Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1977,44,845-846. @ Perceptual and Motor Skills 1977
FIELD ARTICULATION AND PREDICTIVE JUDGMENTS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY1 JAMES L. KNESTRICK AND ELIZABETH HANSON HOFFMAN Pennsykania State University, Capitol Campus Sammasy.-The relationship of differences in accuracy between men and women in interpersonal predictive judgments to those reported in field articulation research was explored. Field-dependent (ns = 14, 12) and field-independent (ns = 21, 12) men and women (ns = 35, 24) were tested for accuracy of predictive judgments. No statistically significant differences were found between these undergraduate field-dependent and field-independent judges; however, under the field-independent condition, a cell-by-cell examination suggests greater accuracy. There were no significant differences in accuracy of prediction between male and female judges, but statistically significant differences in accuracy scores were found when the person whose behavior was being predicted was female as opposed to male. Psychological research has reported sex differences in performance under a variety of conditions (Maccoby & JacMin, 1974). Two conditions in which differences have been found are of interest-field articulation (Witkin, et al., 1962) and interpersonal prediction (Knestrick, 1975) . Social learning experiences have been suggested as crucial in determining the performance differences between men and women in these studies. With social learning experiences posited as important in exploring male-female differences in two apparently unrelated areas, a connection, albeit loose, is possible. The purpose of chis exploratory study was to determine whether any relationship does exist between field articulation and interpersonal prediction and, if so, what its nature is. Field-dependent and field-independent men and women were asked to predict the behavior of two individuals, a man and a woman, presented to them on video tape. A man and a woman were utilized to provide the opportunity to observe the influence sex of person being predicted might have upon accuracy ( Knestrick, 1975 ) . The authors recognize that any differences found between the man and the woman would not warrant generalizations but would merely serve as impetus for further research. The behavioral situation to be predicted by the judges was the same for both individuals; it has been described more fully elsewhere (Knesttick & Gorlow, 1969). Fifty-nine volunteer undergraduate students, 35 male and 24 female, served as judges. They were designated field-dependent or field-independent according to their scores on the Embedded Figures Test (0-9 and 10-18 respectivel y ) . This procedure resulted in a disproportionate number of male judges in 'Requests for reprints should be sent to James L. Knestrick, Pennsylvania State University, Capitol Campus. Middletown, PA 17057. Tabled data on file in Document NAPS-03013 mav be ordered from Microfiche Publications, P.O. Box 3513. Grand Central Station. ~ e York, & New York 10017. Remit 83.00 for microfiche or $7.50 for photocopy.
J. L. KNESTRICK & E. H. HOFFMAN
846
the field-independent condition. A random selection procedure was employed to reduce the number of judges under this condition and thereby create proportionality. To decrease differential stereotyping, the judges received brief biographical sketches describing the individuals on the tape. The judges' task was to predict the choice that would be made by the individual on the tape for each of 20 two-choice tasks. The accuracy score for each judge was the number of correct predictions made. This procedure has been detailed elsewhere (Knestrick & Gorlow, 1969; Knestrick, 1975). Table 1 provides the means, standard deviations, and number of observations under each experimental condition. When these data were analyzed in a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial analysis of variance with repeated measures on one factor TABLE 1 MEANS, STANDARDDEVIATIONS, AND OBSERVATIONS FOR EACH CELL Cell
N
SD
M
Cell
M
SD
N
ab x ~ 9.16 1.52 12 azblca 10.16 1.58 12 ::al = field dependent, a, = field independent, b = male judge, ba = female judge, CL
= female tape, and
c~
= male tape.
and unequal but proportionate cell frequency, no statistically significant differences were found between accuracy scores obtained under field-dependent and independent conditions (a = .05). There was, however, some indication of greater accuracy under field-independent conditions (see Table 1). A statistically significant difference in accuracy was obtained between the two tapes, with the female's behavior predicted more accurately ( p < .01). This finding is difficult to interpret since it could be due to some unique characteristics of this particular female. Further research with multiple tapes and a larger sample of both men and women seems necessary. REFERENCES
KNESTRICK, J. L. Effect of sex in accuraq of predictive judgment. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1975, 41, 355-360.
KNESIRICK,J. L., & GORLOW, L. Effect of information, subject age and instructional set on predictive judgments. 33, 691-698.
Journal o f Consulting m d Clinical Psychology, 1969,
MACCOBY, E. E., & JACKLIN, C. N. T h e psychology o f sex differences. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univer. Press, 1974.
WITKIN,H. A., DYK,R. B., FATERSON, H. F., GOODENOUGH, D. R.,
& KARP, S. A. Psychological d i f f e r e n t h i o n : studies o f development. New York: Wiley, 1962.
Accepted April 13, 1977.
FIELD ARTICULATION AND PREDICTIVE JUDGMENTS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY1 JAMES L. KNESTRICK AND ELIZABETH HANSON HOFFMAN Pennsykania State University, Capitol Campus Sammasy.-The relationship of differences in accuracy between men and women in interpersonal predictive judgments to those reported in field articulation research was explored. Field-dependent (ns = 14, 12) and field-independent (ns = 21, 12) men and women (ns = 35, 24) were tested for accuracy of predictive judgments. No statistically significant differences were found between these undergraduate field-dependent and field-independent judges; however, under the field-independent condition, a cell-by-cell examination suggests greater accuracy. There were no significant differences in accuracy of prediction between male and female judges, but statistically significant differences in accuracy scores were found when the person whose behavior was being predicted was female as opposed to male. Psychological research has reported sex differences in performance under a variety of conditions (Maccoby & JacMin, 1974). Two conditions in which differences have been found are of interest-field articulation (Witkin, et al., 1962) and interpersonal prediction (Knestrick, 1975) . Social learning experiences have been suggested as crucial in determining the performance differences between men and women in these studies. With social learning experiences posited as important in exploring male-female differences in two apparently unrelated areas, a connection, albeit loose, is possible. The purpose of chis exploratory study was to determine whether any relationship does exist between field articulation and interpersonal prediction and, if so, what its nature is. Field-dependent and field-independent men and women were asked to predict the behavior of two individuals, a man and a woman, presented to them on video tape. A man and a woman were utilized to provide the opportunity to observe the influence sex of person being predicted might have upon accuracy ( Knestrick, 1975 ) . The authors recognize that any differences found between the man and the woman would not warrant generalizations but would merely serve as impetus for further research. The behavioral situation to be predicted by the judges was the same for both individuals; it has been described more fully elsewhere (Knesttick & Gorlow, 1969). Fifty-nine volunteer undergraduate students, 35 male and 24 female, served as judges. They were designated field-dependent or field-independent according to their scores on the Embedded Figures Test (0-9 and 10-18 respectivel y ) . This procedure resulted in a disproportionate number of male judges in 'Requests for reprints should be sent to James L. Knestrick, Pennsylvania State University, Capitol Campus. Middletown, PA 17057. Tabled data on file in Document NAPS-03013 mav be ordered from Microfiche Publications, P.O. Box 3513. Grand Central Station. ~ e York, & New York 10017. Remit 83.00 for microfiche or $7.50 for photocopy.
J. L. KNESTRICK & E. H. HOFFMAN
846
the field-independent condition. A random selection procedure was employed to reduce the number of judges under this condition and thereby create proportionality. To decrease differential stereotyping, the judges received brief biographical sketches describing the individuals on the tape. The judges' task was to predict the choice that would be made by the individual on the tape for each of 20 two-choice tasks. The accuracy score for each judge was the number of correct predictions made. This procedure has been detailed elsewhere (Knestrick & Gorlow, 1969; Knestrick, 1975). Table 1 provides the means, standard deviations, and number of observations under each experimental condition. When these data were analyzed in a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial analysis of variance with repeated measures on one factor TABLE 1 MEANS, STANDARDDEVIATIONS, AND OBSERVATIONS FOR EACH CELL Cell
N
SD
M
Cell
M
SD
N
ab x ~ 9.16 1.52 12 azblca 10.16 1.58 12 ::al = field dependent, a, = field independent, b = male judge, ba = female judge, CL
= female tape, and
c~
= male tape.
and unequal but proportionate cell frequency, no statistically significant differences were found between accuracy scores obtained under field-dependent and independent conditions (a = .05). There was, however, some indication of greater accuracy under field-independent conditions (see Table 1). A statistically significant difference in accuracy was obtained between the two tapes, with the female's behavior predicted more accurately ( p < .01). This finding is difficult to interpret since it could be due to some unique characteristics of this particular female. Further research with multiple tapes and a larger sample of both men and women seems necessary. REFERENCES
KNESTRICK, J. L. Effect of sex in accuraq of predictive judgment. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1975, 41, 355-360.
KNESIRICK,J. L., & GORLOW, L. Effect of information, subject age and instructional set on predictive judgments. 33, 691-698.
Journal o f Consulting m d Clinical Psychology, 1969,
MACCOBY, E. E., & JACKLIN, C. N. T h e psychology o f sex differences. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univer. Press, 1974.
WITKIN,H. A., DYK,R. B., FATERSON, H. F., GOODENOUGH, D. R.,
& KARP, S. A. Psychological d i f f e r e n t h i o n : studies o f development. New York: Wiley, 1962.
Accepted April 13, 1977.
