HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author Manuscript
Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01. Published in final edited form as: Sleep Med Rev. 2016 August ; 28: 69–85. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2015.08.004.
Has Adult Sleep Duration Declined Over the Last 50+ Years? Shawn D. Youngstedt1,*, Eric E. Goff2, Alex M. Reynolds3, Daniel F. Kripke4, Michael R. Irwin5, Richard R. Bootzin6, Nidha Khan1, and Girardin Jean-Louis7 1College
of Nursing and Health Innovation, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
2Biomedical
Sciences Program, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina
Author Manuscript
3Department 4Scripps
of Psychology, University of South Carolina
Clinic Viterbi Family Sleep Center, La Jolla, CA
5Cousins
Center for Psychoneuorimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles
6Department 7Center
of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
for Population Health, School of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, NY
Summary Author Manuscript
The common assumption that population sleep duration has declined in the past few decades has not been supported by recent reviews, which have been limited to self-reported data. The aim of this review was to assess whether there has been a reduction in objectively recorded sleep duration over the last 50+ years. The literature was searched for studies published from 1960–2013, which assessed objective sleep duration (TST) in healthy normal-sleeping adults. The search found 168 studies that met inclusion criteria, with 257 data points representing 6,052 individuals ages 18–88 years. Data were assessed by comparing the regression lines of age vs. TST in studies conducted between 1960–1989 vs. 1990–2013. Weighted regression analyses assessed the association of year of study with ageadjusted TST across all data points. Regression analyses also assessed the association of year of study with TST separately for 10-year age categories (e.g., ages 18–27 years), and separately for polysomnographic and actigraphic data, and for studies involving a fixed sleep schedule and participants’ customary sleep schedules.
Author Manuscript
Analyses revealed no significant association of sleep duration with study year. The results are consistent with recent reviews of subjective data, which have challenged the notion of a modern epidemic of insufficient sleep.
*
Corresponding author: Shawn D. Youngstedt, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA; Tel: +1-602-496-0242; Fax: +1-602-496-0886; [email protected]. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Youngstedt et al.
Page 2
Author Manuscript
Keywords Normal sleeper; polysomnography; actigraphy
Introduction It has been widely stated that modern industrialized societies have become sleep-deprived. Some studies have suggested that average sleep duration has declined over the last few decades [1–4]. Such findings, combined with extensive epidemiologic evidence associating short sleep with health risks [5–7] and experimental evidence of adverse effects of sleep deprivation [8–10], have provoked widespread concern that chronic insufficient sleep has become a public health crisis.
Author Manuscript
However, recent reviews of self-reported data have cast doubt on whether nighttime sleep or 24-h sleep has decreased in recent decades, and whether there has been an increased prevalence of short sleep (3,500 studies, of which 168 met the inclusion criteria, generating 257 data points across 6,052 individuals. Studies were separated into PSG (Table 1) and actigraphic studies (Table 2). Citations for all included studies are listed in the reference list (#55–222). Coding for each study included the mean sample age (or mid-point of the age range if the mean age was not available), number of men and women subjects, mean sample total sleep time (min), and estimated year of study. Studies with multiple age groups generated multiple data points for the analyses. When available, separate data points for men and women were used. Since most of the studies recorded sleep in the laboratory, only the laboratory data were used for studies that included both home and laboratory data, except for separate analysis of the actigraphy data.
Author Manuscript
Since the year of publication of a study often differed from the year in which a study was conducted, the following rules were used to estimate the year that a study had been conducted. 1) Year of study was estimated by subtracting 10 months from the posted date of journal receipt of the manuscript for studies with 18 year old data plotted only
Baseline data only
Baseline, placebo data only
Controls only
Disregarding data from fragmented sleep night
Comments
Author Manuscript
Polysomnography Studies
Youngstedt et al. Page 29
2011 2012 2012 2012 2012 2013
2013
1967
1977
1978
1980 1980 1980 1981
Brower et al.
Schmid et al.
Schmid et al.
Flausino et al.
Holz et al.
Rosipal et al.
Tonetti et al.
Feinberg et al.
Walker et al.
Gaillard
Browman
Adam
Philipson et al.
Coates et al.
2011
Vandekerckhove et al.
Author Manuscript
Year Published
Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01. 1981
1978
1979
1979
1977
1975
1966
2012
2012
2012
2011
2011
2011
2010
2010
Estimated Year of Study
n= 12
n= 46
n= 16
n= 8
n= 40
n= 10
n=30
n= 11
n=148
n= 20
n= 18
n= 30
n= 23
n= 10
n= 13
Sample Size
23–60
24
59
19–22
M-6 F-6
M-37 F-9
M-6 F-10
M-8
n=6
28–30
n=11
22–24
n=11
n=12
19–21
25–27
M-10
M-9 F-6
M-9 F-6
Normal Sleep Schedule
M-4 F-7
M-67 F-81
M-10 F-10
M-18
M-30
M-23
no data
18–22
65–96
19–36
24.75
20–86
27.1
27.2
23
23.2
20–40
M-6 F-7
F-34
24.2 19–56
Gender
Sample Age Years
Author Manuscript
Authors
388 ±55.4
439.3
455.1±24.8
407.3 ±43.1
460 ± 49
491 ±49
505 ± 45
504 ± 36
441.0 ±27.5
384.4 ±36.5
393.9 ±28.1
401.18 ±47.96
Normal Sleep Patterns
481.3
Normal Sleep Patterns
418.57 ±50.89
507 ± 40
517 ± 43
525 ±38
529 ± 38
478.6 ±3
468.9 ±38.3
420.7 ±2.0
480
474
474
384 408
480
480
480
480
420
480
480
Time in Bed (± SD) min
418.7
339.1 ±54.9
456.5 ±2.4
462.1 ±1.3
389.3 ±10.3
445.46 ±45.77
457.42 ±32.65
430
Total Sleep Time (± SD) min
Author Manuscript Fixed Sleep Schedule
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Not Stated
Screening night included
Yes
Yes
Yes
Excluded First Night
Night two data only
Placebo capsule data
Baseline data only
Nonrunner, baseline data only
Healthy control data only
PSG data only, WS device data not included
Data from two nights; used only 2nd night
Baseline data only
Baseline data only. Data deleted as outlier
Sham data only
Sham data only
Baseline data only for healthy control
Baseline (first data point) neutral data (second data point)
Comments
Author Manuscript
Polysomnography Studies
Youngstedt et al. Page 30
1982
1982
1983 1983 1983 1984 1984 1985 1985 1985 1987 1987 1988
1988
1988 1989
Montgomery et al.
Trinder et al.
Paxton et al.
Bunnell et al.
Horne, Staff
Matsumoto et al.
Paxton et al.
Reynolds et al.
Bonnet
Kupfer et al.
Nakagawa
Naifeh et al.
Hudson et al.
Schiavi, Schreiner-Engel
Hoch et al.
Mellman, Uhde
Author Manuscript
Year Published
Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01. 1989
1988
1988
1988
1987
1987
1985
1985
1985
1984
1984
1983
1983
1983
1982
1982
Estimated Year of Study
n=7
n=19
n=40
n=18
n=23
n= 6
n= 10
n= 11
n= 24
n= 17
n= 6
n= 8
n= 9
n= 9
26–49
M-5 F-2
M-9 F-10
M-9
60–73 60–82
M-7
50–59
M-5
30–39
M-8
M-11
23–29
40–49
M-8 F-10
20–55
M-5 F-6
M-6 F-6
30–40 60 +
M-6
M-10
not stated
M-8 F-16
M-17
M-6
M-8
M-4 F-5
M-9
not stated
not stated
M-4 F-4
Gender
19– 23
24.8
18–32
69.5
20
20–24
25.4
25
20.67
31.8
22.3
n= 6 n= 6
23.3
Sample Age Years
n= 12
Sample Size
Author Manuscript
Authors
439.6 ± 45.3
Normal Sleep Patterns
455.8
467.3
350.1 ± 64.9 370.9± 29.6
397 ± 39
398 ± 39
434 ± 26
448 ± 41
441 ± 36
421.1 ± 27.5
422 ± 58
404 ± 46
523.0 ± 30.7
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
489 ± 25.2
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
317 ± 53
332 ± 51
387 ± 42
411 ± 34
404 ± 36
384.9 ± 30.7
364 ± 47
386 ± 40
501.8 ± 28.2
396.6 ± 47.6
389
367.4 ± 45
449 ± 49.5
389.0 ± 11.5
464.5 ± 20.5
436.2 ± 11.1
454
446
416 426
449.4
452.3
455.3
Time in Bed (± SD) min
420.2
401.4
428. 4
Total Sleep Time (± SD) min
Author Manuscript Fixed Sleep Schedule
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Yes
Excluded First Night
Controls only
Controls only
Baseline data only
No exercise group
Baseline data only
Healthy control data only
Non-athlete. Baseline data only
No exercise group
Baseline data only
Baseline data only
Normal, unfit data only. Used average of 2 nights
Unfit subjects, however still fit healthy criteria
Unfit subjects, however still fit healthy criteria
Comments
Author Manuscript
Polysomnography Studies
Youngstedt et al. Page 31
1990 1990 1990
1990
1991
1991
1991
1992 1992 1992
1992
Saletu et al
Brendel et al
Hoch et al
Lauer et al.
Monk et al.
Van Coevorden et al.
Wauquier et al.
Bonnet, Arand
Hudson et al
Monk et al.
1989
Lydiard et al
Vitiello et al.
1989
Bonnet
Author Manuscript
Year Published
Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01. 1992
1992
1992
1992
1990
1991
1991
1990
1990
1990
1990
1989
1989
Estimated Year of Study
71–97 19–28
n= 21
71–91
n= 25 n= 20
24.5
18–30
n= 19
n= 12
88–98
88–102
n= 7 n= 7
67–84
n= 8
20–27
n= 8
80–91
n=34 21–30
55–65
n= 9
n=30
45–54
25–34
n= 10
n= 9
18–24
n=13
35–44
80–89
n=38
n= 10
70–79
60–69
n=34 n=33
23.9
83
n=10 n=14
63.6
23–39
30.1
M-10 F-11
M-20
F-25
M-7 F-12
M-12
F-7
F-7
M-8
M-8
M-21 F-9
M-16 F-18
M-26 F-25 total Not specified for age groups
M-19 F-19
M-17 F-16
M-21 F-13
M-10 F-4
M-6 F-4
M-11 F-13
M-8 F-8
No Data
M-12
M-12
22 63
Gender
Sample Age Years
n= 24
n=16
n=14
n=24
Sample Size
Author Manuscript
Authors
415 ± 47
338 ± 48
366 ± 37
407 ± 35
445
328 ± 14.1
438 ± 27.6
454 ± 53
479 ± 48
426 ± 39
368 ± 50
350.0 ± 36.3
363.1 ± 44.5
404.6 ± 34.2
417.6 ± 23.6
413.9 ± 16
318.1 ± 81.4
328.5 ± 56.4
335.1 ± 62.3
429.8 ± 31.4
395.5 ± 70.1
385.1
385.66 ± 78.55
384.9 ± 31.4
363
372
Total Sleep Time (± SD) min
Normal Sleep Patterns
437 ± 32
472
462 ± 14.6
566 ± 22.8
Normal sleep Patterns
507
478
385.8
397.2
424.1
428.8
422.3
437.3
431.9
430.6
445.0 ± 42.4
491.5 ± 55.7
456.5
426.65 ± 19.4
Normal Sleep Patterns
430
411
Time in Bed (± SD) min
Author Manuscript Fixed Sleep Schedule
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Excluded First Night
Controls only
Baseline data only
Non-catheter data only
Controls only
Nights two and three
Controls only
Baseline data only
Controls only
Comments
Author Manuscript
Polysomnography Studies
Youngstedt et al. Page 32
1992
1992
1993 1994
1995
1996 1996 1996
1997
1997 1997
Hirshkowitz et al.
Montmayeur, Buguet
Dijk, Czeisler
Hoch et al.
Buguet et al.
Hajak et al.
Carrier et al.
Vitiello et al.
Ehlers, Kupfer
Haimov, Lavie
Carrier et al.
1992
Buysse et al
Author Manuscript
Year Published
Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01. 1997
1996
1996
1995
1995
1995
1994
1994
1993
1992
1992
1992
Estimated Year of Study
>60
n=29
19–26 29.99
n= 39
65–75
30–40
n=8
n=17
n=61
20–29
60–80+
55–80+
n= 68 n= 45
82.2
M-52 F-58
M-8
M-17
F-14
M-15
457.73 ± 44.36
354.3 ± 38.4
330.2 ± 33.4
415.5
413
457.71
447.83
M-18 F-14
369.8 ± 7.3
393.2 ± 6
370.3 ± 7.9
389 ± 44.6
419.1 ± 62.1
441.2 ± 4.9
363.9 ± 57.4
378.6 ± 40.5
431.8 ± 6.3
357.8 ± 16.2
298.4 ± 61.3
331.6 ± 63.6
329.4 ± 54.6
340.0 ± 70.8
347.3 ± 62.5
426.5 ± 36.4
365.0 ± 62.0
Total Sleep Time (± SD) min
M-45
F-68
M-10 F-14
M-5
M-5
25.6 49.4
No data
M-21 F-29
M-9
M-6
M-29
M-41
M-49
M-23
M-44
M-20 F-13
M-21 F-24
Gender
24
n= 24
n= 10
n= 6
≥75
78
n=45 n=33
Sample Age Years
Sample Size
Author Manuscript
Authors
460.6 ± 4.3
Normal Sleep Patterns
439.4
445.57
483.43
477.58
445.3 ± 8.5
465.8 ± 5.9
460
455 ± 20 min
483 ± 16
489.1 ± 2.3
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
395.7 ± 42.8
393.0 ± 51.1
404.2 ± 49.4
393.1 ± 58.2
404.9 ± 44.1
Normal Sleep Patterns
Time in Bed (± SD) min
Author Manuscript Fixed Sleep Schedule
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Excluded First Night
Non-catheter data only
Baseline data only
Placebo data only
Placebo, baseline night data only
Baseline data
Baseline data only
Data from intermediate temperature only (March)
Comments
Author Manuscript
Polysomnography Studies
Youngstedt et al. Page 33
Author Manuscript 1997
1998 1999 2000
2001
2001
2001 2001
2003
2004 2007 2007 2008
Edinger et al.
Cajochen et al.
Lushington et al.
Armitage et al.
Carrier et al.
Nicolas et al.
Edinger et al.
Roky et al.
Means et al.
Kato et al.
Penev
Carrier et al.
Peters et al.
Year Published
Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01. 2007
2006
2006
2003
2002
1999
2000
2000
1999
1999
1997
1997
1997
Estimated Year of Study
47.64
n= 33
n= 28
n= 17
n=12
n= 10
n= 49
n= 8
n= 35
n=30
n=100
n=23
n= 16
n= 10
M-7 F-10 M-7 F-7
37.2
M-12
M-4 F-6
M-27 F-22
M-8
20.14
68.9
24.6
55.4
20–28
M-17 F-18
M-2 F-4
60–69 40–59
M-3 F-3
50–59
M-3 F-3
30–39 M-3 F-3
M-3 F-3
20–29
40–49
M-22 F-20
M-31 F-27
483.12 ± 35.32
426.1 ± 16
383 ± 58
452 ± 17
Normal Sleep Patterns
504
436
Normal Sleep Patterns
430.7 ± 45.8
452.0 ± 63.3
376.9 ± 46.5 (Home) 371.2 ± 41.2 (Lab)
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
530 ± 6
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Time in Bed (± SD) min
422 ± 9
377.6 ± 10.5
379.12 ± 41.28
447.65 ± 39.00
431.47 ± 22.09
451.53 ± 47.45
433.07 ± 32.99
404.3
428.9
410.3
384.5
F-8
449.3 ± 8
M-15
423.5 ± 5
361.1 (Lab)
371.8 (Lab)
347.5 (Home)
363.6 (Home)
405.96 ± 37.52
423.05 ± 36.4
Total Sleep Time (± SD) min
M-5 F-11
M-10
M-16 F-16
Gender
40–60
20–39
22–40
65.4
27
67.5
34.79
n= 37
n=32
Sample Age Years
Sample Size
Author Manuscript
Authors
Author Manuscript Fixed Sleep Schedule
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Excluded First Night
Baseline data only
Placebo data only
Baseline data only
Disregarded insomnia patient data
Baseline data only
Controls only (Home)
Controls only
Placebo, treatment night data only
Used only night 2 in the lab
Comments
Author Manuscript
Polysomnography Studies
Youngstedt et al. Page 34
2009 2009
2010 2010 2010 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2012
2012
2012
2012 2013 2013
Marzano et al.
Ferri et al.
Herbst et al
Nissen et al.
Hebert et al.
Danker-Hopfe et al.
Marzano et al.
Gonzalez et al.
Bianchi et al.
Ferri, Bruni et al.
Frey et al.
Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01.
Kobayashi et al.
Ferri et al.
Chellappa et al.
2012
2012
2011
2011
2011
2011
2010
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2008
2010
Morgan et al.
2008
2008
2010
2009
Paterson et al.
2008
Estimated Year of Study
Robillard et al.
2009
O'Donnell et al.
Author Manuscript
Year Published
n= 30
n=18
n=22
n= 8
n= 8
n= 98
25.2
69.4
22.6
57–74
M-16 F-14
M-10 F-8
M-15 F-8
F-8
F-8
M-3 F-6
73.4 20–31
M-4 F-6
M-12 F-13
29.7 62.2
M-5 F-7
M-16 F-16
F-20
M-29 F-21
M-30
M-8 F-14
M-14 F-12
M-13 F-13
M-12 F-3
M-10 F-10
M-12
M-18 F-21
M-26 F-22
M-12
60–76
18–32
n= 32 n= 12
28–64
24.3
25.3
60.4
46.3
39.8
24.6
23.8
39
51.9
23.3
24.9
M-11 F-13
M-7 F-7
69.79 64
Gender
Sample Age Years
n= 20
n= 50
n= 30
n= 22
n= 26
n= 26
n= 15
n= 10
n= 12
n= 87
n= 12
n= 24
Sample Size
Author Manuscript
Authors
390.7 ± 3.1
382.5± 53.11
408.1 ± 81.7
373.1 ± 136.2
408.5 ± 42.5
446.2 ± 26.9
345.1
410.8
393.7
402 ± 48
474 ± 48
357.31 ± 41.5
443.26
456.3 ± 16.6
376.6 ± 59.6
390.4
395.27 ± 68.49
386.56 ± 83.95
449.6 ± 18.41
441.4 ± 38
416 ± 15
404
438
458 ± 12
377.5 ± 37.6
445. 43 ± 71.7
Total Sleep Time (± SD) min
Normal Sleep Patterns
517.2 ± 64.31
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
487.7
526.6
438.5
485
516
420.59 ± 20.74
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
483.0 ± 16
484.8 ± 63
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Time in Bed (± SD) min
Author Manuscript Fixed Sleep Schedule
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Yes
Not Stated
Recorded as baseline
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
No
Not Stated
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Excluded First Night
Classic light data only
Non-PTSD subjects Only used
Disregarded depression data, baseline data only.
> 18 year old data only
Baseline data only
Control data only
Baseline data only
Sham data only
Controls only
Controls only
Night one and night two data
Baseline data only
Placebo data only
Placebo data only
Baseline data only
Comments
Author Manuscript
Polysomnography Studies
Youngstedt et al. Page 35
1972 1976 1976 1982 1985
1986 1987 2000 2000
2002
2003
2003 2004 2007
Williamset al.
Browman, Tepas
Karacan et al.
Adam
Berry, Webb
Reynolds et al.
James et al.
Stone et al.
Youngstedt et al.
Crowley et al.
Edinger et al.
De Souza et al.
Beaumont et al.
Mahlberg, Kunz
2013
Saxvig et al.
1970
2013
Richards et al.
Kahn et al.
2013
Robey et al.
Author Manuscript
Year Published
Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01. 2006
2002
2001
2003
2001
1998
1999
1987
1986
1985
1982
1975
1975
1970
1968
2012
2012
2012
Estimated Year of Study
n= 29
n= 9
n= 21
n=34
n=34
n=8
n= 7
n= 10
n= 20
n=119
n= 7
n= 18
n= 9
n=10
n=10
n= 19
n= 43
n= 11
Sample Size
24–86
35.3
18–33
M-13 F-16
M-6 F-3
M-7 F-14
M-16 F-18
F-9
76.7
46.5
M-11
74.6
M-8 M-8 F-6
24.5
M-7
M-7 F-3
F-10
M-10
396.8 ± 50.2
395 ± 25
414.8 ± 43.2
379.6 ± 11.3 (Home)
370.5 ± 10.1 (Lab)
341.7 ± 65.5
453.3 ± 92.7
424.3 ± 14.4
417.0 ± 26.6
436.9 ± 32.8
361.8 ± 42.6
374 ± 48
403.8
400.7
M-55 F-64
456.5 ± 29.7
416
456
376.6 ± 35.7
383 ± 46.6
507 ± 68.8
403.66
410.9 ± 14.3
Total Sleep Time (± SD) min
M-4 F-3
M-18
M-9
M-10
F-10
18–25
23.4
29.9
68.7
70.1
50–70
58
20–30
18.89
M-5 F-14
M-22 F-21
M-11
Gender
Sleep Schedule Not Stated
41–46
76.7
21.1
30.39
26
Sample Age Years
Author Manuscript
Authors
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
Ad Lib
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
551 ± 67.2
Normal Sleep Patterns
438.9 ± 8
Time in Bed (± SD) min
Author Manuscript Fixed Sleep Schedule
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Excluded First Night
Healthy subject only
Placebo data only
Normal patient data only
Placebo group only
Baseline data only
Non-catheter night only
Baseline data only
Relaxation data group only
Control data only
Control data only
Control data only
Comments
Author Manuscript
Polysomnography Studies
Youngstedt et al. Page 36
2007
2012
Bonnet, Arand
Jaehne et al
Author Manuscript
Year Published
2011
2006
Estimated Year of Study
18–52
61–70
n=14 n= 44
51–60
31–40
n=13
n=14
21–30
n= 13
41–50
18–20
n= 12
n=10
Sample Age Years
Sample Size
Author Manuscript
Authors
M-29 F-15
M-12 F-2
M-12 F-2
M-6 F-4
M-7 F-6
M-7 F-6
M-3 F-9
Gender
430.5 ± 17.06
350
358
395
403
446
439
Total Sleep Time (± SD) min
Not stated
Not stated
Time in Bed (± SD) min
Author Manuscript Fixed Sleep Schedule
Yes
No
Excluded First Night
Smoker data disregarded
Data corrected for arousals associated with limb movements and apnea
Comments
Author Manuscript
Polysomnography Studies
Youngstedt et al. Page 37
Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01.
Author Manuscript Year Published 1998 2000 2001 2001 2003 2003 2014
1996
1998
2001
2003 2004 2006 2007 2011 2011 2011
Blagrove et al.
Hindmarch et al.
Jean-Louis et al.
Jean-Louis et al.
Baskett et al.
Yoon et al.
O’Hare et al.
Jean-Louis et al.
Hume et al.
Pires et al.
Youngstedt et al.
Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01.
Benson et al.
Monk et al
Robertson et al.
Rahman et al.
Kogure et al.
Myllymäki et al.
2010
2010
2010
2006
2005
2003
2002
2000
1997
1996
2013
2002
2001
1999
1999
1998
1996
Estimated Year of Study
n= 11
n= 45
n=15
n= 15
n= 128
n= 20
n= 71
n= 6
n= 190
n= 20
n=20
n=133
n= 20
n=5
n= 11
n= 30
n= 9
Sample Size
M-11 F-9
M-26 F-38
25
M-7 F-4
F-12
M-16 F-17
50.2 83.8
M-5 F-10
M-7 F-8
M-65 F-63
M-7 F-13
no data
35.6
27.7
70–92
35.35
18–75
M-6
M-22 F-42
50–70
M-39 F-23
20–34 35–49
M-11 F-9
22–24
391 ± 49
366.1 ± 53.2
420.8 ± 48.2
443
449 ± 19
441
441.6
421 ± 12.2
Total Sleep Time (± SD) min
437.7 ± 45
410 ± 72.9
436 ± 69
486 ±54
374 ± 56.8
413 ± 83
383.93 ±70.29
380.95 ± 5.8
517.7 ± 39
511.5 ± 101
558.7 ±73
412 ± 55
422 ±60
458 ± 54
391 ± 57
Normal Sleep Schedule 29.95
30
M-22 F-38
M-26 F-47
18–32 60–75
M-4 F-16
no data
M-4 F-7
M-15 F-15
F-9
71.7
25
25.36
27.3
20
Gender
Fixed Sleep Schedule
Actigraphic Studies
Sample Age Years
Author Manuscript
Authors
486
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
449 ± 76
Normal Sleep Patterns
Not stated
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
450
475.9 ± 64.3
474.5 ± 54.5
480
480
480
510
480
Time in Bed (± SD) min
Author Manuscript
Actigraphic studies reviewed for the present paper.
Yes
No, because at home
Not Stated
Not Stated
No, because at home
No, because at home
Yes
Yes
Not Stated
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Excluded First Night
Control data only
Control data only.
Normal sleepers only.
Placebo data only. Data from PSG
Validation night only
Baseline data only
Placebo data only
Comments
Author Manuscript
Table 2 Youngstedt et al. Page 38
2012 2013 2013
2000 2011 2012 2012 2013 2013
2013
Scatena et al.
Robertson et al.
Petersen et al.
Naylor et al.
Gooneratne et al.
Wulff et al.
Shambroom et al.
Ju et al
Winser et al.
Lombardi et al
Author Manuscript Year Published
2012
2012
2012
2010
2010
2009
1999
2012
2012
2011
Estimated Year of Study
n= 14
n= 23
n=39
n=142
n=26
n= 21
n= 100
n= 14
n= 28
n= 19
n= 25
Sample Size
36.1
40.6 F-14
M-23
F-27
M-12
26.5
M-13 F-13
M-13 F-8
M-37 F-63
M-5 F-9
M-58 F-84
27.9
381.81 ± 11.3
369 ± 40.5
736.7 ± 121.8
Total Sleep Time (± SD) min
420
434.1 ± 40
428 ± 55.2
402.6±44.6
324.6 ± 11.2
364.8 ± 37.2
371.1
337.6 ± 19.5
Sleep Schedule Not Stated
M-7 F-21
M-19
M-13 F-12
Gender
65.6
38
37.5
72.5
75.2
41
20–30
44.3
Sample Age Years
Author Manuscript
Authors
Not Stated
Not Stated
486.4 ±49.8
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
491
Not stated
Normal Sleep Patterns
Time in Bed (± SD) min
Author Manuscript Fixed Sleep Schedule
Not stated
Not stated
Not Stated
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Yes
Not Stated
Not Stated
Excluded First Night
Sea level data only
Control data only.
> 18 year old data only
Controls only
Low sensitivity, low stress data only
Baseline data only.
Data deleted as outlier
Comments
Author Manuscript
Actigraphic Studies
Youngstedt et al. Page 39
Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01.
Youngstedt et al.
Page 40
Table 3
Author Manuscript
Studies located which assessed sleep objectively both at home and in the laboratory. Authors /Year
n
Home TST
Lab TST
Coates et al., 1979
8
380.8
364.1
Riley, Peterson, 1983
10
378
408
Edinger et al. 1997
32
Nt 2,3: 371.8
Nights 2–3: 361.1
Edinger et al., 2001
35
Nt 2,3: 377.6
Nights2–3: 376.5
Edinger et al, 2003
35
379.6
370.5
Means et al, 2003
49
376.6
371.2
Penev, 2007
12
381
383
Kobayashi, et al., 2012
22
373.1
403.7
Comments
Actigraphy home PSG lab
Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01.
Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01. Published in final edited form as: Sleep Med Rev. 2016 August ; 28: 69–85. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2015.08.004.
Has Adult Sleep Duration Declined Over the Last 50+ Years? Shawn D. Youngstedt1,*, Eric E. Goff2, Alex M. Reynolds3, Daniel F. Kripke4, Michael R. Irwin5, Richard R. Bootzin6, Nidha Khan1, and Girardin Jean-Louis7 1College
of Nursing and Health Innovation, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
2Biomedical
Sciences Program, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina
Author Manuscript
3Department 4Scripps
of Psychology, University of South Carolina
Clinic Viterbi Family Sleep Center, La Jolla, CA
5Cousins
Center for Psychoneuorimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles
6Department 7Center
of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
for Population Health, School of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, NY
Summary Author Manuscript
The common assumption that population sleep duration has declined in the past few decades has not been supported by recent reviews, which have been limited to self-reported data. The aim of this review was to assess whether there has been a reduction in objectively recorded sleep duration over the last 50+ years. The literature was searched for studies published from 1960–2013, which assessed objective sleep duration (TST) in healthy normal-sleeping adults. The search found 168 studies that met inclusion criteria, with 257 data points representing 6,052 individuals ages 18–88 years. Data were assessed by comparing the regression lines of age vs. TST in studies conducted between 1960–1989 vs. 1990–2013. Weighted regression analyses assessed the association of year of study with ageadjusted TST across all data points. Regression analyses also assessed the association of year of study with TST separately for 10-year age categories (e.g., ages 18–27 years), and separately for polysomnographic and actigraphic data, and for studies involving a fixed sleep schedule and participants’ customary sleep schedules.
Author Manuscript
Analyses revealed no significant association of sleep duration with study year. The results are consistent with recent reviews of subjective data, which have challenged the notion of a modern epidemic of insufficient sleep.
*
Corresponding author: Shawn D. Youngstedt, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA; Tel: +1-602-496-0242; Fax: +1-602-496-0886; [email protected]. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Youngstedt et al.
Page 2
Author Manuscript
Keywords Normal sleeper; polysomnography; actigraphy
Introduction It has been widely stated that modern industrialized societies have become sleep-deprived. Some studies have suggested that average sleep duration has declined over the last few decades [1–4]. Such findings, combined with extensive epidemiologic evidence associating short sleep with health risks [5–7] and experimental evidence of adverse effects of sleep deprivation [8–10], have provoked widespread concern that chronic insufficient sleep has become a public health crisis.
Author Manuscript
However, recent reviews of self-reported data have cast doubt on whether nighttime sleep or 24-h sleep has decreased in recent decades, and whether there has been an increased prevalence of short sleep (3,500 studies, of which 168 met the inclusion criteria, generating 257 data points across 6,052 individuals. Studies were separated into PSG (Table 1) and actigraphic studies (Table 2). Citations for all included studies are listed in the reference list (#55–222). Coding for each study included the mean sample age (or mid-point of the age range if the mean age was not available), number of men and women subjects, mean sample total sleep time (min), and estimated year of study. Studies with multiple age groups generated multiple data points for the analyses. When available, separate data points for men and women were used. Since most of the studies recorded sleep in the laboratory, only the laboratory data were used for studies that included both home and laboratory data, except for separate analysis of the actigraphy data.
Author Manuscript
Since the year of publication of a study often differed from the year in which a study was conducted, the following rules were used to estimate the year that a study had been conducted. 1) Year of study was estimated by subtracting 10 months from the posted date of journal receipt of the manuscript for studies with 18 year old data plotted only
Baseline data only
Baseline, placebo data only
Controls only
Disregarding data from fragmented sleep night
Comments
Author Manuscript
Polysomnography Studies
Youngstedt et al. Page 29
2011 2012 2012 2012 2012 2013
2013
1967
1977
1978
1980 1980 1980 1981
Brower et al.
Schmid et al.
Schmid et al.
Flausino et al.
Holz et al.
Rosipal et al.
Tonetti et al.
Feinberg et al.
Walker et al.
Gaillard
Browman
Adam
Philipson et al.
Coates et al.
2011
Vandekerckhove et al.
Author Manuscript
Year Published
Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01. 1981
1978
1979
1979
1977
1975
1966
2012
2012
2012
2011
2011
2011
2010
2010
Estimated Year of Study
n= 12
n= 46
n= 16
n= 8
n= 40
n= 10
n=30
n= 11
n=148
n= 20
n= 18
n= 30
n= 23
n= 10
n= 13
Sample Size
23–60
24
59
19–22
M-6 F-6
M-37 F-9
M-6 F-10
M-8
n=6
28–30
n=11
22–24
n=11
n=12
19–21
25–27
M-10
M-9 F-6
M-9 F-6
Normal Sleep Schedule
M-4 F-7
M-67 F-81
M-10 F-10
M-18
M-30
M-23
no data
18–22
65–96
19–36
24.75
20–86
27.1
27.2
23
23.2
20–40
M-6 F-7
F-34
24.2 19–56
Gender
Sample Age Years
Author Manuscript
Authors
388 ±55.4
439.3
455.1±24.8
407.3 ±43.1
460 ± 49
491 ±49
505 ± 45
504 ± 36
441.0 ±27.5
384.4 ±36.5
393.9 ±28.1
401.18 ±47.96
Normal Sleep Patterns
481.3
Normal Sleep Patterns
418.57 ±50.89
507 ± 40
517 ± 43
525 ±38
529 ± 38
478.6 ±3
468.9 ±38.3
420.7 ±2.0
480
474
474
384 408
480
480
480
480
420
480
480
Time in Bed (± SD) min
418.7
339.1 ±54.9
456.5 ±2.4
462.1 ±1.3
389.3 ±10.3
445.46 ±45.77
457.42 ±32.65
430
Total Sleep Time (± SD) min
Author Manuscript Fixed Sleep Schedule
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Not Stated
Screening night included
Yes
Yes
Yes
Excluded First Night
Night two data only
Placebo capsule data
Baseline data only
Nonrunner, baseline data only
Healthy control data only
PSG data only, WS device data not included
Data from two nights; used only 2nd night
Baseline data only
Baseline data only. Data deleted as outlier
Sham data only
Sham data only
Baseline data only for healthy control
Baseline (first data point) neutral data (second data point)
Comments
Author Manuscript
Polysomnography Studies
Youngstedt et al. Page 30
1982
1982
1983 1983 1983 1984 1984 1985 1985 1985 1987 1987 1988
1988
1988 1989
Montgomery et al.
Trinder et al.
Paxton et al.
Bunnell et al.
Horne, Staff
Matsumoto et al.
Paxton et al.
Reynolds et al.
Bonnet
Kupfer et al.
Nakagawa
Naifeh et al.
Hudson et al.
Schiavi, Schreiner-Engel
Hoch et al.
Mellman, Uhde
Author Manuscript
Year Published
Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01. 1989
1988
1988
1988
1987
1987
1985
1985
1985
1984
1984
1983
1983
1983
1982
1982
Estimated Year of Study
n=7
n=19
n=40
n=18
n=23
n= 6
n= 10
n= 11
n= 24
n= 17
n= 6
n= 8
n= 9
n= 9
26–49
M-5 F-2
M-9 F-10
M-9
60–73 60–82
M-7
50–59
M-5
30–39
M-8
M-11
23–29
40–49
M-8 F-10
20–55
M-5 F-6
M-6 F-6
30–40 60 +
M-6
M-10
not stated
M-8 F-16
M-17
M-6
M-8
M-4 F-5
M-9
not stated
not stated
M-4 F-4
Gender
19– 23
24.8
18–32
69.5
20
20–24
25.4
25
20.67
31.8
22.3
n= 6 n= 6
23.3
Sample Age Years
n= 12
Sample Size
Author Manuscript
Authors
439.6 ± 45.3
Normal Sleep Patterns
455.8
467.3
350.1 ± 64.9 370.9± 29.6
397 ± 39
398 ± 39
434 ± 26
448 ± 41
441 ± 36
421.1 ± 27.5
422 ± 58
404 ± 46
523.0 ± 30.7
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
489 ± 25.2
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
317 ± 53
332 ± 51
387 ± 42
411 ± 34
404 ± 36
384.9 ± 30.7
364 ± 47
386 ± 40
501.8 ± 28.2
396.6 ± 47.6
389
367.4 ± 45
449 ± 49.5
389.0 ± 11.5
464.5 ± 20.5
436.2 ± 11.1
454
446
416 426
449.4
452.3
455.3
Time in Bed (± SD) min
420.2
401.4
428. 4
Total Sleep Time (± SD) min
Author Manuscript Fixed Sleep Schedule
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Yes
Excluded First Night
Controls only
Controls only
Baseline data only
No exercise group
Baseline data only
Healthy control data only
Non-athlete. Baseline data only
No exercise group
Baseline data only
Baseline data only
Normal, unfit data only. Used average of 2 nights
Unfit subjects, however still fit healthy criteria
Unfit subjects, however still fit healthy criteria
Comments
Author Manuscript
Polysomnography Studies
Youngstedt et al. Page 31
1990 1990 1990
1990
1991
1991
1991
1992 1992 1992
1992
Saletu et al
Brendel et al
Hoch et al
Lauer et al.
Monk et al.
Van Coevorden et al.
Wauquier et al.
Bonnet, Arand
Hudson et al
Monk et al.
1989
Lydiard et al
Vitiello et al.
1989
Bonnet
Author Manuscript
Year Published
Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01. 1992
1992
1992
1992
1990
1991
1991
1990
1990
1990
1990
1989
1989
Estimated Year of Study
71–97 19–28
n= 21
71–91
n= 25 n= 20
24.5
18–30
n= 19
n= 12
88–98
88–102
n= 7 n= 7
67–84
n= 8
20–27
n= 8
80–91
n=34 21–30
55–65
n= 9
n=30
45–54
25–34
n= 10
n= 9
18–24
n=13
35–44
80–89
n=38
n= 10
70–79
60–69
n=34 n=33
23.9
83
n=10 n=14
63.6
23–39
30.1
M-10 F-11
M-20
F-25
M-7 F-12
M-12
F-7
F-7
M-8
M-8
M-21 F-9
M-16 F-18
M-26 F-25 total Not specified for age groups
M-19 F-19
M-17 F-16
M-21 F-13
M-10 F-4
M-6 F-4
M-11 F-13
M-8 F-8
No Data
M-12
M-12
22 63
Gender
Sample Age Years
n= 24
n=16
n=14
n=24
Sample Size
Author Manuscript
Authors
415 ± 47
338 ± 48
366 ± 37
407 ± 35
445
328 ± 14.1
438 ± 27.6
454 ± 53
479 ± 48
426 ± 39
368 ± 50
350.0 ± 36.3
363.1 ± 44.5
404.6 ± 34.2
417.6 ± 23.6
413.9 ± 16
318.1 ± 81.4
328.5 ± 56.4
335.1 ± 62.3
429.8 ± 31.4
395.5 ± 70.1
385.1
385.66 ± 78.55
384.9 ± 31.4
363
372
Total Sleep Time (± SD) min
Normal Sleep Patterns
437 ± 32
472
462 ± 14.6
566 ± 22.8
Normal sleep Patterns
507
478
385.8
397.2
424.1
428.8
422.3
437.3
431.9
430.6
445.0 ± 42.4
491.5 ± 55.7
456.5
426.65 ± 19.4
Normal Sleep Patterns
430
411
Time in Bed (± SD) min
Author Manuscript Fixed Sleep Schedule
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Excluded First Night
Controls only
Baseline data only
Non-catheter data only
Controls only
Nights two and three
Controls only
Baseline data only
Controls only
Comments
Author Manuscript
Polysomnography Studies
Youngstedt et al. Page 32
1992
1992
1993 1994
1995
1996 1996 1996
1997
1997 1997
Hirshkowitz et al.
Montmayeur, Buguet
Dijk, Czeisler
Hoch et al.
Buguet et al.
Hajak et al.
Carrier et al.
Vitiello et al.
Ehlers, Kupfer
Haimov, Lavie
Carrier et al.
1992
Buysse et al
Author Manuscript
Year Published
Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01. 1997
1996
1996
1995
1995
1995
1994
1994
1993
1992
1992
1992
Estimated Year of Study
>60
n=29
19–26 29.99
n= 39
65–75
30–40
n=8
n=17
n=61
20–29
60–80+
55–80+
n= 68 n= 45
82.2
M-52 F-58
M-8
M-17
F-14
M-15
457.73 ± 44.36
354.3 ± 38.4
330.2 ± 33.4
415.5
413
457.71
447.83
M-18 F-14
369.8 ± 7.3
393.2 ± 6
370.3 ± 7.9
389 ± 44.6
419.1 ± 62.1
441.2 ± 4.9
363.9 ± 57.4
378.6 ± 40.5
431.8 ± 6.3
357.8 ± 16.2
298.4 ± 61.3
331.6 ± 63.6
329.4 ± 54.6
340.0 ± 70.8
347.3 ± 62.5
426.5 ± 36.4
365.0 ± 62.0
Total Sleep Time (± SD) min
M-45
F-68
M-10 F-14
M-5
M-5
25.6 49.4
No data
M-21 F-29
M-9
M-6
M-29
M-41
M-49
M-23
M-44
M-20 F-13
M-21 F-24
Gender
24
n= 24
n= 10
n= 6
≥75
78
n=45 n=33
Sample Age Years
Sample Size
Author Manuscript
Authors
460.6 ± 4.3
Normal Sleep Patterns
439.4
445.57
483.43
477.58
445.3 ± 8.5
465.8 ± 5.9
460
455 ± 20 min
483 ± 16
489.1 ± 2.3
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
395.7 ± 42.8
393.0 ± 51.1
404.2 ± 49.4
393.1 ± 58.2
404.9 ± 44.1
Normal Sleep Patterns
Time in Bed (± SD) min
Author Manuscript Fixed Sleep Schedule
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Excluded First Night
Non-catheter data only
Baseline data only
Placebo data only
Placebo, baseline night data only
Baseline data
Baseline data only
Data from intermediate temperature only (March)
Comments
Author Manuscript
Polysomnography Studies
Youngstedt et al. Page 33
Author Manuscript 1997
1998 1999 2000
2001
2001
2001 2001
2003
2004 2007 2007 2008
Edinger et al.
Cajochen et al.
Lushington et al.
Armitage et al.
Carrier et al.
Nicolas et al.
Edinger et al.
Roky et al.
Means et al.
Kato et al.
Penev
Carrier et al.
Peters et al.
Year Published
Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01. 2007
2006
2006
2003
2002
1999
2000
2000
1999
1999
1997
1997
1997
Estimated Year of Study
47.64
n= 33
n= 28
n= 17
n=12
n= 10
n= 49
n= 8
n= 35
n=30
n=100
n=23
n= 16
n= 10
M-7 F-10 M-7 F-7
37.2
M-12
M-4 F-6
M-27 F-22
M-8
20.14
68.9
24.6
55.4
20–28
M-17 F-18
M-2 F-4
60–69 40–59
M-3 F-3
50–59
M-3 F-3
30–39 M-3 F-3
M-3 F-3
20–29
40–49
M-22 F-20
M-31 F-27
483.12 ± 35.32
426.1 ± 16
383 ± 58
452 ± 17
Normal Sleep Patterns
504
436
Normal Sleep Patterns
430.7 ± 45.8
452.0 ± 63.3
376.9 ± 46.5 (Home) 371.2 ± 41.2 (Lab)
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
530 ± 6
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Time in Bed (± SD) min
422 ± 9
377.6 ± 10.5
379.12 ± 41.28
447.65 ± 39.00
431.47 ± 22.09
451.53 ± 47.45
433.07 ± 32.99
404.3
428.9
410.3
384.5
F-8
449.3 ± 8
M-15
423.5 ± 5
361.1 (Lab)
371.8 (Lab)
347.5 (Home)
363.6 (Home)
405.96 ± 37.52
423.05 ± 36.4
Total Sleep Time (± SD) min
M-5 F-11
M-10
M-16 F-16
Gender
40–60
20–39
22–40
65.4
27
67.5
34.79
n= 37
n=32
Sample Age Years
Sample Size
Author Manuscript
Authors
Author Manuscript Fixed Sleep Schedule
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Excluded First Night
Baseline data only
Placebo data only
Baseline data only
Disregarded insomnia patient data
Baseline data only
Controls only (Home)
Controls only
Placebo, treatment night data only
Used only night 2 in the lab
Comments
Author Manuscript
Polysomnography Studies
Youngstedt et al. Page 34
2009 2009
2010 2010 2010 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2012
2012
2012
2012 2013 2013
Marzano et al.
Ferri et al.
Herbst et al
Nissen et al.
Hebert et al.
Danker-Hopfe et al.
Marzano et al.
Gonzalez et al.
Bianchi et al.
Ferri, Bruni et al.
Frey et al.
Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01.
Kobayashi et al.
Ferri et al.
Chellappa et al.
2012
2012
2011
2011
2011
2011
2010
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2008
2010
Morgan et al.
2008
2008
2010
2009
Paterson et al.
2008
Estimated Year of Study
Robillard et al.
2009
O'Donnell et al.
Author Manuscript
Year Published
n= 30
n=18
n=22
n= 8
n= 8
n= 98
25.2
69.4
22.6
57–74
M-16 F-14
M-10 F-8
M-15 F-8
F-8
F-8
M-3 F-6
73.4 20–31
M-4 F-6
M-12 F-13
29.7 62.2
M-5 F-7
M-16 F-16
F-20
M-29 F-21
M-30
M-8 F-14
M-14 F-12
M-13 F-13
M-12 F-3
M-10 F-10
M-12
M-18 F-21
M-26 F-22
M-12
60–76
18–32
n= 32 n= 12
28–64
24.3
25.3
60.4
46.3
39.8
24.6
23.8
39
51.9
23.3
24.9
M-11 F-13
M-7 F-7
69.79 64
Gender
Sample Age Years
n= 20
n= 50
n= 30
n= 22
n= 26
n= 26
n= 15
n= 10
n= 12
n= 87
n= 12
n= 24
Sample Size
Author Manuscript
Authors
390.7 ± 3.1
382.5± 53.11
408.1 ± 81.7
373.1 ± 136.2
408.5 ± 42.5
446.2 ± 26.9
345.1
410.8
393.7
402 ± 48
474 ± 48
357.31 ± 41.5
443.26
456.3 ± 16.6
376.6 ± 59.6
390.4
395.27 ± 68.49
386.56 ± 83.95
449.6 ± 18.41
441.4 ± 38
416 ± 15
404
438
458 ± 12
377.5 ± 37.6
445. 43 ± 71.7
Total Sleep Time (± SD) min
Normal Sleep Patterns
517.2 ± 64.31
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
487.7
526.6
438.5
485
516
420.59 ± 20.74
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
483.0 ± 16
484.8 ± 63
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Time in Bed (± SD) min
Author Manuscript Fixed Sleep Schedule
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Yes
Not Stated
Recorded as baseline
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
No
Not Stated
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Excluded First Night
Classic light data only
Non-PTSD subjects Only used
Disregarded depression data, baseline data only.
> 18 year old data only
Baseline data only
Control data only
Baseline data only
Sham data only
Controls only
Controls only
Night one and night two data
Baseline data only
Placebo data only
Placebo data only
Baseline data only
Comments
Author Manuscript
Polysomnography Studies
Youngstedt et al. Page 35
1972 1976 1976 1982 1985
1986 1987 2000 2000
2002
2003
2003 2004 2007
Williamset al.
Browman, Tepas
Karacan et al.
Adam
Berry, Webb
Reynolds et al.
James et al.
Stone et al.
Youngstedt et al.
Crowley et al.
Edinger et al.
De Souza et al.
Beaumont et al.
Mahlberg, Kunz
2013
Saxvig et al.
1970
2013
Richards et al.
Kahn et al.
2013
Robey et al.
Author Manuscript
Year Published
Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01. 2006
2002
2001
2003
2001
1998
1999
1987
1986
1985
1982
1975
1975
1970
1968
2012
2012
2012
Estimated Year of Study
n= 29
n= 9
n= 21
n=34
n=34
n=8
n= 7
n= 10
n= 20
n=119
n= 7
n= 18
n= 9
n=10
n=10
n= 19
n= 43
n= 11
Sample Size
24–86
35.3
18–33
M-13 F-16
M-6 F-3
M-7 F-14
M-16 F-18
F-9
76.7
46.5
M-11
74.6
M-8 M-8 F-6
24.5
M-7
M-7 F-3
F-10
M-10
396.8 ± 50.2
395 ± 25
414.8 ± 43.2
379.6 ± 11.3 (Home)
370.5 ± 10.1 (Lab)
341.7 ± 65.5
453.3 ± 92.7
424.3 ± 14.4
417.0 ± 26.6
436.9 ± 32.8
361.8 ± 42.6
374 ± 48
403.8
400.7
M-55 F-64
456.5 ± 29.7
416
456
376.6 ± 35.7
383 ± 46.6
507 ± 68.8
403.66
410.9 ± 14.3
Total Sleep Time (± SD) min
M-4 F-3
M-18
M-9
M-10
F-10
18–25
23.4
29.9
68.7
70.1
50–70
58
20–30
18.89
M-5 F-14
M-22 F-21
M-11
Gender
Sleep Schedule Not Stated
41–46
76.7
21.1
30.39
26
Sample Age Years
Author Manuscript
Authors
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
Ad Lib
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
551 ± 67.2
Normal Sleep Patterns
438.9 ± 8
Time in Bed (± SD) min
Author Manuscript Fixed Sleep Schedule
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Excluded First Night
Healthy subject only
Placebo data only
Normal patient data only
Placebo group only
Baseline data only
Non-catheter night only
Baseline data only
Relaxation data group only
Control data only
Control data only
Control data only
Comments
Author Manuscript
Polysomnography Studies
Youngstedt et al. Page 36
2007
2012
Bonnet, Arand
Jaehne et al
Author Manuscript
Year Published
2011
2006
Estimated Year of Study
18–52
61–70
n=14 n= 44
51–60
31–40
n=13
n=14
21–30
n= 13
41–50
18–20
n= 12
n=10
Sample Age Years
Sample Size
Author Manuscript
Authors
M-29 F-15
M-12 F-2
M-12 F-2
M-6 F-4
M-7 F-6
M-7 F-6
M-3 F-9
Gender
430.5 ± 17.06
350
358
395
403
446
439
Total Sleep Time (± SD) min
Not stated
Not stated
Time in Bed (± SD) min
Author Manuscript Fixed Sleep Schedule
Yes
No
Excluded First Night
Smoker data disregarded
Data corrected for arousals associated with limb movements and apnea
Comments
Author Manuscript
Polysomnography Studies
Youngstedt et al. Page 37
Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01.
Author Manuscript Year Published 1998 2000 2001 2001 2003 2003 2014
1996
1998
2001
2003 2004 2006 2007 2011 2011 2011
Blagrove et al.
Hindmarch et al.
Jean-Louis et al.
Jean-Louis et al.
Baskett et al.
Yoon et al.
O’Hare et al.
Jean-Louis et al.
Hume et al.
Pires et al.
Youngstedt et al.
Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01.
Benson et al.
Monk et al
Robertson et al.
Rahman et al.
Kogure et al.
Myllymäki et al.
2010
2010
2010
2006
2005
2003
2002
2000
1997
1996
2013
2002
2001
1999
1999
1998
1996
Estimated Year of Study
n= 11
n= 45
n=15
n= 15
n= 128
n= 20
n= 71
n= 6
n= 190
n= 20
n=20
n=133
n= 20
n=5
n= 11
n= 30
n= 9
Sample Size
M-11 F-9
M-26 F-38
25
M-7 F-4
F-12
M-16 F-17
50.2 83.8
M-5 F-10
M-7 F-8
M-65 F-63
M-7 F-13
no data
35.6
27.7
70–92
35.35
18–75
M-6
M-22 F-42
50–70
M-39 F-23
20–34 35–49
M-11 F-9
22–24
391 ± 49
366.1 ± 53.2
420.8 ± 48.2
443
449 ± 19
441
441.6
421 ± 12.2
Total Sleep Time (± SD) min
437.7 ± 45
410 ± 72.9
436 ± 69
486 ±54
374 ± 56.8
413 ± 83
383.93 ±70.29
380.95 ± 5.8
517.7 ± 39
511.5 ± 101
558.7 ±73
412 ± 55
422 ±60
458 ± 54
391 ± 57
Normal Sleep Schedule 29.95
30
M-22 F-38
M-26 F-47
18–32 60–75
M-4 F-16
no data
M-4 F-7
M-15 F-15
F-9
71.7
25
25.36
27.3
20
Gender
Fixed Sleep Schedule
Actigraphic Studies
Sample Age Years
Author Manuscript
Authors
486
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
449 ± 76
Normal Sleep Patterns
Not stated
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
Normal Sleep Patterns
450
475.9 ± 64.3
474.5 ± 54.5
480
480
480
510
480
Time in Bed (± SD) min
Author Manuscript
Actigraphic studies reviewed for the present paper.
Yes
No, because at home
Not Stated
Not Stated
No, because at home
No, because at home
Yes
Yes
Not Stated
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Excluded First Night
Control data only
Control data only.
Normal sleepers only.
Placebo data only. Data from PSG
Validation night only
Baseline data only
Placebo data only
Comments
Author Manuscript
Table 2 Youngstedt et al. Page 38
2012 2013 2013
2000 2011 2012 2012 2013 2013
2013
Scatena et al.
Robertson et al.
Petersen et al.
Naylor et al.
Gooneratne et al.
Wulff et al.
Shambroom et al.
Ju et al
Winser et al.
Lombardi et al
Author Manuscript Year Published
2012
2012
2012
2010
2010
2009
1999
2012
2012
2011
Estimated Year of Study
n= 14
n= 23
n=39
n=142
n=26
n= 21
n= 100
n= 14
n= 28
n= 19
n= 25
Sample Size
36.1
40.6 F-14
M-23
F-27
M-12
26.5
M-13 F-13
M-13 F-8
M-37 F-63
M-5 F-9
M-58 F-84
27.9
381.81 ± 11.3
369 ± 40.5
736.7 ± 121.8
Total Sleep Time (± SD) min
420
434.1 ± 40
428 ± 55.2
402.6±44.6
324.6 ± 11.2
364.8 ± 37.2
371.1
337.6 ± 19.5
Sleep Schedule Not Stated
M-7 F-21
M-19
M-13 F-12
Gender
65.6
38
37.5
72.5
75.2
41
20–30
44.3
Sample Age Years
Author Manuscript
Authors
Not Stated
Not Stated
486.4 ±49.8
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
Not stated
491
Not stated
Normal Sleep Patterns
Time in Bed (± SD) min
Author Manuscript Fixed Sleep Schedule
Not stated
Not stated
Not Stated
Yes
Not Stated
Yes
Yes
Yes
Not Stated
Not Stated
Excluded First Night
Sea level data only
Control data only.
> 18 year old data only
Controls only
Low sensitivity, low stress data only
Baseline data only.
Data deleted as outlier
Comments
Author Manuscript
Actigraphic Studies
Youngstedt et al. Page 39
Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01.
Youngstedt et al.
Page 40
Table 3
Author Manuscript
Studies located which assessed sleep objectively both at home and in the laboratory. Authors /Year
n
Home TST
Lab TST
Coates et al., 1979
8
380.8
364.1
Riley, Peterson, 1983
10
378
408
Edinger et al. 1997
32
Nt 2,3: 371.8
Nights 2–3: 361.1
Edinger et al., 2001
35
Nt 2,3: 377.6
Nights2–3: 376.5
Edinger et al, 2003
35
379.6
370.5
Means et al, 2003
49
376.6
371.2
Penev, 2007
12
381
383
Kobayashi, et al., 2012
22
373.1
403.7
Comments
Actigraphy home PSG lab
Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Sleep Med Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01.
