This article was downloaded by: [Central Michigan University] On: 29 December 2014, At: 18:05 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
The Journal of Social Psychology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/vsoc20
Future Time Perspective in Indian and American College Students a
Robert V. Heckel & Jayalakshmi Rajagopal
a
a
Social Problems Research Institute, University of South Carolina , USA Published online: 01 Jul 2010.
To cite this article: Robert V. Heckel & Jayalakshmi Rajagopal (1975) Future Time Perspective in Indian and American College Students, The Journal of Social Psychology, 95:1, 131-132, DOI: 10.1080/00224545.1975.9923246 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1975.9923246
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.
Downloaded by [Central Michigan University] at 18:05 29 December 2014
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
The Journal of Social Psychology, 1975, 95, 131-132
FUTURE TIME PERSPECTIVE I N INDIAN AND AMERICAN COLLEGE STUDENTS* Social Problems Research Institute, University of South Carolina
Downloaded by [Central Michigan University] at 18:05 29 December 2014
ROBERTv. HECKELAND
JAYALAKSHMI RAJAGOPAL
Man’s concern with time has been manifested in his everyday behavior, in popular songs, in novels, and as an important component of behavioral theory. The literature is rich in studies of time, and an excellent analysis and review is available.’ Meade’s work was most relevant to the present study.* This study examined Future Time Perspective (FTP) in Indian and American college males and females. Subjects were 94 male and 115 female U.S. college students, and 152 female and 5 1 male Indian college students. In age, Indian and American males averaged 20 years, American females 19%, and Indian females 18 years. All students were administered an extended demographic questionnaire and an FTP questionnaire requesting the listing of 10 events they expected to occur in their future, with the year of occurrence. Scores were based on total years for all events and for numbers of events. Content analysis was also performed. An analysis of variance (Rhanova) was performed on data for total years and number of events. In total number of future years, Indian and American males showed nonsignificant differences. For number of events, Indian and American males differed significantly, F = 12.09, p < .001 (American males higher). On years, American females showed significantly higher total years than Indian females, F = 56.33, p < .0001. For events, American females listed significantly more events, F = 387.69, p < .Owl. There were significant differences by nationality on years F T P and events, Americans having higher totals: years F = 46.72, p < .001; events F = 303.47, p < .0001. Significant differences by sex were also noted: years F T P F = 17.66, p < .0001; events F = 50.09, p < .0001. The sednationality interaction was not significant
* Received in the Editorial Office, Provincetown, Massachusetts, on October 31, 1973. Copyright, 1975, by The Journal Press. I Doob, L. Patterning of Time. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1971. Meade, R. D. Future time perspectives of college students in America and in India. J . SOL. Psychol., 1971, 83, 175-182. 131
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132
JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
for years but was for events, F = 9.60, p < .0025. Low scores by Indian females account for most of the effect. Content analysis revealed no differences except in the listing of death as an anticipated event. A xz analysis revealed that American males listed their own death more often than American females (x2 = 5.99, p < .05. Indian and American males did not differ. American and Indian females significantly differed (x2 = 12.46, p < .01.). Americans listed their own death date significantly more often than Indians, x2 = 5.83, p < .05. The results indicate marked quantitative differences between Indian and American college students, yet there is remarkably similar content. Young males and females in both cultures have similar goals, ambitions, and dreams. That their time span for achieving many of these goals is different undoubtedly is culturally based. India is primarily a pre-industrial culture with 82% of the population considered rural. An Indian medicine increases longevity, as technological needs demand increased skills, and people are not forced into earlier retirement by an oversupply of trained individuals, there should be a concomitant increase in future expectations and in FTP.
University of South Carolina Social Problems Research Institute Columbia, South Carolina 29208
The Journal of Social Psychology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/vsoc20
Future Time Perspective in Indian and American College Students a
Robert V. Heckel & Jayalakshmi Rajagopal
a
a
Social Problems Research Institute, University of South Carolina , USA Published online: 01 Jul 2010.
To cite this article: Robert V. Heckel & Jayalakshmi Rajagopal (1975) Future Time Perspective in Indian and American College Students, The Journal of Social Psychology, 95:1, 131-132, DOI: 10.1080/00224545.1975.9923246 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1975.9923246
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.
Downloaded by [Central Michigan University] at 18:05 29 December 2014
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
The Journal of Social Psychology, 1975, 95, 131-132
FUTURE TIME PERSPECTIVE I N INDIAN AND AMERICAN COLLEGE STUDENTS* Social Problems Research Institute, University of South Carolina
Downloaded by [Central Michigan University] at 18:05 29 December 2014
ROBERTv. HECKELAND
JAYALAKSHMI RAJAGOPAL
Man’s concern with time has been manifested in his everyday behavior, in popular songs, in novels, and as an important component of behavioral theory. The literature is rich in studies of time, and an excellent analysis and review is available.’ Meade’s work was most relevant to the present study.* This study examined Future Time Perspective (FTP) in Indian and American college males and females. Subjects were 94 male and 115 female U.S. college students, and 152 female and 5 1 male Indian college students. In age, Indian and American males averaged 20 years, American females 19%, and Indian females 18 years. All students were administered an extended demographic questionnaire and an FTP questionnaire requesting the listing of 10 events they expected to occur in their future, with the year of occurrence. Scores were based on total years for all events and for numbers of events. Content analysis was also performed. An analysis of variance (Rhanova) was performed on data for total years and number of events. In total number of future years, Indian and American males showed nonsignificant differences. For number of events, Indian and American males differed significantly, F = 12.09, p < .001 (American males higher). On years, American females showed significantly higher total years than Indian females, F = 56.33, p < .0001. For events, American females listed significantly more events, F = 387.69, p < .Owl. There were significant differences by nationality on years F T P and events, Americans having higher totals: years F = 46.72, p < .001; events F = 303.47, p < .0001. Significant differences by sex were also noted: years F T P F = 17.66, p < .0001; events F = 50.09, p < .0001. The sednationality interaction was not significant
* Received in the Editorial Office, Provincetown, Massachusetts, on October 31, 1973. Copyright, 1975, by The Journal Press. I Doob, L. Patterning of Time. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1971. Meade, R. D. Future time perspectives of college students in America and in India. J . SOL. Psychol., 1971, 83, 175-182. 131
Downloaded by [Central Michigan University] at 18:05 29 December 2014
132
JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
for years but was for events, F = 9.60, p < .0025. Low scores by Indian females account for most of the effect. Content analysis revealed no differences except in the listing of death as an anticipated event. A xz analysis revealed that American males listed their own death more often than American females (x2 = 5.99, p < .05. Indian and American males did not differ. American and Indian females significantly differed (x2 = 12.46, p < .01.). Americans listed their own death date significantly more often than Indians, x2 = 5.83, p < .05. The results indicate marked quantitative differences between Indian and American college students, yet there is remarkably similar content. Young males and females in both cultures have similar goals, ambitions, and dreams. That their time span for achieving many of these goals is different undoubtedly is culturally based. India is primarily a pre-industrial culture with 82% of the population considered rural. An Indian medicine increases longevity, as technological needs demand increased skills, and people are not forced into earlier retirement by an oversupply of trained individuals, there should be a concomitant increase in future expectations and in FTP.
University of South Carolina Social Problems Research Institute Columbia, South Carolina 29208
