www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget/
Oncotarget, 2017, Vol. 8, (No. 15), pp: 24196-24201 Research Paper
Germline genetic variations in PDZD2 and ITPR2 genes are associated with clear cell renal cell carcinoma in Chinese population
Ning Zhang1,2,*, Yishuo Wu1,2,*, Jian Gong2*, Kaiwen Li3, Xiaolin Lin2,4,5, Haitao Chen5, Yang Yu1,2, Yuancheng Gou1,2, Jiangang Hou1,2, Deke Jiang4, Rong Na1,2,6,7, Xiang Wang1,2, Qiang Ding1,2 and Jianfeng Xu2,3,4,7 1
Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
2
Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
3
Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yet-sen University, Guandong, PR China
4
State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
5
Center for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
6
Health Communication Institute, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
7
Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
*
These authors have contributed equally to this work
Correspondence to: Rong Na, email: [email protected] Correspondence to: Xiang Wang, email: [email protected] Keywords: renal cell carcinoma, SNPs, genome-wide association, Chinese Received: June 03, 2015
Accepted: December 31, 2015
Published: January 14, 2016
Copyright: Zhang et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
ABSTRACT Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with RCC in European and African American population. In this study, we evaluated whether these SNPs are associated with clear cell RCC (ccRCC) in Chinese population. All reported RCC riskassociated SNPs from GWAS were evaluated in 346 ccRCC cases and 1,130 controls. Rs10054504 (at PDZD2, Odds ratio, OR = 0.71, 95%CI:0.59-0.86, P = 0.0006), rs718314 (at ITPR2, OR = 0.56, 95%CI:0.45-0.69, P = 5.26×10-8) and rs1049380 (at ITPR2, by dominant model, OR = 1.58, 95%CI:1.18-2.13, P = 0.0025) were significantly associated with ccRCC risk in Chinese population. To conclude, genetic variations in PDZD2 and ITPR2 are ccRCC-risk associated in Chinese population.
BACKGROUND
important risk factor, which indicated the inherited risk of RCC [3]. Several Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed to evaluate the genetic variants in patients with RCC. Over 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been observed significantly or potentially associated with RCC [4-8]. They may have cumulative effect on RCC risk. The main treatment of RCC is resection by surgical procedure including radical nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy. Poorer prognosis usually occurs in high stage non-resectable diseases. Therefore, early diagnosis for high risk individual is important. Testing the germline mutation of RCC risk SNPs is one of the useful methods to identify people with high RCC risks in addition to environmental risk factors.
With an approximately 270,000 new cases and 116,000 deaths every year worldwide, kidney cancer has become one of the most common malignancies and accounts for about 2% of all cancers [1]. In 2012, the estimated new cases of kidney cancer were 213,900 for male only, which indicated the rapid increase of the incidence [2]. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents nearly 90% of all kidney cancers. For adult kidney cancer, clear cell RCC (ccRCC) is the most common type. The risk factors of RCC have been confirmed including smoking, obesity and hypertension; however, it is believed that the factors were interacted together with genetic predisposition to cause the disease. In addition, a fist-degree relative with RCC is also considered as an www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget
24196
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Table 1: Characteristics of study subjects
However, in China, there is limited information regarding RCC risk SNPs. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the 12 RCC risk-associated SNPs identified from GWAS in a case-control study (ccRCC vs. control) based on Chinese population.
3.63±2.42. One hundred and fifty-five patients were diagnosed having left ccRCC, while 158 had right ccRCC. Two hundred and two (58.4%), 69 (19.9%), 22 (6.4%), 0 (0%) and 53 (15.3%) had T1, T2, T3, T4 and Tx tumor respectively. Two cases were observed having metastasis (M+), and two were observed having positive lymph nodes (N+). Eleven (3.2%), 120 (34.7%), 40 (11.6%) and 1 (0.3%) patients had Fuhrman Grade 1, 2, 3 and 4 ccRCC respectively. Missing phenotype of Fuhrman Grade was found in 174 patients. All the SNPs of control group passed HardyWeinberg equilibrium test. All the SNPs are polymorphic in Chinese population. For the 12 SNPs, rs10054504
RESULTS A total of 346 ccRCC cases were finally included in this study, of which 230 (66.5%) were male and 114 (32.9%) were female. Table 1 listed the baseline characteristics of the patients. The mean age of the cases is 55.85±12.45. The mean tumor size of ccRCC was www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget
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Table 2: Results of association test in Chinese population for reported RCC risk-associated SNPs.
(Odds ratio, OR = 0.71, 95%CI:0.59-0.86, P = 0.0006) and rs718314 (OR = 0.56, 95%CI:0.45-0.69, P = 5.26×10-8) were significantly associated with ccRCC risk in Chinese population (Table 2). Rs1049380 (P = 0.020) did not reach Bonferroni correction significant level using additive model; however, it was significant associated with ccRCC (OR = 1.58, 95%CI:1.18-2.13, P = 0.0025) when being analyzed by dominant model (Table 2). We also evaluated the association between SNPs and tumor size, SNPs and T staging, SNPs and Fuhrman grade. None of the SNPs were significantly associated with tumor size and Fuhrman grade (all P > 0.05, Supplementary Table 2). Rs10771279 were found associated with T staging of ccRCC (P = 0.047, Beta = 0.11, SE = 0.014, Supplementary Table 2), however, did not reach the Bonferroni correction significant P value of 0.0042.
associated with ccRCC. Rs10054504 (5p13.3) was first identified in European population having potential association with RCC [7]. It is located in the intron 4 of PDZD2 (PDZ domain containing 2). Proteins containing this PDZ domain have tumor suppressive actions by transcriptional regulating p53 activation when secreted [9]. In the current study, carrying T allele on this locus might increase the risk of having ccRCC (OR = 1/0.71 = 1.41). We hypothesized that the C allele of rs10054504 on the intron 4 might decrease the expression of PDZD2, which suppressed the activation of p53 and inhibited the tumor suppressive actions. Rs1049380 is located in the 3’-untranslated region of ITPR2 (12p11.23), while rs718314 was about 36kb downstream of rs1049380 in the intergenic region. These two SNPs have strong linkage disequilibrium (LD, R2 = 0.58, Supplementary Figure 1). A previous study showed that ITPR2 protein was increased in kidney tissue of mice when using nephrotoxic agent [10]. Another study suggested that in RCC, ITPR2 expression was decreased [11]. In this study, risk allele A could increase the risk of ccRCC. The previous GWAS study showed the same result that major allele in European population (which is A allele according to HapMap-CEU data) might increase the risk of ccRCC (OR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.12-1.25) [5]. Therefore, we hypothesized that with the risk allele A at 3’-untranslated region, expression of ITPR2 might be inhibited, causing the carcinogenesis of ccRCC. However, the most recent study indicated that C allele of rs1049380 was associated with early onset of RCC [12]. Nevertheless, these results indicated the strong association
DISCUSSION Family history can provide genetic risk information of the disease, however, is uninformative in China. This is because: (1) the family history of cancers was extremely low in China because of the poor healthcare policy that limited the detection of diseases in past decades; (2) the incomplete cancer registration policy in the past; (3) the family planning policies may interfere the existence of affected first-degree relative. Therefore, it is particularly important to perform risk assessment of ccRCC by using inherited genetic markers in China. In the current study, we provided the genetic risk information in Chinese population by evaluating the risk SNPs from GWAS of RCC based on other races. Three SNPs were significantly www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget
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Table 3: Reported RCC risk-associated SNPs from GWAS studies of European and African American population
between rs1049380 and ccRCC. Further functional studies should perform to validate this hypothesis. Rs35252396 failed to be genotyped or imputed in control group. Probably because that rs35252396 (AC/ CG, Chr 8) is a cluster of two SNPs. The frequency information is not available in 1000 Genomes Project database. However, SNP coded as rs6470588 (A/C) at the same position represented the first allele of rs35252396. We used the frequency information (A allele frequency is 0.402) of rs6470588 (HapMap-CHB) as control to estimate the association between rs35252396 and ccRCC (strong LD between two alleles). However, no significant association (P = 0.71) was observed. Several limitations of the current study should be noted. 1) The association between rs10771279 and T staging of the tumor (P = 0.047) did not attain statistical significance based on Bonferroni correction (corrected significant P = 0.0042). However, Bonferroni correction might be too stringent since not all of tested SNPs were independent. Tested SNPs had high LD, for example, rs718314 and rs1049380 had a LD of R2 = 0.58. Because of the lack of T4 and M+ samples in the current study, the association between SNPs and disease staging should be further evaluated. 2) The mean age of control group was about 4 years younger than RCC group (P < 0.001). After adjusting for age by logistic regression, these three RCC risk SNPs (rs10054504, rs718314 and rs1049380) remained significant (Supplementary Table 1). 3) We realized that different method of genotyping and the imputation could bring biases. [13] To address this problem, we randomly chose 360 controls to performed quality control by using the same methods of genotyping as using in case group. We genotyped these control samples by using MassARRAY iPLEX system for SNPs www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget
other than rs13389578, rs1049380 and rs10054504. For SNPs rs13389578, rs1049380 and rs10054504, TaqMan MGB technology was used. Four samples were failed to genotyped (call rate 98.88%). We then compared the concordance rate between methods (alleles failed to be called were excluded when calculating, Supplementary Table 3). Briefly, the concordance rates among different genotyping platforms and imputation were >99.79%. We thus believe that the differences among platforms were limited. 4) This study was based on a population from a single institute. However, as a tertiary medical center in Shanghai, China. Patients around the country seek their service for its high quality of healthcare. 5) The current study could only detect modest effects for binary traits because of the relatively small sample size. For example, there was 80% power to detect an OR of 1.45-1.30, assuming a mean minor allele frequency of 0.1-0.5 for case-control analysis. However, the power was sufficient to detect relatively small magnitudes of the association between SNPs and diseases. Thus, SNPs that were not significantly associated with RCC in the current study were not the genetic risk in Chinese population. Further replication studies are needed to confirm our results.
CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we systematically evaluating RCC risk-associated SNPs indentified from previous GWAS in a Chinese population, finding that one SNP located in PDZD2 and two SNPs located in ITPR2 were ccRCCrisk associated in Chinese population. The result might provide evidence for identifying high risk individual and improving early detection of ccRCC. 24199
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Genomes Project CHB+JPT subjects (Phase I integrated data version 3, released Mar 2012) by using IMPUTE2.2.2 program. A posterior probability of >0.90 was applied to call imputed genotypes. Genotype data were not available for rs35252396 in control group which was not included in the GWAS chip and was not able to impute. All assays were performed in blinded fashion.
Study population and study design All patients with ccRCC (cases) were recruited from 2010 to 2014 in our institute (Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China). The inclusion criteria were: (1) Patients with surgical resectable kidney tumor (received radical nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy via open procedure or laparoscopic procedure because of kidney tumor); (2) the specimens were diagnosed as ccRCC by Department of Pathology in our institute (all the specimens were reviewed by the same group of pathologists.); (3) Blood samples were collected. Clinical information was collected. Patients who were diagnosed as other types of kidney tumor, had missing blood samples or missing pathological diagnosis (whether the tumor is RCC or not) were excluded. A total of 1,130 people were included in the control group from community populations. The characteristics of the population from control group were reported in previous study.[14] Written informed consent was obtained from each patient. The study was approved by institutional review board of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Statistic analysis Each SNP was tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The association between SNPs and ccRCC were evaluated by using logistic regression model or Fisher’s exact test if the allele frequency of SNP was lower than 5%. Additive model of inheritance was used for all of these analyses. For SNPs that were significant at a liberal criterion of P = 0.05, dominant and recessive models were also tested. The associations between SNPs and tumor size, SNPs and T staging, SNPs and Fuhrman grade were evaluated by using Fisher’s exact test. The analysis was performed using PLINK 1.09 with 2-tailed P values. The Bonferroni correction P value of 0.0042 (0.05/12) was considered statistically significant.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
SNP selection and genotyping
We thank all of the subjects included in this study.
FUNDING
All established or potential RCC risk-associated SNPs from published GWAS of RCC in European and African American descent were selected for this study. Among 12 SNPs, 11 SNPs [4, 5, 7] and 2 SPNs [6, 8] were significantly or potentially associated with ccRCC in European population and African American population, respectively. The characteristics of SNPs that were associated with ccRCC in previous GWAS were showed in Table 3. Whole-genome DNA was isolated and purified from leucocytes of blood samples from each patient. DNA was extracted by using Puregene DNA Purification Kit (case) and Qiagen QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit (control). SNPs were genotyped by using MassARRAY iPLEX system (Sequenom, Inc, San Diego, CA) at Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Duplicates from four subjects and four negative controls (water samples) were included in the 384-well plate for genotyping quality control. Three SNPs (rs13389578, rs1049380 and rs10054504) which were not able to genotyped by the Sequenom system (because of the conflict of promoters among SNPs) were genotyped by TaqMan MGB technology (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). All the control samples were previously performed GWAS by using Illumina Human OmniExpress Bead Chips. SNPs that were not included in the GWAS chip (rs11894252, rs7579899, rs7105934 and rs4765623) were imputed based on haplotype data from the 1000 www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget
This study was partially funded by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 Program, Grant No. 2011CB944503) to Xiang Wang and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Youth program, Grant No. 81402339) to Rong Na.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST There is no conflict of interest of this paper.
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identifies two susceptibility loci on 2p21 and 11q13.3. Nat Genet. 2011; 43:60-65.
10. Ondrias K, Sirova M, Kubovcakova L, Krizanova O. Uranyl acetate modulates gene expression and protein levels of the type 2, but not type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors in mouse kidney. Gen Physiol Biophys. 2008; 27:187-193.
5. Wu X, Scelo G, Purdue MP, Rothman N, Johansson M, Ye Y, Wang Z, Zelenika D, Moore LE, Wood CG, Prokhortchouk E, Gaborieau V, Jacobs KB, et al. A genome-wide association study identifies a novel susceptibility locus for renal cell carcinoma on 12p11.23. Hum Mol Genet. 2012; 21:456-462.
11. Dalgin GS, Holloway DT, Liou LS, DeLisi C. Identification and characterization of renal cell carcinoma gene markers. Cancer Inform. 2007; 3:65-92. 12. Audenet F, Cancel-Tassin G, Bigot P, Audouin M, Gaffory C, Ondet V, Thibault F, Auribault K, Gazut S, Benhabiles N, Azzouzi AR, Mejean A, Roupret M, et al. Germline genetic variations at 11q13 and 12p11 locus modulate age at onset for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2014; 191:487-492.
6. Gudmundsson J, Sulem P, Gudbjartsson DF, Masson G, Petursdottir V, Hardarson S, Gudjonsson SA, Johannsdottir H, Helgadottir HT, Stacey SN, Magnusson OT, Helgason H, Panadero A, et al. A common variant at 8q24.21 is associated with renal cell cancer. Nat Commun. 2013; 4:2776.
13. Mitchell BD, Fornage M, McArdle PF, Cheng YC, Pulit SL, Wong Q, Dave T, Williams SR, Corriveau R, Gwinn K, Doheny K, Laurie CC, Rich SS, et al. Using previously genotyped controls in genome-wide association studies (GWAS): application to the StrokeGenetics Network (SiGN). Front Genet. 2014; 5:95.
7. Henrion M, Frampton M, Scelo G, Purdue M, Ye Y, Broderick P, Ritchie A, Kaplan R, Meade A, McKay J, Johansson M, Lathrop M, Larkin J, et al. Common variation at 2q22.3 (ZEB2) influences the risk of renal cancer. Hum Mol Genet. 2013; 22:825-831.
14. Jiang DK, Ma XP, Yu H, Cao G, Ding DL, Chen H, Huang HX, Gao YZ, Wu XP, Long XD, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Gao Y, et al. Genetic variants in five novel loci including CFB and CD40 predispose to chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2015; 62:118-128.
8. Purdue MP, Ye Y, Wang Z, Colt JS, Schwartz KL, Davis FG, Rothman N, Chow WH, Wu X, Chanock SJ. A genome-wide association study of renal cell carcinoma among African Americans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014; 23:209-214. 9. Tam CW, Liu VW, Leung WY, Yao KM, Shiu SY. The autocrine human secreted PDZ domain-containing protein 2 (sPDZD2) induces senescence or quiescence of prostate, breast and liver cancer cells via transcriptional activation of p53. Cancer Lett. 2008; 271:64-80.
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Oncotarget, 2017, Vol. 8, (No. 15), pp: 24196-24201 Research Paper
Germline genetic variations in PDZD2 and ITPR2 genes are associated with clear cell renal cell carcinoma in Chinese population
Ning Zhang1,2,*, Yishuo Wu1,2,*, Jian Gong2*, Kaiwen Li3, Xiaolin Lin2,4,5, Haitao Chen5, Yang Yu1,2, Yuancheng Gou1,2, Jiangang Hou1,2, Deke Jiang4, Rong Na1,2,6,7, Xiang Wang1,2, Qiang Ding1,2 and Jianfeng Xu2,3,4,7 1
Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
2
Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
3
Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yet-sen University, Guandong, PR China
4
State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
5
Center for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
6
Health Communication Institute, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
7
Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
*
These authors have contributed equally to this work
Correspondence to: Rong Na, email: [email protected] Correspondence to: Xiang Wang, email: [email protected] Keywords: renal cell carcinoma, SNPs, genome-wide association, Chinese Received: June 03, 2015
Accepted: December 31, 2015
Published: January 14, 2016
Copyright: Zhang et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
ABSTRACT Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with RCC in European and African American population. In this study, we evaluated whether these SNPs are associated with clear cell RCC (ccRCC) in Chinese population. All reported RCC riskassociated SNPs from GWAS were evaluated in 346 ccRCC cases and 1,130 controls. Rs10054504 (at PDZD2, Odds ratio, OR = 0.71, 95%CI:0.59-0.86, P = 0.0006), rs718314 (at ITPR2, OR = 0.56, 95%CI:0.45-0.69, P = 5.26×10-8) and rs1049380 (at ITPR2, by dominant model, OR = 1.58, 95%CI:1.18-2.13, P = 0.0025) were significantly associated with ccRCC risk in Chinese population. To conclude, genetic variations in PDZD2 and ITPR2 are ccRCC-risk associated in Chinese population.
BACKGROUND
important risk factor, which indicated the inherited risk of RCC [3]. Several Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed to evaluate the genetic variants in patients with RCC. Over 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been observed significantly or potentially associated with RCC [4-8]. They may have cumulative effect on RCC risk. The main treatment of RCC is resection by surgical procedure including radical nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy. Poorer prognosis usually occurs in high stage non-resectable diseases. Therefore, early diagnosis for high risk individual is important. Testing the germline mutation of RCC risk SNPs is one of the useful methods to identify people with high RCC risks in addition to environmental risk factors.
With an approximately 270,000 new cases and 116,000 deaths every year worldwide, kidney cancer has become one of the most common malignancies and accounts for about 2% of all cancers [1]. In 2012, the estimated new cases of kidney cancer were 213,900 for male only, which indicated the rapid increase of the incidence [2]. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents nearly 90% of all kidney cancers. For adult kidney cancer, clear cell RCC (ccRCC) is the most common type. The risk factors of RCC have been confirmed including smoking, obesity and hypertension; however, it is believed that the factors were interacted together with genetic predisposition to cause the disease. In addition, a fist-degree relative with RCC is also considered as an www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget
24196
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Table 1: Characteristics of study subjects
However, in China, there is limited information regarding RCC risk SNPs. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the 12 RCC risk-associated SNPs identified from GWAS in a case-control study (ccRCC vs. control) based on Chinese population.
3.63±2.42. One hundred and fifty-five patients were diagnosed having left ccRCC, while 158 had right ccRCC. Two hundred and two (58.4%), 69 (19.9%), 22 (6.4%), 0 (0%) and 53 (15.3%) had T1, T2, T3, T4 and Tx tumor respectively. Two cases were observed having metastasis (M+), and two were observed having positive lymph nodes (N+). Eleven (3.2%), 120 (34.7%), 40 (11.6%) and 1 (0.3%) patients had Fuhrman Grade 1, 2, 3 and 4 ccRCC respectively. Missing phenotype of Fuhrman Grade was found in 174 patients. All the SNPs of control group passed HardyWeinberg equilibrium test. All the SNPs are polymorphic in Chinese population. For the 12 SNPs, rs10054504
RESULTS A total of 346 ccRCC cases were finally included in this study, of which 230 (66.5%) were male and 114 (32.9%) were female. Table 1 listed the baseline characteristics of the patients. The mean age of the cases is 55.85±12.45. The mean tumor size of ccRCC was www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget
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Table 2: Results of association test in Chinese population for reported RCC risk-associated SNPs.
(Odds ratio, OR = 0.71, 95%CI:0.59-0.86, P = 0.0006) and rs718314 (OR = 0.56, 95%CI:0.45-0.69, P = 5.26×10-8) were significantly associated with ccRCC risk in Chinese population (Table 2). Rs1049380 (P = 0.020) did not reach Bonferroni correction significant level using additive model; however, it was significant associated with ccRCC (OR = 1.58, 95%CI:1.18-2.13, P = 0.0025) when being analyzed by dominant model (Table 2). We also evaluated the association between SNPs and tumor size, SNPs and T staging, SNPs and Fuhrman grade. None of the SNPs were significantly associated with tumor size and Fuhrman grade (all P > 0.05, Supplementary Table 2). Rs10771279 were found associated with T staging of ccRCC (P = 0.047, Beta = 0.11, SE = 0.014, Supplementary Table 2), however, did not reach the Bonferroni correction significant P value of 0.0042.
associated with ccRCC. Rs10054504 (5p13.3) was first identified in European population having potential association with RCC [7]. It is located in the intron 4 of PDZD2 (PDZ domain containing 2). Proteins containing this PDZ domain have tumor suppressive actions by transcriptional regulating p53 activation when secreted [9]. In the current study, carrying T allele on this locus might increase the risk of having ccRCC (OR = 1/0.71 = 1.41). We hypothesized that the C allele of rs10054504 on the intron 4 might decrease the expression of PDZD2, which suppressed the activation of p53 and inhibited the tumor suppressive actions. Rs1049380 is located in the 3’-untranslated region of ITPR2 (12p11.23), while rs718314 was about 36kb downstream of rs1049380 in the intergenic region. These two SNPs have strong linkage disequilibrium (LD, R2 = 0.58, Supplementary Figure 1). A previous study showed that ITPR2 protein was increased in kidney tissue of mice when using nephrotoxic agent [10]. Another study suggested that in RCC, ITPR2 expression was decreased [11]. In this study, risk allele A could increase the risk of ccRCC. The previous GWAS study showed the same result that major allele in European population (which is A allele according to HapMap-CEU data) might increase the risk of ccRCC (OR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.12-1.25) [5]. Therefore, we hypothesized that with the risk allele A at 3’-untranslated region, expression of ITPR2 might be inhibited, causing the carcinogenesis of ccRCC. However, the most recent study indicated that C allele of rs1049380 was associated with early onset of RCC [12]. Nevertheless, these results indicated the strong association
DISCUSSION Family history can provide genetic risk information of the disease, however, is uninformative in China. This is because: (1) the family history of cancers was extremely low in China because of the poor healthcare policy that limited the detection of diseases in past decades; (2) the incomplete cancer registration policy in the past; (3) the family planning policies may interfere the existence of affected first-degree relative. Therefore, it is particularly important to perform risk assessment of ccRCC by using inherited genetic markers in China. In the current study, we provided the genetic risk information in Chinese population by evaluating the risk SNPs from GWAS of RCC based on other races. Three SNPs were significantly www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget
24198
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Table 3: Reported RCC risk-associated SNPs from GWAS studies of European and African American population
between rs1049380 and ccRCC. Further functional studies should perform to validate this hypothesis. Rs35252396 failed to be genotyped or imputed in control group. Probably because that rs35252396 (AC/ CG, Chr 8) is a cluster of two SNPs. The frequency information is not available in 1000 Genomes Project database. However, SNP coded as rs6470588 (A/C) at the same position represented the first allele of rs35252396. We used the frequency information (A allele frequency is 0.402) of rs6470588 (HapMap-CHB) as control to estimate the association between rs35252396 and ccRCC (strong LD between two alleles). However, no significant association (P = 0.71) was observed. Several limitations of the current study should be noted. 1) The association between rs10771279 and T staging of the tumor (P = 0.047) did not attain statistical significance based on Bonferroni correction (corrected significant P = 0.0042). However, Bonferroni correction might be too stringent since not all of tested SNPs were independent. Tested SNPs had high LD, for example, rs718314 and rs1049380 had a LD of R2 = 0.58. Because of the lack of T4 and M+ samples in the current study, the association between SNPs and disease staging should be further evaluated. 2) The mean age of control group was about 4 years younger than RCC group (P < 0.001). After adjusting for age by logistic regression, these three RCC risk SNPs (rs10054504, rs718314 and rs1049380) remained significant (Supplementary Table 1). 3) We realized that different method of genotyping and the imputation could bring biases. [13] To address this problem, we randomly chose 360 controls to performed quality control by using the same methods of genotyping as using in case group. We genotyped these control samples by using MassARRAY iPLEX system for SNPs www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget
other than rs13389578, rs1049380 and rs10054504. For SNPs rs13389578, rs1049380 and rs10054504, TaqMan MGB technology was used. Four samples were failed to genotyped (call rate 98.88%). We then compared the concordance rate between methods (alleles failed to be called were excluded when calculating, Supplementary Table 3). Briefly, the concordance rates among different genotyping platforms and imputation were >99.79%. We thus believe that the differences among platforms were limited. 4) This study was based on a population from a single institute. However, as a tertiary medical center in Shanghai, China. Patients around the country seek their service for its high quality of healthcare. 5) The current study could only detect modest effects for binary traits because of the relatively small sample size. For example, there was 80% power to detect an OR of 1.45-1.30, assuming a mean minor allele frequency of 0.1-0.5 for case-control analysis. However, the power was sufficient to detect relatively small magnitudes of the association between SNPs and diseases. Thus, SNPs that were not significantly associated with RCC in the current study were not the genetic risk in Chinese population. Further replication studies are needed to confirm our results.
CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we systematically evaluating RCC risk-associated SNPs indentified from previous GWAS in a Chinese population, finding that one SNP located in PDZD2 and two SNPs located in ITPR2 were ccRCCrisk associated in Chinese population. The result might provide evidence for identifying high risk individual and improving early detection of ccRCC. 24199
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Genomes Project CHB+JPT subjects (Phase I integrated data version 3, released Mar 2012) by using IMPUTE2.2.2 program. A posterior probability of >0.90 was applied to call imputed genotypes. Genotype data were not available for rs35252396 in control group which was not included in the GWAS chip and was not able to impute. All assays were performed in blinded fashion.
Study population and study design All patients with ccRCC (cases) were recruited from 2010 to 2014 in our institute (Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China). The inclusion criteria were: (1) Patients with surgical resectable kidney tumor (received radical nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy via open procedure or laparoscopic procedure because of kidney tumor); (2) the specimens were diagnosed as ccRCC by Department of Pathology in our institute (all the specimens were reviewed by the same group of pathologists.); (3) Blood samples were collected. Clinical information was collected. Patients who were diagnosed as other types of kidney tumor, had missing blood samples or missing pathological diagnosis (whether the tumor is RCC or not) were excluded. A total of 1,130 people were included in the control group from community populations. The characteristics of the population from control group were reported in previous study.[14] Written informed consent was obtained from each patient. The study was approved by institutional review board of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Statistic analysis Each SNP was tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The association between SNPs and ccRCC were evaluated by using logistic regression model or Fisher’s exact test if the allele frequency of SNP was lower than 5%. Additive model of inheritance was used for all of these analyses. For SNPs that were significant at a liberal criterion of P = 0.05, dominant and recessive models were also tested. The associations between SNPs and tumor size, SNPs and T staging, SNPs and Fuhrman grade were evaluated by using Fisher’s exact test. The analysis was performed using PLINK 1.09 with 2-tailed P values. The Bonferroni correction P value of 0.0042 (0.05/12) was considered statistically significant.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
SNP selection and genotyping
We thank all of the subjects included in this study.
FUNDING
All established or potential RCC risk-associated SNPs from published GWAS of RCC in European and African American descent were selected for this study. Among 12 SNPs, 11 SNPs [4, 5, 7] and 2 SPNs [6, 8] were significantly or potentially associated with ccRCC in European population and African American population, respectively. The characteristics of SNPs that were associated with ccRCC in previous GWAS were showed in Table 3. Whole-genome DNA was isolated and purified from leucocytes of blood samples from each patient. DNA was extracted by using Puregene DNA Purification Kit (case) and Qiagen QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit (control). SNPs were genotyped by using MassARRAY iPLEX system (Sequenom, Inc, San Diego, CA) at Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Duplicates from four subjects and four negative controls (water samples) were included in the 384-well plate for genotyping quality control. Three SNPs (rs13389578, rs1049380 and rs10054504) which were not able to genotyped by the Sequenom system (because of the conflict of promoters among SNPs) were genotyped by TaqMan MGB technology (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). All the control samples were previously performed GWAS by using Illumina Human OmniExpress Bead Chips. SNPs that were not included in the GWAS chip (rs11894252, rs7579899, rs7105934 and rs4765623) were imputed based on haplotype data from the 1000 www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget
This study was partially funded by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 Program, Grant No. 2011CB944503) to Xiang Wang and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Youth program, Grant No. 81402339) to Rong Na.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST There is no conflict of interest of this paper.
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