PNP-08591; No of Pages 1 Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry xxx (2014) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
1
Discussion
2
Flash electroretinogram and addictive disorders
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Vincent Laprevotea,b,⁎, Thomas Schwitzer c,d, Anne Giersch d, Raymund Schwan a,b,c
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a r t i c l e
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Available online xxxx
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Keywords: Biomarker Cannabis Electroretinogram Retina
CHU Nancy, Centre de Soins, d'Accompagnement et de Prévention en Addictologie, Nancy F-54000, France CHU Nancy, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC-INSERM 9501, Nancy F-54000, France c Univ. of Lorraine, Nancy F-54000, France d Department of Psychiatry, INSERM U1114, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France
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In an exciting article, Lavoie et al. (2014) recently presented the flash electroretinogram as an innovative method to understand the cerebral functioning in psychiatric disorders. The retina is an accessible part of the central nervous system and its measure is well standardized, allowing good reproducibility (Marmor et al., 2008). Retinal processing may therefore reflect the neurochemistry of the brain. Concerning addictive disorders, Lavoie et al. suggested that substance abuse may contribute to ERG abnormalities via dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, we affirm that retinal processing may also be affected through the direct action of substances on other neurotransmitters implied in retinal functioning. The impact of regular Cannabis use on retinal functioning fits with this approach. The main psychoactive action of Cannabis is due to the action of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) through G protein coupled receptors, the CB1 receptors. Several studies have shown that CB1 receptors were detectable in the human retina, suggesting a potential effect of exogenous cannabinoids on the retina (Porcella et al., 2000; Straiker et al., 1999). Natural ligands of CB1 receptors such as anandamide or 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are also present in the human retina (Chen et al., 2005). Their expression may vary across pathological conditions such as diabetic retinopathy suggesting that they could play a role in the control of retinal function (Matias et al.,
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2006). In animal studies, mice lacking CB1 or CB2 receptors present modifications of a and b wave amplitudes in the ERG measurements (Cécyre et al., 2013). Moreover, other animal studies have shown that cannabinoid agonists modulate the response of retinal cones (Fan and Yazulla, 2003) and the response of retinal ganglion cells in young mice (Middleton and Protti, 2011). Although these results have not yet been transposed to a human, clinical reports have noticed surprising changes of photosensitivity after regular use of Cannabis (Dawson et al., 1977; West, 1991). Our research group is convinced that ERG could constitute an interesting tool to evaluate the consequences of Cannabis use on the human central nervous system. Currently we are conducting a study which aims at measuring the functioning of the visual system in regular Cannabis users, and more precisely its impact on retinal functioning. Cannabis is widely used in industrialized countries, and its regular use is associated with several cognitive disorders. However, the neural mechanisms of this neurotoxicity remain unclear. Developing new biomarkers of the impact of Cannabis use on central nervous system functioning is now crucial.
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journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pnp
☆ Conflict of interest: All authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.Role of funding sources: Funding for our research is provided by a French National Research Agency Grant (ANR-12-SAMA-0016-01). ⁎ Corresponding author at: Vincent Laprevote Maison des Addictions CHU Nancy, Hôpital St Julien 1, rue Foller, France. Tel.: +33 3 83 85 83 85; fax: +33 3 83 85 24 15. E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Laprevote).
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References
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Cécyre B, Zabouri N, Huppé-Gourgues F, Bouchard J-F, Casanova C. Roles of cannabinoid receptors type 1 and 2 on the retinal function of adult mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013;54(13):8079–90. [Dec]. Chen J, Matias I, Dinh T, Lu T, Venezia S, Nieves A, et al. Finding of endocannabinoids in human eye tissues: implications for glaucoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;330(4):1062–7. [May 20]. Dawson WW, Jiménez-Antillon CF, Perez JM, Zeskind JA. Marijuana and vision—after ten years' use in Costa Rica. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1977;16(8):689–99. [Aug]. Fan S-F, Yazulla S. Biphasic modulation of voltage-dependent currents of retinal cones by cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist WIN 55212-2. Vis Neurosci 2003;20(2):177–88. [Apr]. Lavoie J, Maziade M, Hébert M. The brain through the retina: the flash electroretinogram as a tool to investigate psychiatric disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014;3(48):129–34. [Jan]. Marmor MF, Fulton AB, Holder GE, Miyake Y, Brigell M, Bach M, et al. ISCEV standard for full-field clinical electroretinography (2008 update). Doc Ophthalmol 2008;118(1): 69–77. [Nov 22]. Matias I, Wang JW, Moriello AS, Nieves A, Woodward DF, Di Marzo V. Changes in endocannabinoid and palmitoylethanolamide levels in eye tissues of patients with diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2006;75(6):413–8. [Dec]. Middleton TP, Protti DA. Cannabinoids modulate spontaneous synaptic activity in retinal ganglion cells. Vis Neurosci 2011;28(05):393–402. [Jul 12]. Porcella A, Maxia C, Gessa GL, Pani L. The human eye expresses high levels of CB1 cannabinoid receptor mRNA and protein. Eur J Neurosci 2000;12(3):1123–7. [Mar]. Straiker AJ, Maguire G, Mackie K, Lindsey J. Localization of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the human anterior eye and retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999;40(10):2442–8. [Sep]. West ME. Cannabis and night vision. Nature 1991;351(6329):703–4. [Jun 27].
63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.04.005 0278-5846/© 2014 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Please cite this article as: Laprevote V, et al, , Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.04.005
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
1
Discussion
2
Flash electroretinogram and addictive disorders
3Q1
Vincent Laprevotea,b,⁎, Thomas Schwitzer c,d, Anne Giersch d, Raymund Schwan a,b,c
4 5 6 7 8
a
1 0 9
a r t i c l e
11 12
Available online xxxx
13 14 15 16 17 18
Keywords: Biomarker Cannabis Electroretinogram Retina
CHU Nancy, Centre de Soins, d'Accompagnement et de Prévention en Addictologie, Nancy F-54000, France CHU Nancy, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC-INSERM 9501, Nancy F-54000, France c Univ. of Lorraine, Nancy F-54000, France d Department of Psychiatry, INSERM U1114, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Q5 41 42 43
Q2 Q3
R O
D
E T
C
E
R
28 29
R
26 27
In an exciting article, Lavoie et al. (2014) recently presented the flash electroretinogram as an innovative method to understand the cerebral functioning in psychiatric disorders. The retina is an accessible part of the central nervous system and its measure is well standardized, allowing good reproducibility (Marmor et al., 2008). Retinal processing may therefore reflect the neurochemistry of the brain. Concerning addictive disorders, Lavoie et al. suggested that substance abuse may contribute to ERG abnormalities via dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, we affirm that retinal processing may also be affected through the direct action of substances on other neurotransmitters implied in retinal functioning. The impact of regular Cannabis use on retinal functioning fits with this approach. The main psychoactive action of Cannabis is due to the action of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) through G protein coupled receptors, the CB1 receptors. Several studies have shown that CB1 receptors were detectable in the human retina, suggesting a potential effect of exogenous cannabinoids on the retina (Porcella et al., 2000; Straiker et al., 1999). Natural ligands of CB1 receptors such as anandamide or 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are also present in the human retina (Chen et al., 2005). Their expression may vary across pathological conditions such as diabetic retinopathy suggesting that they could play a role in the control of retinal function (Matias et al.,
N C O
24 25
Dear editor,
U
22 Q4 23
2006). In animal studies, mice lacking CB1 or CB2 receptors present modifications of a and b wave amplitudes in the ERG measurements (Cécyre et al., 2013). Moreover, other animal studies have shown that cannabinoid agonists modulate the response of retinal cones (Fan and Yazulla, 2003) and the response of retinal ganglion cells in young mice (Middleton and Protti, 2011). Although these results have not yet been transposed to a human, clinical reports have noticed surprising changes of photosensitivity after regular use of Cannabis (Dawson et al., 1977; West, 1991). Our research group is convinced that ERG could constitute an interesting tool to evaluate the consequences of Cannabis use on the human central nervous system. Currently we are conducting a study which aims at measuring the functioning of the visual system in regular Cannabis users, and more precisely its impact on retinal functioning. Cannabis is widely used in industrialized countries, and its regular use is associated with several cognitive disorders. However, the neural mechanisms of this neurotoxicity remain unclear. Developing new biomarkers of the impact of Cannabis use on central nervous system functioning is now crucial.
P
i n f o
19 20 21
O
b
F
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pnp
☆ Conflict of interest: All authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.Role of funding sources: Funding for our research is provided by a French National Research Agency Grant (ANR-12-SAMA-0016-01). ⁎ Corresponding author at: Vincent Laprevote Maison des Addictions CHU Nancy, Hôpital St Julien 1, rue Foller, France. Tel.: +33 3 83 85 83 85; fax: +33 3 83 85 24 15. E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Laprevote).
44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Q6 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61
References
62
Cécyre B, Zabouri N, Huppé-Gourgues F, Bouchard J-F, Casanova C. Roles of cannabinoid receptors type 1 and 2 on the retinal function of adult mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013;54(13):8079–90. [Dec]. Chen J, Matias I, Dinh T, Lu T, Venezia S, Nieves A, et al. Finding of endocannabinoids in human eye tissues: implications for glaucoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;330(4):1062–7. [May 20]. Dawson WW, Jiménez-Antillon CF, Perez JM, Zeskind JA. Marijuana and vision—after ten years' use in Costa Rica. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1977;16(8):689–99. [Aug]. Fan S-F, Yazulla S. Biphasic modulation of voltage-dependent currents of retinal cones by cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist WIN 55212-2. Vis Neurosci 2003;20(2):177–88. [Apr]. Lavoie J, Maziade M, Hébert M. The brain through the retina: the flash electroretinogram as a tool to investigate psychiatric disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014;3(48):129–34. [Jan]. Marmor MF, Fulton AB, Holder GE, Miyake Y, Brigell M, Bach M, et al. ISCEV standard for full-field clinical electroretinography (2008 update). Doc Ophthalmol 2008;118(1): 69–77. [Nov 22]. Matias I, Wang JW, Moriello AS, Nieves A, Woodward DF, Di Marzo V. Changes in endocannabinoid and palmitoylethanolamide levels in eye tissues of patients with diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2006;75(6):413–8. [Dec]. Middleton TP, Protti DA. Cannabinoids modulate spontaneous synaptic activity in retinal ganglion cells. Vis Neurosci 2011;28(05):393–402. [Jul 12]. Porcella A, Maxia C, Gessa GL, Pani L. The human eye expresses high levels of CB1 cannabinoid receptor mRNA and protein. Eur J Neurosci 2000;12(3):1123–7. [Mar]. Straiker AJ, Maguire G, Mackie K, Lindsey J. Localization of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the human anterior eye and retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999;40(10):2442–8. [Sep]. West ME. Cannabis and night vision. Nature 1991;351(6329):703–4. [Jun 27].
63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.04.005 0278-5846/© 2014 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Please cite this article as: Laprevote V, et al, , Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.04.005
