Trop Anim Health Prod DOI 10.1007/s11250-015-0829-0

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Feeding behavior of feedlot-finished young bulls fed diets containing peanut cake Bráulio Rocha Correia 1,5 & Gleidson Giordano Pinto de Carvalho 2 & Ronaldo Lopes Oliveira 2 & Aureliano José Viera Pires 1 & Ossival Lolato Ribeiro 2 & Robério Rodrigues Silva 1 & André Gustavo Leão 3 & Carlindo Santos Rodrigues 4

Received: 4 August 2014 / Accepted: 15 April 2015 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the feeding behavior of feedlot-finished young bulls fed diets containing peanut cake instead of soybean meal. A total of 32 Nellore young bulls with an initial body weight of 390±43.5 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design. The animals were individually housed in stalls and fed Tifton 85 hay with four concentrate mixtures containing 0, 33, 66, or 100 % peanut cake substituting for soybean meal. The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (with 15 % crude protein) and isocaloric (with 65 % total digestible nutrients), with a 40:60 forage:concentrate ratio, in the form of total mixed diet. The experimental period was 90 days, and data were collected every 28 days. Feeding behavior was assessed by means of observation and recording of the daily time spent feeding, ruminating, and idling, quantification of the periods and calculation of variables related to mastication characteristics as well as feeding and rumination efficiencies. Substitution of

Project financed by CNPq and FAPESB * Bráulio Rocha Correia [email protected] 1

Departamento de Tecnologia Rural e Ambiental, State University of Southeast Bahia, Pça Primavera, s/n, Primavera, Itapetinga, BA 45700-000, Brazil

2

Departamento de Zootecnia, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, s/n, Ondina, Salvador, BA 40170-110, Brazil

3

Federal University of Mato Grosso, Rodovia MT-270, KM: 06– Bairro Sagrada Família, Rondonópolis, MT 78735-910, Brazil

4

Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Bahia, Rua Dr. João Nascimento, s/n, Centro, Uruçuca, BA 45680-000, Brazil

5

Rua Antônio Augusto de Sá, N°. 306, Bairro: Conceição, Ipiaú, BA 44570-000, Brazil

soybean meal for peanut cake in the diets caused a linear decrease in the intake of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber but did not affect the behavioral activities of the young bulls. Peanut cake may therefore replace up to 100 % of soybean meal in the diet of feedlot-finished young Nellore bulls because it does not affect the feeding behavior of these animals. Keywords Feeding . Efficiency . Idling . Rumination

Introduction The continental dimensions of Brazil have resulted in great diversification of beef cattle-production systems. Among the practices already in operation are the use of confinement and the inclusion of agroindustrial byproducts as substitutes for conventional foods in the formulation of diets for animals. Peanut cake is the solid residue resulting from the vegetable oil extraction process for biodiesel production, which, in general, can be done by pressing or by solvent extraction. This material has a high protein value, which can range from 41 to 45 %, and lipid levels ranging from 8 to 9 %. The increase in biodiesel production has led to greater availability of peanut cake, making the product available to feed cattle (Correia et al. 2012). Because it is a by-product, peanut cake tends to be sold at low prices, although it may replace protein concentrates in cattle feed, making it an economically attractive product, especially in feedlot systems. According to Correia et al. (2012), alternative feeds should be assessed regarding their adverse or positive effects on the animals that consume them, especially in tropical regions. The study of the feeding behavior of cattle is a tool of great importance for the development of models that support research and allow for adjusting feeding and management

Trop Anim Health Prod

techniques to improve the production performance of the animals. The probability of a food being ingested by an animal depends on the action of factors that interact in different feeding situations, the animal behavior, and the environment (Pereira et al. 2009). Behavioral responses may be used as tools for assessing diets, allowing for adjustment of feeding management of the animals to acquire the best performance (Mendonça et al. 2004).

Materials and methods The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Federal University of Bahia (Universidade Federal da Bahia– UFBA), located in São Gonçalo dos Campos–Bahia state (BA). A total of 32 Nellore bulls (eight per treatment) with an initial body weight of 390±43.5 kg and 28 months were used in the study. The animals were housed individually in stalls containing food and water troughs. The experimental design was completely randomized, with an adaption period of 20 days and a confinement period of 90 days. The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (15 % crude protein (CP)) and isocaloric (65 % total digestible nutrient (TDN)), to have a 40:60 forage:concentrate ratio and to be in the form of a total mixed diet, as recommended by the NRC (1996) for daily gains of 1.2 kg. The diets were composed of peanut cake, soybean meal, ground corn, mineral premix, urea S/A, and Tifton grass (Table 2). The treatments consisted of four levels (0, 33, 66, and 100 %) of peanut cake to replace soybean meal in the concentrate (Table 2). The animals were fed twice per day, at 8 am and 4 pm. To estimate individual consumption, the weights of the feed provided and the orts were obtained daily. The animals were fed according to the dry matter intake of the previous day, maintaining the orts percentage equivalent to 10 % of the diets supplied to avoid intake restriction. The feed remaining in the troughs was weighed after evaluation of the feeding behavior. Samples of the feed leftovers were previously dried at 55 °C for 72 h, processed in a Willey knife mill with a 1mm sieve and stored in plastic recipients. The pre-dried samples of ingredients were used to estimate the dry matter (DM), mineral matter (MM), CP, ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents. The level of neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) was determined according to the recommendations of Mertens (2002). The total carbohydrates (TC) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) were estimated according to Sniffen et al.

(1992): TC=100−(%CP+%EE+%ash), and NFC (%DM)= 100−(%MM+%CP+%EE+%NDF). The TDN content was obtained from the following equation: TDN=DCP+(2.25×DEE)+DNDFap+DNFC, in which DCP, DEE, DNDFap, and DNHC are the digestible crude protein, digestible ether extract, digestible neutral detergent fiber (free of ash and protein) and digestible non-fibrous carbohydrates, respectively. The level of total digestible nutrients (TDN), described in Tables 1 and 2, was estimated using the following equation: TDN=NDFad%+EEad%+CPad%+DNFdLC%, where the content of apparently digestible NFC was estimated using the following equation (Detman et al. 2006a) for finishing cattle: NFCad%=0.9507×NFCcp%−5.11. The content of apparently digestible EE (EEad%) was estimated using the following equation (Detman et al. 2006b) for finishing cattle: EEad%=0.8596×EE%−0.21. The content of apparently digestible CP (CPad%) was estimated using the following equation (Detman et al. 2006c) for finishing cattle: CPad%=0.7845×CP%−0.97. The contents of effectively digestible neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein for lactating cows were estimated according to Detman et al. (2007) as NDFdLC%= 0.67×{(NDFcp−L)×[1−(L/NDFcp)0.85]}. In the evaluation of feeding behavior, the animals were subjected to visual observation every 28 days of the experimental period, totaling three evaluations. The feeding, ruminating, and idling behaviors were recorded in 5-min intervals for 24 consecutive hours. During nighttime observations, the environment was lit with artificial lighting. The animals were adapted to the night light during the 4 days preceding the day of observation. Nine observations were performed for each animal at three periods of the day: morning, afternoon, and evening. Variables related to the characteristics of mastication were calculated according to the methodology described by Bürger et al. (2000). The daily number of ruminated boli was obtained as follows: total rumination time (min) divided by the average time spent for the rumination of one bolus. Concentrations of DM and NDF in each ruminated bolus (g) were obtained by dividing the amount of DM and NDF consumed (g/day) in 24 h by the number of ruminated boli per day (Bürger et al. 2000). Feeding (FE) and rumination efficiencies (RE) were calculated according to the methodology described by Bürger et al. (2000) using the following equations: FEDM = DMI/FT, FEDNF=NDFI/FT, REDM=DMI/RT, RENFD=NDFI/RT, and TMT=FT+R, wherein TMT (min/day)=total mastication time. The results of the behavioral variables were interpreted statistically by analysis of variance and regression analysis using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS 9.1®) at the 5 % significance level.

Trop Anim Health Prod Table 1

Chemical composition of the ingredients used in the experimental diets

Item

Ingredients

Dry matter (%) Mineral matter (% DM) Crude protein (% DM) Ether extract (% DM) Neutral detergent fibera (% DM) Acid detergent fiber (% DM) Lignin (% DM) Hemicellulose (% DM) Non-fibrous carbohydrates (% DM) NDINb (% DM) ADINc (% DM) Estimated TDNd (% DM) a

Ground corn

Soybean meal

Peanut cake

Tifton 85 hay

94.4 1.36 7.10 2.65 11.8 4.39 0.08 5.46 77.0 1.71 2.85 86.5

95.8 7.05 44.9 2.06 25.9 20.0 0.22 9.29 20.1 5.00 2.72 72.2

96.5 5.26 44.5 14.7 17.6 15.5 6.85 11.3 17.9 2.68 1.99 78.2

85.7 7.30 6.96 1.31 80.3 55.1 9.90 27.8 4.08 0.76 0.41 53.6

Value corrected for ash and protein

b

Neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen

c

Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen

d

Total digestible nutrients, estimated using the equations of Detman et al. (2006a, b, c, 2007)

Table 2 Composition of the experimental diets

Ingredient (%)

Substitution level of soybean meal for peanut cake (%) 0

33

66

100

Peanut cake Soybean meal Ground corn Mineral premixa Urea S/Ab Tifton 85 hay Dry matter Mineral matter Crude protein Ether extract Total carbohydrates

0.00 12.2 44.9 1.52 1.43 40.0 94.9 4.39 15.7 1.96 77.9

4.08 8.10 44.9 1.48 1.43 40.0 94.9 4.32 15.6 2.48 77.6

8.16 4.05 44.9 1.43 1.43 40.0 94.9 4.2 15.4 3.00 77.3

12.2 0.00 44.9 1.43 1.43 40.0 85.7 4.18 15.4 3.51 76.9

Neutral detergent fiberc Acid detergent fiber Non-fibrous carbohydratesd Estimated TDNe

40.6 26.4 38.6 69.1

40.3 26.3 38.6 69.3

39.9 26.1 38.5 69.6

39.6 25.9 38.4 69.9

a

Guaranteed analysis of active elements, per kg: calcium–240.00 g; phosphorus–174.00 g; copper–1250.00 mg; cobalt–100.00 mg; iron–1795.00 mg; iodine–90.00 mg; manganese–2000.00 mg; selenium–15.00 mg; zinc– 5270.00 mg; fluoride (maximum)–1740.00 mg b

Urea and ammonium sulfate at a 9:1 ratio

c

Value corrected for ash and protein

d

Values as a percentage of DM

e

Total digestible nutrients were estimated using the equations of Detman et al. (2006a, b, c, 2007)

Trop Anim Health Prod

Results

Discussion

Dry matter intake (DMI), expressed in kg/day and min/kg, and neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI) were influenced (P0.05) by the substitution of soybean meal by peanut cake in the diet (Table 3). The time spent feeding, ruminating, and idling was not influenced by the levels of peanut cake in the diet (Table 4). The values obtained for the number of feeding, ruminating, and idling periods (Table 4) indicated no significant effect (P>0.05) of the diets. The variables of total mastication time (TMT), number of mastications per day (NM), number of ruminated boli (NRB), number of mastications per bolus (NMB), and mastication time per bolus (MTB) were not affected (P > 0.05) by substitution of soybean meal for peanut cake in the diets (Table 5).

The decreasing linear effects observed in DMI and NDFI may be attributed to the increasing ether extract content in the diets with increasing levels of soybean meal substitution by peanut cake (Table 2). The reduction in MS consumption due to the increase in lipid intake can be provoked by physiological mechanisms of satiety, which are not connected to reduction in ruminal degradation of fiber (Choi and Palmquist 1996; Faverdin 1999; Allen 2000). The physiological mechanisms are related to increased oxidation fatty acids in the liver, which by reflection of the vagus nerve stimulates center satiety (Scharrer 1999; Allen 2000; Leonhardt and Langhans 2004). According to Mertens (1994), when providing diets with high energy density, intake is limited by the physiological energy demand. Bassi et al. (2012) evaluated the use of Zebu steers fed diets with oilseeds and found that animals fed a diet containing no additional lipids had higher dry matter intake. Ribeiro et al. (2012), in an experiment with young Zebu bulls finished in feedlots with collective stalls, used a diet without the addition of lipids and found higher DMI. The rumination efficiency of DM was negatively affected, with a decreasing linear effect (P0.05) on the times spent feeding, ruminating, and idling (Table 4). The time spent feeding, ruminating, and idling was not influenced by the levels of peanut cake in the diet (Table 4). Table 5 Feeding behavior variables of young feedlot bulls fed diets containing peanut cake as a substitute for soybean meal

Variable

NMB Seconds MTB Minutes TMT TFP TRP TIP Day NRB NM

The times found are within the standard feeding behavior of feedlot cattle, corroborating the responses obtained by various authors for feedlot cattle (Pinheiro et al. 2012). The absence of effects on the activities and the number of periods of feeding, ruminating, and idling can be explained by the similarity of the physical and chemical properties of diets, with similar NDF contents among the diets. The time that an animal spends ruminating is influenced by the nature of the diet, the physical form of the diet, and the NDF content. An absence of a significant effect in the rumination activity can be explained by the use of the same source of physically effective fiber

Substitution level of soybean meal by peanut cake (%)

SEMa

P value Lb

Qc

1.7

0.137

0.178

61

1.7

0.216

0.424

656 14 23 28

654 15 21 27

14 0.5 0.7 0.8

0.273 0.999 0.355 0.513

0.666 0.682 0.999 0.682

402 22,523

429 21,751

0.621 0.314

0.188 0.789

0

33

66

100

57

61

57

51

67

69

65

695 15 23 29

669 15 22 27

418 23,447

383 23,429

11 670

TMT total mastication time, TFP average time of the feeding periods, TRP average time of the rumination periods, TIP average time of the idling periods, NM number of mastications per day, NRB number of ruminated boli, NMB number of mastications per bolus, MTB mastication time per bolus a

EPM standard error of the mean

b

L linear effect

c

Q quadratic effect

Trop Anim Health Prod

(Tifton 85 hay) in the diets (Table 2) and of the same particle size because the factors that most affect rumination time are the source of roughage and the effective fiber. Among other factors, Santana Júnior et al. (2013) reported that feedlot animals have better performance than those kept in pasture because feedlot animals spend more time idle. Confinement allows for more time spent idling, given that it is a restricted space where animals do not need to search for food and that the feed provided in troughs is of greater quality than pasture. In this study, the feeding time was lower than that described by Correia et al. (2012), who observed a feeding time of 330 min/day in a study with Holstein×Zebu steers fed diets in which soybean meal was substituted for peanut cake as the concentrate. This difference can be attributed to the concentrated fraction, corresponding to 35 % of the diet in that study and 60 % of the total diet in the present study (Table 2). The values obtained for the number of feeding, ruminating, and idling periods (Table 4) indicated no significant effect. The feed particle size is believed to be one of the factors that determine the number of feeding periods. In this study, the animals showed similar feeding periods, which can be explained by the use of the same forage (Table 1) and the same particle sizes in the diets. The number of rumination periods increased with increasing dietary fiber content, reflecting the need for better processing of ruminal digesta to increase digestive efficiency. Thus, it can be affirmed that the fiber of the peanut cake is very similar to the fiber of soybean meal, both in terms of quantity and quality. The average total mastication time, number of mastications, number of ruminated boli, number of mastications per bolus and mastication time per bolus followed the patterns found for the activities of feeding and ruminating, which also suffered no significant effect of the substitution of soybean meal by peanut cake. This pattern was attributed to the physical similarities of the diets, as observed by Pereira et al. (2009), who evaluated the feeding behavior of heifers fed diets containing different fiber levels and stated that the chemical and physical quality of the diet is directly related to the behavioral aspects of the ruminants. The values found for the number of mastications and the number of mastications per bolus are primarily attributed to the chemical and physical characteristics of the diet. The number of ruminated boli and mastication time per bolus are associated with higher specific weight of the concentrate fraction, the NDF content, and the physical form of the diet. Thus, a bolus regurgitated by an animal consuming a diet with higher proportions of concentrate typically has more weight and a lower amount of neutral detergent fiber, which allows the animal to perform fewer mastications per bolus and to ruminate a smaller number of boli per day.

Peanut cake can substitute for up to 100 % of soybean meal in the diet of feedlot-finished young bulls because this substitution does not affect the behaviors of the animals. Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Feeding behavior of feedlot-finished young bulls fed diets containing peanut cake.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feeding behavior of feedlot-finished young bulls fed diets containing peanut cake instead of soybean m...
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