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The Journal of General Psychology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/vgen20
Exposed Eye Area (EEA) in the Expression of Various Emotions a
a
Manas K. Mandal , Rakesh Pandey & Sanjay K. Madan
a
a
Department of Psychology , Banaras Hindu University , India Published online: 06 Jul 2010.
To cite this article: Manas K. Mandal , Rakesh Pandey & Sanjay K. Madan (1992) Exposed Eye Area (EEA) in the Expression of Various Emotions, The Journal of General Psychology, 119:4, 385-389, DOI: 10.1080/00221309.1992.9921180 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1992.9921180
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.
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The Journal of General Psychology, 119(4), 385-389
Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 17:14 04 February 2015
Exposed Eye Area (EEA) in the Expression of Various Emotions MANAS K. MANDAL RAKESH PANDEY SANJAY K. MADAN Department of Psychology Banaras Hindu University,India
ABSTRACT’.Exposed eye area (EEA) was measured in photographs of Indian adults who modeled six emotions-happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgustas well as a neutral expression. The data were analyzed with a 2 x 6 (Eyes x Emotions) factorial analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). EEA for neutral expression was used as the covariate measure. The EEAs of the two eyes did not differ significantly during the expression of emotion. The EEAs for fear and surprise were significantly larger, and the EEA for disgust was significantly smaller than those for either other emotions or neutral expression. THE EYES PROVIDE IMPORTANT SIGNALS during the expression of emotion (Harper, Wiens, & Matarazzo, 1978). Many researchers have studied the impact of the eyes on emotional exchange (Hess & Petrovich, 1978), but relatively few have attempted to measure exposed eye area (EEA) during the expression of different emotions. Most studies of eye behavior have focused on the pupillary signal, which is emitted reflexively and received unconsciously (Moms, 1978),and little has been reported about the relationship between pupil size and EEA. “Unlike the subhuman primates, humans have whites to the eyes,” the exposure of which (along with the optical parts of the eyes) is vital to the onlooker during social encounters (Morris, 1985, p. 51). Thus, EEA provides an important clue for understanding the expression of emotion. It is readily apparent from everyday experience that EEA is wider during the expression of fear than during the expression of sadness, but the scientific study of EEA requires the consideration of two variables: (a) the bias in the Address correspondence to Manas K . Mandal, Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu Universiv. Varanasi, 221 005. India. 385
Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 17:14 04 February 2015
386
The Journal of General Psychology
two sides of the face during the expression of emotion, which may induce change in the dynamic characteristics of EEA, and (b) the physiognomical differences between the two sides of the face, which may induce change in the static characteristics of EEA. Research has suggested that the left side of the face is more labile than the right side during the expression of emotion (see reviews by Campbell, 1986; Leventhal & Tomarken, 1986), and that the right half of the face is larger than the left side during rest (see review by Borod & Koff, 1984). In this study, we measured EEA separately for the right eye and the left eye to ascertain whether either side of the face was more involved in the expression of six fundamental emotions (Ekman & Friesen, 1975): happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust. The physiognomic bias in EEA of the two eyes was kept statistically constant.
Method Subjects
Twenty-nine Indians (15 men ranging from 20-35 years, mean age = 25 years; 14 women ranging from 20-32 years, mean age = 22 years) modeled six emotions-happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust-as well as a neutral expression, and were photographed. We showed the photographs to 630 people to see whether they could identify which expression was being modeled. Only those photographs on which there was consensus of more than 70% were considered for use in the present study. (This criterion is accepted by most researchers who use modeled expressions [see reviews by Ekman & Friesen, 1975; Woodworth & Schlosberg, 19541). From these, we selected 8 photographs of emotional expressions and 18 photographs of neutral expressions. Details about the photographs and the standardization procedure were reported by Mandal ( 1987).
Procedure In this experiment, EEA was defined as the area that was visible between the eyelids, including the whites of the eyes as well as the irises and the pupils. We measured the EEA of the pIanar representation of the eye on the photograph instead of measuring the spherical surface of the eyes because measurement of the spherical surface during micromomentary expressions of emotion is impossible.
I Photographs are available from Microfiche Publications, Document NAPS 04267, P.O. Box 353, Grand Central Station, New York, NY 10017.
Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 17:14 04 February 2015
Mandal, Pandey. & Madan
387
To facilitate the measurement of EEA, we magnified each photograph 20 diameters and measured in millimeters2. We used this magnification to increase the accuracy of measurement: for example, a miscalibration of 1 mm2 area in ma@& face size is equal to . O O Z m m 2 area in natural face size. We also measured the vertical distance between the points where the outermost tangents pass, for the upper and the lower lids, and the horizontal distance between the innermost and the outermost corners of the eyes. The area covered by the vertical x horizontal length was correlated with the calibrated EEA (r = .97).We adopted this procedure to ensure reliability of measurement.
We examined the data using a 2 x 6 (Eyes x Emotions) factorial analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with EEA for emotions as the dependent measure and EEA for neutral expression as the covariate. The main effect of eye was nonsignificant, and the main effect of emotion was significant, F(5, 83) = 41.11,p < .001.Post hoc comparisons of the means by a Newman-Keuls test suggested that the EEAs2 for fear (M = 4.44cm2) and surprise (A4 = 4.15 cm2) were significantly larger than that for anger (M = 3.68 cm2;p C .05), sadness (M = 2.31 cm2;p < .Ol),happiness (M = 2.19cm2;p < .Ol), and disgust (M = 1.64cm2;p < 301).The Eye x Emotion interaction was nonsignificant. The unadjusted F ratios for the covariate of neutral expression (M = 2.63 cm2) had identical values, but the unadjusted effect of emotion was somewhat weaker, F(5, 84) = 36.2,p < .001,than the adjusted one. The EEAs of fear and surprise were significantly larger than that of the neutral expression (fear: right eye, t[14] = 8.63,p < .01; left eye, t[14] = 14.94,p < .01;surprise: right eye, t [ 141 = 7.14,p < .01:left eye, t[ 141 = 6.48,p < .01).The EEA of disgust was significantly less than that of the neutral expression (right eye, t[14] = 3.32,p < .02:left eye, t[14] = 3.14, p < .02).The EEAs for the right and the left eye did not differ significantly.
Discussion In this experiment, we measured EEA to ascertain whether the expressions of different emotions have a characteristic measure of EEA. Because research has suggested that the involvement of the left half of the face is more pronounced than that of the right half of the face during the expression of emotion (see reviews by Campbell, 1986;Leventhal & Tomarken, 1986)and that the involvement of the right half of the face is larger than that of the left *The mean EEAs approximate natural face size in the photographs.
Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 17:14 04 February 2015
388
The Journal of General Psychology
during rest (Borod & Koff, 1984), we expected that EEA would be larger for the left side of the face than for the right of face during the expression of emotion and that the EEA for the right side of the face would be larger than that of the left side of the face during rest. Contrary to our expectations, the EEA of the two eyes did not differ significantly during the expression of emotion. The movement of the sides of the face during the expression of emotion may be largely mediated by the right side of the face because it controls the voluntary movement of the contralateral muscles of the lower face (Borod & Koff, 1990). The muscles that surround the eyes, orbicularis oculi (Gelder & Gelder, 1990), which constitute the upper part of the face, are less lateralized: “Uncrossed as well as crossed fibres are sent to motor cells for the upper part of the face” (Clark, 1975, cited in Borod & Koff, 1990, p. 159). The nonsignificant difference in the static characteristics of the eyes during the neutral expression suggests that the physiognomical asymmetry of the face is not associated with the asymmetry in EEA. The finding that fear and surprise had significantly larger EEAs than did the other facial expressions has been previously substantiated (Ekman & Friesen, 1975). In the expression of fear and surprise, the eyes are widely exposed because of a physiological mechanism in which the upper eyelid is raised by levator palpebrae superioris, a muscle that links the skin of the eyelid to the bony socket of the eye (Chakraborty, Ghosh, & Sahana, 1972). This eye movement allows a person to take in more information. Despite their similar EEAs, fear and surprise differ in that (a) surprise does not last as long as fear; (b) the lower eyelid is tense during the expression of fear but relaxed during the expression of surprise (Ekman & Friesen, 1975); and (c) fear is an unpleasant emotion, but surprise may be either pleasant or unpleasant (Ekman & Oster. 1979). The EEA of disgust was significantly smaller than that of any other emotion or than that of the neutral expression because in disgust a person tries to block additional sensory input. Happiness and sadness are probably not distinguishable by EEA. Studies of facial expressions suggest that a happy emotion is best judged from the lower part of the face, and a sad emotion is poorly judged from any single one of the three facial parts (upper, middle [eye], or lower) (Mandal & Palchoudhury, 1989). Oculomotor movement that is controlled by extraocular muscles, such as the superior rectus and the inferior rectus (which elevate and lower the eyes, respectively) (Galiana, 1990) is probably more fundamental to the expression of happiness and sadness than is EEA. REFERENCES Borod, J. C., & Koff, E. (1984). Asymmetries in affective facial expression: Behavior and anatomy. In N. Fox & R. Davidson (Eds.), The psychobiology ofufective development (pp. 293-323). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 17:14 04 February 2015
Mandal, Pandey, & Madao
389
Borod, J. C., & Koff, E. (1990). Lateralization for facial emotional behavior: A methodological perspective. International Journal of Psychology, 25, 157-177. Campbell, R. (1986). Asymmetries of facial action. In R. Bruyer (FA.), The neuropsychology of facial perception and facial expression (pp. 247-267). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Chakraborty, B. K.,Ghosh, H. N., & Sahana, S. N. (1972). Modem human physiology. Calcutta: The New Book. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1975). Unmasking the face: A guide to recognizing emotionsfrornfacial expressions. Palo Alto, C A Consulting Psychologists Press. Ekman, P., & Oster, H. (1979). Facial expressions of emotion. Annual Review of PSyCholOgy, 30.527-554. Galiana, H. L. (1990). Oculomotor control. In D. N. Osherson, S. M. Kosslyn, & J. M. Hollerbach (Eds.), V i a fcognition and action @p. 243-284). Cambridge: The MIT Press. Gelder, R. S. V., & Gelder, L. V. (1990). Facial expression and speech Neuroanatomical considerations. International Journal of Psychology, 25, 141-155. Harper, R. G., Wiens, A. N., & Matarazzo, J. D. (1978). Nonverbal communication: The state of the art. New York: Wiley. Hess, E. H., & Pemvich, S. B. (1978). Pupillary behavior in communication. In A. W. Siegman & S. Feldstein (Eds.), Nonverbal behavior and communication (pp. 159-179). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Leventhal. H., & Tomarken, A. J. (1986). Emotion: Today’s problems. Annual Review of Psychology, 37.565-610. Mandal, M. K. (1987). Decoding facial emotions, in t e r n of expressiveness, by schizophrenics and depressives. Psychiatry, 50, 37 1-376. Mandal, M. K.,& Palchoudhury, S. (1989). Identifying components of facial emotion and schizophrenia. Psychopathology, 22, 295-300. Morris, D. (1978). Manwatching. London: Wad Granada. Morris, D. (1985). Bodywatching London: Jonathan Cape Ltd. Woodworth, R. S., & Schlosberg, H. (1954). Experimental psychology. Calcutta: Oxford & IBH.
Received July 7, 1992
The Journal of General Psychology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/vgen20
Exposed Eye Area (EEA) in the Expression of Various Emotions a
a
Manas K. Mandal , Rakesh Pandey & Sanjay K. Madan
a
a
Department of Psychology , Banaras Hindu University , India Published online: 06 Jul 2010.
To cite this article: Manas K. Mandal , Rakesh Pandey & Sanjay K. Madan (1992) Exposed Eye Area (EEA) in the Expression of Various Emotions, The Journal of General Psychology, 119:4, 385-389, DOI: 10.1080/00221309.1992.9921180 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1992.9921180
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.
Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 17:14 04 February 2015
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
The Journal of General Psychology, 119(4), 385-389
Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 17:14 04 February 2015
Exposed Eye Area (EEA) in the Expression of Various Emotions MANAS K. MANDAL RAKESH PANDEY SANJAY K. MADAN Department of Psychology Banaras Hindu University,India
ABSTRACT’.Exposed eye area (EEA) was measured in photographs of Indian adults who modeled six emotions-happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgustas well as a neutral expression. The data were analyzed with a 2 x 6 (Eyes x Emotions) factorial analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). EEA for neutral expression was used as the covariate measure. The EEAs of the two eyes did not differ significantly during the expression of emotion. The EEAs for fear and surprise were significantly larger, and the EEA for disgust was significantly smaller than those for either other emotions or neutral expression. THE EYES PROVIDE IMPORTANT SIGNALS during the expression of emotion (Harper, Wiens, & Matarazzo, 1978). Many researchers have studied the impact of the eyes on emotional exchange (Hess & Petrovich, 1978), but relatively few have attempted to measure exposed eye area (EEA) during the expression of different emotions. Most studies of eye behavior have focused on the pupillary signal, which is emitted reflexively and received unconsciously (Moms, 1978),and little has been reported about the relationship between pupil size and EEA. “Unlike the subhuman primates, humans have whites to the eyes,” the exposure of which (along with the optical parts of the eyes) is vital to the onlooker during social encounters (Morris, 1985, p. 51). Thus, EEA provides an important clue for understanding the expression of emotion. It is readily apparent from everyday experience that EEA is wider during the expression of fear than during the expression of sadness, but the scientific study of EEA requires the consideration of two variables: (a) the bias in the Address correspondence to Manas K . Mandal, Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu Universiv. Varanasi, 221 005. India. 385
Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 17:14 04 February 2015
386
The Journal of General Psychology
two sides of the face during the expression of emotion, which may induce change in the dynamic characteristics of EEA, and (b) the physiognomical differences between the two sides of the face, which may induce change in the static characteristics of EEA. Research has suggested that the left side of the face is more labile than the right side during the expression of emotion (see reviews by Campbell, 1986; Leventhal & Tomarken, 1986), and that the right half of the face is larger than the left side during rest (see review by Borod & Koff, 1984). In this study, we measured EEA separately for the right eye and the left eye to ascertain whether either side of the face was more involved in the expression of six fundamental emotions (Ekman & Friesen, 1975): happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust. The physiognomic bias in EEA of the two eyes was kept statistically constant.
Method Subjects
Twenty-nine Indians (15 men ranging from 20-35 years, mean age = 25 years; 14 women ranging from 20-32 years, mean age = 22 years) modeled six emotions-happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust-as well as a neutral expression, and were photographed. We showed the photographs to 630 people to see whether they could identify which expression was being modeled. Only those photographs on which there was consensus of more than 70% were considered for use in the present study. (This criterion is accepted by most researchers who use modeled expressions [see reviews by Ekman & Friesen, 1975; Woodworth & Schlosberg, 19541). From these, we selected 8 photographs of emotional expressions and 18 photographs of neutral expressions. Details about the photographs and the standardization procedure were reported by Mandal ( 1987).
Procedure In this experiment, EEA was defined as the area that was visible between the eyelids, including the whites of the eyes as well as the irises and the pupils. We measured the EEA of the pIanar representation of the eye on the photograph instead of measuring the spherical surface of the eyes because measurement of the spherical surface during micromomentary expressions of emotion is impossible.
I Photographs are available from Microfiche Publications, Document NAPS 04267, P.O. Box 353, Grand Central Station, New York, NY 10017.
Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 17:14 04 February 2015
Mandal, Pandey. & Madan
387
To facilitate the measurement of EEA, we magnified each photograph 20 diameters and measured in millimeters2. We used this magnification to increase the accuracy of measurement: for example, a miscalibration of 1 mm2 area in ma@& face size is equal to . O O Z m m 2 area in natural face size. We also measured the vertical distance between the points where the outermost tangents pass, for the upper and the lower lids, and the horizontal distance between the innermost and the outermost corners of the eyes. The area covered by the vertical x horizontal length was correlated with the calibrated EEA (r = .97).We adopted this procedure to ensure reliability of measurement.
We examined the data using a 2 x 6 (Eyes x Emotions) factorial analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with EEA for emotions as the dependent measure and EEA for neutral expression as the covariate. The main effect of eye was nonsignificant, and the main effect of emotion was significant, F(5, 83) = 41.11,p < .001.Post hoc comparisons of the means by a Newman-Keuls test suggested that the EEAs2 for fear (M = 4.44cm2) and surprise (A4 = 4.15 cm2) were significantly larger than that for anger (M = 3.68 cm2;p C .05), sadness (M = 2.31 cm2;p < .Ol),happiness (M = 2.19cm2;p < .Ol), and disgust (M = 1.64cm2;p < 301).The Eye x Emotion interaction was nonsignificant. The unadjusted F ratios for the covariate of neutral expression (M = 2.63 cm2) had identical values, but the unadjusted effect of emotion was somewhat weaker, F(5, 84) = 36.2,p < .001,than the adjusted one. The EEAs of fear and surprise were significantly larger than that of the neutral expression (fear: right eye, t[14] = 8.63,p < .01; left eye, t[14] = 14.94,p < .01;surprise: right eye, t [ 141 = 7.14,p < .01:left eye, t[ 141 = 6.48,p < .01).The EEA of disgust was significantly less than that of the neutral expression (right eye, t[14] = 3.32,p < .02:left eye, t[14] = 3.14, p < .02).The EEAs for the right and the left eye did not differ significantly.
Discussion In this experiment, we measured EEA to ascertain whether the expressions of different emotions have a characteristic measure of EEA. Because research has suggested that the involvement of the left half of the face is more pronounced than that of the right half of the face during the expression of emotion (see reviews by Campbell, 1986;Leventhal & Tomarken, 1986)and that the involvement of the right half of the face is larger than that of the left *The mean EEAs approximate natural face size in the photographs.
Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 17:14 04 February 2015
388
The Journal of General Psychology
during rest (Borod & Koff, 1984), we expected that EEA would be larger for the left side of the face than for the right of face during the expression of emotion and that the EEA for the right side of the face would be larger than that of the left side of the face during rest. Contrary to our expectations, the EEA of the two eyes did not differ significantly during the expression of emotion. The movement of the sides of the face during the expression of emotion may be largely mediated by the right side of the face because it controls the voluntary movement of the contralateral muscles of the lower face (Borod & Koff, 1990). The muscles that surround the eyes, orbicularis oculi (Gelder & Gelder, 1990), which constitute the upper part of the face, are less lateralized: “Uncrossed as well as crossed fibres are sent to motor cells for the upper part of the face” (Clark, 1975, cited in Borod & Koff, 1990, p. 159). The nonsignificant difference in the static characteristics of the eyes during the neutral expression suggests that the physiognomical asymmetry of the face is not associated with the asymmetry in EEA. The finding that fear and surprise had significantly larger EEAs than did the other facial expressions has been previously substantiated (Ekman & Friesen, 1975). In the expression of fear and surprise, the eyes are widely exposed because of a physiological mechanism in which the upper eyelid is raised by levator palpebrae superioris, a muscle that links the skin of the eyelid to the bony socket of the eye (Chakraborty, Ghosh, & Sahana, 1972). This eye movement allows a person to take in more information. Despite their similar EEAs, fear and surprise differ in that (a) surprise does not last as long as fear; (b) the lower eyelid is tense during the expression of fear but relaxed during the expression of surprise (Ekman & Friesen, 1975); and (c) fear is an unpleasant emotion, but surprise may be either pleasant or unpleasant (Ekman & Oster. 1979). The EEA of disgust was significantly smaller than that of any other emotion or than that of the neutral expression because in disgust a person tries to block additional sensory input. Happiness and sadness are probably not distinguishable by EEA. Studies of facial expressions suggest that a happy emotion is best judged from the lower part of the face, and a sad emotion is poorly judged from any single one of the three facial parts (upper, middle [eye], or lower) (Mandal & Palchoudhury, 1989). Oculomotor movement that is controlled by extraocular muscles, such as the superior rectus and the inferior rectus (which elevate and lower the eyes, respectively) (Galiana, 1990) is probably more fundamental to the expression of happiness and sadness than is EEA. REFERENCES Borod, J. C., & Koff, E. (1984). Asymmetries in affective facial expression: Behavior and anatomy. In N. Fox & R. Davidson (Eds.), The psychobiology ofufective development (pp. 293-323). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 17:14 04 February 2015
Mandal, Pandey, & Madao
389
Borod, J. C., & Koff, E. (1990). Lateralization for facial emotional behavior: A methodological perspective. International Journal of Psychology, 25, 157-177. Campbell, R. (1986). Asymmetries of facial action. In R. Bruyer (FA.), The neuropsychology of facial perception and facial expression (pp. 247-267). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Chakraborty, B. K.,Ghosh, H. N., & Sahana, S. N. (1972). Modem human physiology. Calcutta: The New Book. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1975). Unmasking the face: A guide to recognizing emotionsfrornfacial expressions. Palo Alto, C A Consulting Psychologists Press. Ekman, P., & Oster, H. (1979). Facial expressions of emotion. Annual Review of PSyCholOgy, 30.527-554. Galiana, H. L. (1990). Oculomotor control. In D. N. Osherson, S. M. Kosslyn, & J. M. Hollerbach (Eds.), V i a fcognition and action @p. 243-284). Cambridge: The MIT Press. Gelder, R. S. V., & Gelder, L. V. (1990). Facial expression and speech Neuroanatomical considerations. International Journal of Psychology, 25, 141-155. Harper, R. G., Wiens, A. N., & Matarazzo, J. D. (1978). Nonverbal communication: The state of the art. New York: Wiley. Hess, E. H., & Pemvich, S. B. (1978). Pupillary behavior in communication. In A. W. Siegman & S. Feldstein (Eds.), Nonverbal behavior and communication (pp. 159-179). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Leventhal. H., & Tomarken, A. J. (1986). Emotion: Today’s problems. Annual Review of Psychology, 37.565-610. Mandal, M. K. (1987). Decoding facial emotions, in t e r n of expressiveness, by schizophrenics and depressives. Psychiatry, 50, 37 1-376. Mandal, M. K.,& Palchoudhury, S. (1989). Identifying components of facial emotion and schizophrenia. Psychopathology, 22, 295-300. Morris, D. (1978). Manwatching. London: Wad Granada. Morris, D. (1985). Bodywatching London: Jonathan Cape Ltd. Woodworth, R. S., & Schlosberg, H. (1954). Experimental psychology. Calcutta: Oxford & IBH.
Received July 7, 1992
