as did patients treated in the more usual face-to-face situation. This evidence, anecdotal as it is, offers further support to that already outlined at the beginning of this article. It opens up very interesting possibilities for extending assistance to people in situations where they are precluded from visiting a therapist, and suggests a further way in which professional expertise may be utilized. Director Higher Education Research and Advisory Centre University of Tasmania Sandy Bay, Tasmania
REFERENCES FISH, J . M . Placebo therapy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1973. KROGER, W. S. Hypnotherapy for intractable postsurgical hiccups. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 1969, 12, 1-4. LEFF, J. An initial induction of hypnosis by telephone with treatment of anxiety. In: D. Stem (Ed). Psychotherapy in nonpsychiatric specialities. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1969, pp. 237-241. MUSSENDEN, G. A study to validate the possibility of telephone hypnosis. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis. Brigham Young University, 1974. OWENS,M. E. Hypnosis by phone. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 1970, 13, 57-60. STANTON,H. E. Weight loss through hypnosis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 1975, 18, 34-38. STANTON, H. E. Text anxiety and hypnosis: A different approach to an important problem. Australian Journal of Education, 1977a, 21, 17P186. STANTON, H. E. A one-session approach to the modification of smoking behaviour. International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis, 1977b (in press). WEITZENHOFFER, A. M. Open-ended distance hypnotherapy. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 1972, 14, 236-248.
American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujhy20
Hypnotherapy at a Distance Through Use of the Telephone H. E. Stanton Ph.D.
a
a
University of Tasmania Published online: 20 Sep 2011.
To cite this article: H. E. Stanton Ph.D. (1978) Hypnotherapy at a Distance Through Use of the Telephone, American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 20:4, 278-281, DOI: 10.1080/00029157.1978.10403945 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00029157.1978.10403945
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/ page/terms-and-conditions
THEAMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS Volume 20, Number4, April 1978 Printedin U S A .
Hypnotherapy at a Distance Through Use of the Telephone
Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:33 08 January 2015
H. E. STANTON, Ph.D Universiry of Tasmania
Some of the literature reports on hypnosis at a distance are briefly described and two case studies outlined. The first of these involves a patient previously treated by the therapist and the second a patient whom the therapist had never met. The treatment given in each case is described, as is the reaction of therapist and patient. It is concluded that, as far as these two cases are concerned, hypnotherapy by means of telephone was as successful as it would have been in a face-to-face situation.
A number of case reports have appeared in the literature describing hypnotherapeutic treatment conducted at a distance. In this situation, therapist and patient do not meet on a face-to-face basis at any time, all interaction being conducted by means of the telephone or through the mail. Leff ( 1969), for example, treated a young girl for a sleep problem when she was unable to visit him personally. Using the telephone he induced hypnosis and suggested she would retire that evening by nine o’clock and sleep comfortably through the night. According to her mother, the girl accepted these suggestions and did as the therapist had instructed. The one session seems to have been sufficient, for the girl was reported as continuing to enjoy a comfortable night’s sleep. A patient who developed a serious hiccup problem after an operation was also treated by telephone hypnosis (Kroger, 1969), again successfully, with the patient gaining immediate relief from his symptom. Owens (1970), working in the dental field, hypnotized 14 of his patients by means of the telephone with a positive out-
come resulting from his efforts. In this case, the patients had previously experienced normal face-to-face hypnosis with the dentist so this report does describe a situation somewhat different from those outlined above. However, Owens did include in his study two patients who had not experienced hypnosis prior to the treatment at a distance. They, too, responded favourably. The mail as well as the telephone was used by Weitzenhoffer (1972) in his treatment method. Again, however, patients were not naive. Weitzenhoffer trained them in several office visits to respond to a signal, such as the patient’s first name combined in the same sentence with the word “sleep. ” The suggestion was made that this signal would be effective whether given personally, by tape, by telephone or by letter. In his Ph.D. thesis, Mussenden (1974) attempted to determine if telephone hypnosis was possible using a prerecorded tape. He concluded that the experimental group which received the taped hypnotic induction over the telephone did comply
278
Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:33 08 January 2015
HYPNOTHERAPY VIA TELEPHONE
with more suggestions than the group not given such an induction. This result held for both high and low susceptible subjects. The finding embodied, then, in the literature would seem to be that hypnosis at a distance is entirely feasible, even with patients the therapist has not previously met. This concept poses somewhat of a problem for those of us who place great reliance upon the establishment of therapist-patient rapport as a major element in successful treatment. It would seem to make more difficult the creation of such rapport and the expectation-belief factor that normally accompanies it. Much of the improvement noted as a result of hypnotherapy is, I think, attributable to the therapist’s own belief in the efficacy of his methods and the transmission of this expectancy to his patients. Given confidence by the therapist’s positive attitude, the patient more easily accepts the suggestion that he will be able to heal himself. As this interaction continues, both parties are continually picking up cues from each other with many suggestions being given and accepted, both in and out of the hypnotic state. Fish (1973) has construed this process in terms of placebos and faith-healing, “. . . as a process which takes place between two believers” (p. 18). Can this process be effective at a distance where no face-to-face contact is involved? Perhaps this begs the question of whether the creation of personal rapport is really an essential element in successful therapy. This is an issue, however, I shall not pursue. Rather, I wish to report two case studies which throw some light on the question of hypnotherapy through the medium of the telephone. The actual treatment will be outlined with some comment on both the feelings of my patients and myself.
279
mal treatment for helping patients let go of this habit was used (Stanton, 1978). Rapport was quickly established and Joan was quite confident she would be successful in overcoming her habit of cigarette smoking. In this she was quite correct, for when she contacted me by telephone fifteen months later she had not smoked since the date of her treatment. However, she now wished to lose weight. Her problem was one of access, for she now lived in a different part of the state and was unable to see me personally. We decided to embark upon the normal three or four-session treatment for weight loss embraced by the patients who consult me under conventional circumstances (Stanton, 1975). This involves direct suggestion relating to the amount and type of food eaten; general suggestions of an ego-enhancing nature; mental imagery to establish a desired goal; and training in self-hypnosis as a means of transferring control to the patient. The hypnotic state itself was induced as I would have done on a face-to-face basis with a combination of deep breathing, muscle relaxation, visualization of a pleasant scene, and a count from one to twenty. The same induction procedure was used in the second case to be described a little later. According to the patients, it proved to be quite successful on both occasions. During the course of our telephone hypnotherapy several comments made by the patient were pertinent to the issue raised earlier. Although she felt our earlier relationship was quickly reestablished, she found it more difficult to speak about her eating problems. In particular, without the assistance of nonverbal cues such as an attentive look, a smile or a raised eyebrow, she often “dried up,” groping for the means of expressing herself clearly. The Case I. Joan quality of my voice, which she had previJoan, a woman of 36, had previously ously found soft and soothing, was far less consulted me in an effort to stop smoking. pleasing as it took on the metallic tone of We had only one session in which my nor- the telephone. As a result, Joan found it
Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:33 08 January 2015
280
STANTON
hypnosis did not last very long. An urgent request for help came from a policeman who was to sit for an examination vital to his future career. He had failed several times previously and this was to be his last chance. As with Joan, he was unable to visit me personally for treatment and enquired if there was any other way I could help him. This case differed from the one described earlier in that I had never met the patient, so the establishment of trust and the building of confidence had to be undertaken entirely at a distance. We had four sessions in all during which I helped Michael adopt different study methods and a more positive attitude to his work. Emphasis was placed upon his ability to concentrate, to absorb material he wanted to learn effortlessly and easily, and to retrieve this information from his memory whenever he wished to do so. In addition we used success imagery in which he visualized himself achieving the results he wanted, handling the examination in a calm, confident and relaxed manner. Further details of this procedure are given in Stanton (1977). Although Michael had failed in previous tests during the year, he finished third in a class of fifty-eight on the final examination and so gained his promotion. Surprisingly enough, I enjoyed this experience. The challenge of helping Michael gain confidence in his own ability to succeed provided the stimulus I had lacked with Joan. Whereas I was aware, in her case, of the contrast between the treatment upon which we were now engaged and that which had transpired earlier, with Michael I had no such problem. He, too, seemed quite happy with the telephone as a means of communication, feeling he was letting go more deeply each session. Unlike Joan, he had no standard of comparison, so was not handicapped in this way. Overall, he found his treatment a pleasant experience, Case 2. Michael believing from our initial session that he My resolution to do no more telephone would succeed. To put this in perspective,
more difficult to let go, and she felt the depth of her relaxation was not great by comparison with that which she had previously experienced in the face-to-face situation. On the other hand, she completely shared my belief that we would be successful, and had no doubts about her ability to accept completely the suggestions I gave her. From my own point of view, I found the experience unsatisfactory. I missed the personal contact which I realized is part of my enjoyment of therapy. There was a remoteness which prevented me drifting into a relaxed state comparable to that of my patient. I find such a state facilitates communication, and I was uneasy in the adoption of the more authoritarian role which seemed to be virtually forced on me through use of the telephone. Such feelings are highly subjective, of course, but as I can speak only in the context of personal experience I feel they are relevant. I mentioned enjoyment a little earlier. Perhaps a therapist should not feel this for, after all, is not his role only to help his patient? My belief is, however, he is more likely to achieve this end if he is enthusiastic and “turned on” by his work, so perhaps my stress on rapport is simply a function of my own need. Be that as it may, without the personal contact on a face-toface basis I was dissatisfied with my work with Joan and not encouraged to repeat my experience with hypnosis at a distance. Despite this, the fact remains that we attained our aim. Joan achieved the weight loss she desired and did so as quickly as many of my conventionally treated patients. I might conclude from this that treatment by telephone is likely to be successful in terms of the desired end product but unsatisfactory in personal terms, both to me and, in this case, the patient.
Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:33 08 January 2015
HYPNOTHERAPY VIA TELEPHONE
Michael sought my help through the recommendation of a fellow policeman whom I had helped in a similar way, though, in his case, it was through face-to-face treatment. Thus it is reasonable to assume he already expected that I would be able to help him and my task in enhancing this belief was made so muc’h the easier. Still, as the majority of my patients do come to me in this way, through the recommendation of others who have been helped in some way or another, Michael’s case does provide a valid comparison with conventional hypnotherapy.
CONCLUSION Although I have written in a highly subjective manner invoking the particular therapeutic framework I find both successful and personally rewarding, I suspect my experience with hypnosis at a distance is capable of considerable generalization. If I had read this account written by someone else my immediate reaction would have been to disagree, my feeling being that I should have enjoyed more the telephonic treatment with the patient I already knew rather than the one with whom I was unacquainted. This would be based on the hypothesis that in the former case I was simply renewing or reviving a relationship already established whereas in the latter case I had the far more difficult task of creating an atmosphere of trust and confidence. That such was not the case is explainable in the terms I have already used. Telephone communication suffered by comparison with face-to-face communication in Joan’s case whereas it laboured under no such disadvantages with Michael. In fact, it turned out to be a mutually enhancing experience which has encouraged me to accept any further opportunities to undertake hypnosis at a distance should they arise. Quite apart, however, from these per-
28 1
sonal musings stands the fact of success. In both cases I have outlined, the patients achieved the goal they desired, and they did so as quickly as did patients treated in the more usual face-to-face situation. This evidence, anecdotal as it is, offers further support to that already outlined at the beginning of this article. It opens up very interesting possibilities for extending assistance to people in situations where they are precluded from visiting a therapist, and suggests a further way in which professional expertise may be utilized. Director Higher Education Research and Advisory Centre University of Tasmania Sandy Bay, Tasmania
REFERENCES FISH, J . M . Placebo therapy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1973. KROGER, W. S. Hypnotherapy for intractable postsurgical hiccups. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 1969, 12, 1-4. LEFF, J. An initial induction of hypnosis by telephone with treatment of anxiety. In: D. Stem (Ed). Psychotherapy in nonpsychiatric specialities. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1969, pp. 237-241. MUSSENDEN, G. A study to validate the possibility of telephone hypnosis. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis. Brigham Young University, 1974. OWENS,M. E. Hypnosis by phone. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 1970, 13, 57-60. STANTON,H. E. Weight loss through hypnosis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 1975, 18, 34-38. STANTON, H. E. Text anxiety and hypnosis: A different approach to an important problem. Australian Journal of Education, 1977a, 21, 17P186. STANTON, H. E. A one-session approach to the modification of smoking behaviour. International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis, 1977b (in press). WEITZENHOFFER, A. M. Open-ended distance hypnotherapy. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 1972, 14, 236-248.
