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974
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
Full field perimetry in occipital lobe lesion Kedar et al. [1] in their article titled “Visual fields in neuro-ophthalmology” have mentioned that standard automated perimetry (SAP) has replaced Goldmann perimetry (GP) in clinical practice amidst fears that peripheral visual field defects may be missed. They have highlighted the fact that GP still has a role in neuro-ophthalmological clinical practice. The pattern of visual field defects help in localizing site of the lesion in visual pathways. Limitation[2] of static perimetry are decreased efficiency in delineating complex lesion that extend into peripheral field, and localizing lesions within the occipital lobe. In occipital lobe lesion structural‑perimetric correlation is less certain. A routine assessment of central 30o with SAP may miss homonymous peripheral scotomas. So a full‑field perimetry (SAP with GP) is indicated in this lesion. Pituitary tumors and craniopharyngiomas may occasionally require full‑field perimetry during initial evaluation or follow‑up. Hormone secreting pituitary tumors may cause steroid induced open‑angle glaucoma. Such patients may present with glaucomatous and neuro-ophthalmological features causing diagnostic dilemma. Choudhari et al. [3] described a case of 43‑year‑old male patient who had pituitary adenoma, normal intraocular pressure (IOP), open angles, thin bleb, and thin neuroretinal rim. Probable diagnosis is hormone secreting pituitary tumor with steroid‑induced glaucoma. Full‑field perimetry at initial workup would have provided a better picture in this patient. Automated combined kinetic and static perimetry[2] may miss very small defects in the central 30o. Brain and eye’s adaptive strategy may be an explanation for this anomaly. Microperimetry (MP) is capable of eliminating adaptive strategy (eccentric fixation, fixation instability) thereby unmasking early scotomas seen in glaucomatous (central) field defect. Ratra et al.[4] in their article titled “Comparison between Humphrey Field analyzer and Microperimetry 1 in normal and glaucoma subjects” have mentioned that MP shows high sensitivity in detecting field defects in contrast to the conventional perimetry which shows limited precision, repeatability, and low sensitivity to small scotoma especially in the presence of low vision. The fixation analysis and surveillance of MP is far superior with auto‑tracking of eye movements and correction for loss of fixation. SAP is the current standard in glaucoma diagnosis. Upto 20‑40% of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss occurs prior to scotoma detection. Cerebral plasticity and RGC plasticity may be an explanation for this anomaly. Peripheral scotoma may have a potentiating effect on the central reserved visual field. Armaly-Drance technique (ADT) uses Goldmann type perimeter with supra‑threshold static perimetry to test for central field defects and both supra‑threshold static and kinetic perimetry to examine the peripheral field with emphasis on the nasal and temporal periphery. This technique revealed a high sensitivity and specificity which make it suitable for clinical and survey screening. An additional modification is to use V4e isoptre nasally to rule out crowding of peripheral nasal isoptres. Probably combination of ADT and MP may unmask early scotoma.
Vol. 62 No. 9
To conclude, a combination of full‑field perimetry[5] and MP may avoid diagnostic pitfalls in neuro-ophthalmology-glaucoma clinical practice. Probably current preferred perimetric practice pattern requires re‑evaluation.
N Venugopal, G Kummararaj1, Sherin Kummararaj2 Neuro‑Ophthalmology clinic and Glaucoma Service, 1Anterior Segment Surgical Centre, 2Comprehensive Ophthalmology, Perimetry Center, AG Eye Hospital, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India Correspondence to: Dr. N Venugopal, Flat No. 19, Mathuram Apartments, Puthur, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India. E‑mail: [email protected]
References 1. Kedar S, Ghate D, Corbett JJ. Visual fields in neuro - ophthalmology. Indian J Ophthalmol 2011;59:103‑9. 2. Pineles SL, Volpe NJ, Miller‑Ellis E, Galetta SL, Sankar PS, Shindler KS, et al. Automated combined kinetic and static perimetry: An alternative to standard perimetry in patients with neuro‑ophthalmic disease and glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 2006;124:363‑9. 3. Choudhari NS, Neog A, Fudnawala V, George R. Cupped disc with normal intraocular pressure: The long road to avoid misdiagnosis. Indian J Opthalmol 2011;59:491‑7. 4. Ratra V, Ratra D, Gupta M, Vaitheeswaran K. Comparison between Humphrey Field Analyzer and Microperimeter 1 in normal and glaucoma subjects. Oman J Ophthalmol 2012;5:97‑102.
5. Kummararaj G, Balaji V, Kummararaj S, Venugopal NP. Full field
perimetry for evaluation of glaucomatous (presumed) cup. Indian J Ophthalmol 2012;60:581‑2. Access this article online Quick Response Code:
Website: www.ijo.in DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.143969 PMID: ***
Unusual lymphoma of lacrimal gland Dear Sir, Orbit is involved in upto 10% of all extranodal lymphomas. Lacrimal gland is the commonest orbital structure involved in orbital lymphomas.[1] We present a case of patient who presented with unusual features of lymphoma involving lacrimal gland. A 50‑year‑old female presented with painless gradually progressive mass in superotemporal orbit for last 6 months [Fig. 1a]. There were no visual or systemic complaints. CT scan revealed well‑localized homogenous hyperdense superotemporal orbital mass with bony fossa formation [Fig. 1b] and globe indentation. Differential diagnoses of benign orbital mass including lacrimal gland pleomorphic adenoma, fibrous histiocytoma, schwannoma and neurofibroma were considered. The patient underwent orbitotomy with mass excision. The orbital mass measured
Copyright of Indian Journal of Ophthalmology is the property of Medknow Publications & Media Pvt. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
974
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
Full field perimetry in occipital lobe lesion Kedar et al. [1] in their article titled “Visual fields in neuro-ophthalmology” have mentioned that standard automated perimetry (SAP) has replaced Goldmann perimetry (GP) in clinical practice amidst fears that peripheral visual field defects may be missed. They have highlighted the fact that GP still has a role in neuro-ophthalmological clinical practice. The pattern of visual field defects help in localizing site of the lesion in visual pathways. Limitation[2] of static perimetry are decreased efficiency in delineating complex lesion that extend into peripheral field, and localizing lesions within the occipital lobe. In occipital lobe lesion structural‑perimetric correlation is less certain. A routine assessment of central 30o with SAP may miss homonymous peripheral scotomas. So a full‑field perimetry (SAP with GP) is indicated in this lesion. Pituitary tumors and craniopharyngiomas may occasionally require full‑field perimetry during initial evaluation or follow‑up. Hormone secreting pituitary tumors may cause steroid induced open‑angle glaucoma. Such patients may present with glaucomatous and neuro-ophthalmological features causing diagnostic dilemma. Choudhari et al. [3] described a case of 43‑year‑old male patient who had pituitary adenoma, normal intraocular pressure (IOP), open angles, thin bleb, and thin neuroretinal rim. Probable diagnosis is hormone secreting pituitary tumor with steroid‑induced glaucoma. Full‑field perimetry at initial workup would have provided a better picture in this patient. Automated combined kinetic and static perimetry[2] may miss very small defects in the central 30o. Brain and eye’s adaptive strategy may be an explanation for this anomaly. Microperimetry (MP) is capable of eliminating adaptive strategy (eccentric fixation, fixation instability) thereby unmasking early scotomas seen in glaucomatous (central) field defect. Ratra et al.[4] in their article titled “Comparison between Humphrey Field analyzer and Microperimetry 1 in normal and glaucoma subjects” have mentioned that MP shows high sensitivity in detecting field defects in contrast to the conventional perimetry which shows limited precision, repeatability, and low sensitivity to small scotoma especially in the presence of low vision. The fixation analysis and surveillance of MP is far superior with auto‑tracking of eye movements and correction for loss of fixation. SAP is the current standard in glaucoma diagnosis. Upto 20‑40% of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss occurs prior to scotoma detection. Cerebral plasticity and RGC plasticity may be an explanation for this anomaly. Peripheral scotoma may have a potentiating effect on the central reserved visual field. Armaly-Drance technique (ADT) uses Goldmann type perimeter with supra‑threshold static perimetry to test for central field defects and both supra‑threshold static and kinetic perimetry to examine the peripheral field with emphasis on the nasal and temporal periphery. This technique revealed a high sensitivity and specificity which make it suitable for clinical and survey screening. An additional modification is to use V4e isoptre nasally to rule out crowding of peripheral nasal isoptres. Probably combination of ADT and MP may unmask early scotoma.
Vol. 62 No. 9
To conclude, a combination of full‑field perimetry[5] and MP may avoid diagnostic pitfalls in neuro-ophthalmology-glaucoma clinical practice. Probably current preferred perimetric practice pattern requires re‑evaluation.
N Venugopal, G Kummararaj1, Sherin Kummararaj2 Neuro‑Ophthalmology clinic and Glaucoma Service, 1Anterior Segment Surgical Centre, 2Comprehensive Ophthalmology, Perimetry Center, AG Eye Hospital, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India Correspondence to: Dr. N Venugopal, Flat No. 19, Mathuram Apartments, Puthur, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India. E‑mail: [email protected]
References 1. Kedar S, Ghate D, Corbett JJ. Visual fields in neuro - ophthalmology. Indian J Ophthalmol 2011;59:103‑9. 2. Pineles SL, Volpe NJ, Miller‑Ellis E, Galetta SL, Sankar PS, Shindler KS, et al. Automated combined kinetic and static perimetry: An alternative to standard perimetry in patients with neuro‑ophthalmic disease and glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 2006;124:363‑9. 3. Choudhari NS, Neog A, Fudnawala V, George R. Cupped disc with normal intraocular pressure: The long road to avoid misdiagnosis. Indian J Opthalmol 2011;59:491‑7. 4. Ratra V, Ratra D, Gupta M, Vaitheeswaran K. Comparison between Humphrey Field Analyzer and Microperimeter 1 in normal and glaucoma subjects. Oman J Ophthalmol 2012;5:97‑102.
5. Kummararaj G, Balaji V, Kummararaj S, Venugopal NP. Full field
perimetry for evaluation of glaucomatous (presumed) cup. Indian J Ophthalmol 2012;60:581‑2. Access this article online Quick Response Code:
Website: www.ijo.in DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.143969 PMID: ***
Unusual lymphoma of lacrimal gland Dear Sir, Orbit is involved in upto 10% of all extranodal lymphomas. Lacrimal gland is the commonest orbital structure involved in orbital lymphomas.[1] We present a case of patient who presented with unusual features of lymphoma involving lacrimal gland. A 50‑year‑old female presented with painless gradually progressive mass in superotemporal orbit for last 6 months [Fig. 1a]. There were no visual or systemic complaints. CT scan revealed well‑localized homogenous hyperdense superotemporal orbital mass with bony fossa formation [Fig. 1b] and globe indentation. Differential diagnoses of benign orbital mass including lacrimal gland pleomorphic adenoma, fibrous histiocytoma, schwannoma and neurofibroma were considered. The patient underwent orbitotomy with mass excision. The orbital mass measured
Copyright of Indian Journal of Ophthalmology is the property of Medknow Publications & Media Pvt. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
