Clinical Review & Education Review
Economic Burden of Psoriasis in the United States
Crohn’s disease, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Adv Ther. 2012;29(7):620-634. 28. Bonafede MM, Gandra SR, Watson C, Princic N, Fox KM. Cost per treated patient for etanercept, adalimumab, and infliximab across adult indications: a claims analysis. Adv Ther. 2012;29(3): 234-248. 29. Anis AH, Bansback N, Sizto S, Gupta SR, Willian MK, Feldman SR. Economic evaluation of biologic therapies for the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis in the United States. J Dermatolog Treat. 2011;22(2):65-74. 30. Martin S, Feldman SR, Augustin M, Szapary P, Schenkel B. Cost per responder analysis of ustekinumab and etanercept for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2011;22 (3):138-143. 31. Wu EQ, Feldman SR, Chen L, et al. Utilization pattern of etanercept and its cost implications in moderate to severe psoriasis in a managed care population. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24(12): 3493-3501.
32. Nelson AA, Pearce DJ, Fleischer AB Jr, Balkrishnan R, Feldman SR. Cost-effectiveness of biologic treatments for psoriasis based on subjective and objective efficacy measures assessed over a 12-week treatment period. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(1):125-135. 33. Delfino M Jr, Holt EW, Taylor CR, Wittenberg E, Qureshi AA. Willingness-to-pay stated preferences for 8 health-related quality-of-life domains in psoriasis: a pilot study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008; 59(3):439-447. 34. Kimball AB, Guérin A, Tsaneva M, et al. Economic burden of comorbidities in patients with psoriasis is substantial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;25(2):157-163. 35. Stern RS, Nijsten T, Feldman SR, Margolis DJ, Rolstad T. Psoriasis is common, carries a substantial burden even when not extensive, and is associated with widespread treatment dissatisfaction. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2004;9(2):136-139.
36. Schmitt JM, Ford DE. Work limitations and productivity loss are associated with health-related quality of life but not with clinical severity in patients with psoriasis. Dermatology. 2006;213(2):102-110. 37. Lewin Group. The Burden of Skin Diseases: 2005. Falls Church, VA: Lewin Group, for the Society of Investigative Dermatology and the American Academy of Dermatology Association; 2005. 38. Crown WH, Bresnahan BW, Orsini LS, Kennedy S, Leonardi C. The burden of illness associated with psoriasis: cost of treatment with systemic therapy and phototherapy in the US. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20(12):1929-1936. 39. Puig L. Treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis with biologics: analysis of the additional cost of temporary dose escalation vs switch to another biologic after failure of maintenance therapy. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2014;105(4):401-412.
NOTABLE NOTES
Hippocrates’ Contributions to Dermatology Revealed Mohammed Alsaidan, MD; Brian J. Simmons, BSc; Fleta N. Bray, BSc; Leyre A. Falto-Aizpurua, MD; Robert Denison Griffith, MD; Keyvan Nouri, MD
Although dermatology did not become a medical subspecialty until the end of the 18th century, many concepts regarding dermatological diseases remain as fresh today as when they were first described over 2000 years ago. In the third century BC, the Hippocratic Collection, also known as the Corpus Hippocraticum, gave information about the anatomy and physiology of the skin (eg, the role of perspiration in maintaining homeostasis) and described skin conditions throughout the collection because they were regarded as cutaneous manifestations of systemic diseases.1,2 For example, Hippocrates noted that clubbed fingernails are associated with underlying pulmonary disease,2 and that urticaria associated with swollen joints and diarrhea may indicate a worm infestation.3 Hippocrates also described an association between the onset of guttate psoriasis and a sore throat. As he dealt with anogenital pruritus and ulceration, he was possibly the first person to describe Behcet disease.3 He described many forms of itching, including itching from icterus.1 The Corpus Hippocraticum also describes a myriad of cutaneous diseases, which together constitute a short catalog of modern skin diseases, including acne, alopecia areata, freckles, varicose veins, frostbite, various disturbances of the nail, dermatitis, weeping eczema of the scalp, various vesicular, pustular and fissured eruptions, erysipelas, eruptions with scales and bullae, purulent wounds, secondary infections, anthrax, scabies, condylomas, warts, gangrene, burns, boils, buboes, intertriginous inflammation, scarlet fever, aphthous stomatitis, leucoderma, and universal exfoliative dermatitis resulting in death.1 Hippocrates used the word herpetic to creeping eruption and defined lichen as a rough and itchy eruption. His
658
descriptions of skin conditions span the full range of ages from verrucae in children, scrofuloderma in teenagers, to skin cancer in adults. Hippocrates believed that physicians should do the opposite to the body of what was inflicted by the disease, such as applying a drying agent to the moist area and applying an emollient to a dry area. He treated superficial skin tumors by curettage and cautery, using a curette similar to that used today. Hippocrates used clinical observation to make prognosis, for example, Hippocratic facies indicated impending death.3 Hippocrates was clearly one of the earliest pioneers of medicine and dermatology. However, his unique contribution to dermatology was overshadowed by his status as the father of medicine and the oath ascribed him.3 Still, his descriptions of skin diseases and ability to recognize cutaneous manifestations of systemic disease were remarkable and remain a testament to his contributions to the field of dermatology. Author Affiliations: Department of Dermatology, Salman bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia (Alsaidan); Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (Simmons, Bray, Falto-Aizpurua, Griffith, Nouri). Corresponding Author: Mohammed Alsaidan, MD, Department of Dermatology, Salman bin Abdulaziz University, PO Box 173, Al-Kharj, Riyadh 11942, Saudi Arabia ([email protected]). 1. Pusey WA. The History of Dermatology. Vol 1. Springfield, IL: C.C. Thomas; 1933:21-23. 2. McCaw IH. A synopsis of the history of dermatology. Ulster Med J. 1944;13(2): 109-122. 3. Liddell K. Choosing a dermatological hero for the millennium: Hippocrates of Cos (460-377 BC). Clin Exp Dermatol. 2000;25(1):86-88.
JAMA Dermatology June 2015 Volume 151, Number 6 (Reprinted)
Copyright 2015 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
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Economic Burden of Psoriasis in the United States
Crohn’s disease, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Adv Ther. 2012;29(7):620-634. 28. Bonafede MM, Gandra SR, Watson C, Princic N, Fox KM. Cost per treated patient for etanercept, adalimumab, and infliximab across adult indications: a claims analysis. Adv Ther. 2012;29(3): 234-248. 29. Anis AH, Bansback N, Sizto S, Gupta SR, Willian MK, Feldman SR. Economic evaluation of biologic therapies for the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis in the United States. J Dermatolog Treat. 2011;22(2):65-74. 30. Martin S, Feldman SR, Augustin M, Szapary P, Schenkel B. Cost per responder analysis of ustekinumab and etanercept for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2011;22 (3):138-143. 31. Wu EQ, Feldman SR, Chen L, et al. Utilization pattern of etanercept and its cost implications in moderate to severe psoriasis in a managed care population. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24(12): 3493-3501.
32. Nelson AA, Pearce DJ, Fleischer AB Jr, Balkrishnan R, Feldman SR. Cost-effectiveness of biologic treatments for psoriasis based on subjective and objective efficacy measures assessed over a 12-week treatment period. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(1):125-135. 33. Delfino M Jr, Holt EW, Taylor CR, Wittenberg E, Qureshi AA. Willingness-to-pay stated preferences for 8 health-related quality-of-life domains in psoriasis: a pilot study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008; 59(3):439-447. 34. Kimball AB, Guérin A, Tsaneva M, et al. Economic burden of comorbidities in patients with psoriasis is substantial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;25(2):157-163. 35. Stern RS, Nijsten T, Feldman SR, Margolis DJ, Rolstad T. Psoriasis is common, carries a substantial burden even when not extensive, and is associated with widespread treatment dissatisfaction. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2004;9(2):136-139.
36. Schmitt JM, Ford DE. Work limitations and productivity loss are associated with health-related quality of life but not with clinical severity in patients with psoriasis. Dermatology. 2006;213(2):102-110. 37. Lewin Group. The Burden of Skin Diseases: 2005. Falls Church, VA: Lewin Group, for the Society of Investigative Dermatology and the American Academy of Dermatology Association; 2005. 38. Crown WH, Bresnahan BW, Orsini LS, Kennedy S, Leonardi C. The burden of illness associated with psoriasis: cost of treatment with systemic therapy and phototherapy in the US. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20(12):1929-1936. 39. Puig L. Treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis with biologics: analysis of the additional cost of temporary dose escalation vs switch to another biologic after failure of maintenance therapy. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2014;105(4):401-412.
NOTABLE NOTES
Hippocrates’ Contributions to Dermatology Revealed Mohammed Alsaidan, MD; Brian J. Simmons, BSc; Fleta N. Bray, BSc; Leyre A. Falto-Aizpurua, MD; Robert Denison Griffith, MD; Keyvan Nouri, MD
Although dermatology did not become a medical subspecialty until the end of the 18th century, many concepts regarding dermatological diseases remain as fresh today as when they were first described over 2000 years ago. In the third century BC, the Hippocratic Collection, also known as the Corpus Hippocraticum, gave information about the anatomy and physiology of the skin (eg, the role of perspiration in maintaining homeostasis) and described skin conditions throughout the collection because they were regarded as cutaneous manifestations of systemic diseases.1,2 For example, Hippocrates noted that clubbed fingernails are associated with underlying pulmonary disease,2 and that urticaria associated with swollen joints and diarrhea may indicate a worm infestation.3 Hippocrates also described an association between the onset of guttate psoriasis and a sore throat. As he dealt with anogenital pruritus and ulceration, he was possibly the first person to describe Behcet disease.3 He described many forms of itching, including itching from icterus.1 The Corpus Hippocraticum also describes a myriad of cutaneous diseases, which together constitute a short catalog of modern skin diseases, including acne, alopecia areata, freckles, varicose veins, frostbite, various disturbances of the nail, dermatitis, weeping eczema of the scalp, various vesicular, pustular and fissured eruptions, erysipelas, eruptions with scales and bullae, purulent wounds, secondary infections, anthrax, scabies, condylomas, warts, gangrene, burns, boils, buboes, intertriginous inflammation, scarlet fever, aphthous stomatitis, leucoderma, and universal exfoliative dermatitis resulting in death.1 Hippocrates used the word herpetic to creeping eruption and defined lichen as a rough and itchy eruption. His
658
descriptions of skin conditions span the full range of ages from verrucae in children, scrofuloderma in teenagers, to skin cancer in adults. Hippocrates believed that physicians should do the opposite to the body of what was inflicted by the disease, such as applying a drying agent to the moist area and applying an emollient to a dry area. He treated superficial skin tumors by curettage and cautery, using a curette similar to that used today. Hippocrates used clinical observation to make prognosis, for example, Hippocratic facies indicated impending death.3 Hippocrates was clearly one of the earliest pioneers of medicine and dermatology. However, his unique contribution to dermatology was overshadowed by his status as the father of medicine and the oath ascribed him.3 Still, his descriptions of skin diseases and ability to recognize cutaneous manifestations of systemic disease were remarkable and remain a testament to his contributions to the field of dermatology. Author Affiliations: Department of Dermatology, Salman bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia (Alsaidan); Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (Simmons, Bray, Falto-Aizpurua, Griffith, Nouri). Corresponding Author: Mohammed Alsaidan, MD, Department of Dermatology, Salman bin Abdulaziz University, PO Box 173, Al-Kharj, Riyadh 11942, Saudi Arabia ([email protected]). 1. Pusey WA. The History of Dermatology. Vol 1. Springfield, IL: C.C. Thomas; 1933:21-23. 2. McCaw IH. A synopsis of the history of dermatology. Ulster Med J. 1944;13(2): 109-122. 3. Liddell K. Choosing a dermatological hero for the millennium: Hippocrates of Cos (460-377 BC). Clin Exp Dermatol. 2000;25(1):86-88.
JAMA Dermatology June 2015 Volume 151, Number 6 (Reprinted)
Copyright 2015 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
Downloaded From: http://archderm.jamanetwork.com/ by a GLASGOW UNIVERSITY LIBRARY User on 10/31/2015
jamadermatology.com
