infection control & hospital epidemiology
september 2015, vol. 36, no. 9
original article
Evaluation of the Quality of Reprocessing of Gastrointestinal Endoscopes Philippe Saviuc, MD;1 Romain Picot-Guéraud, PharmD;1 Jacqueline Shum Cheong Sing, PharmD;1 Pierre Batailler, MD;1 Isabelle Pelloux, MD;2 Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart, MD;2,3 Valérie Dobremez, PharmD;1 Marie-Reine Mallaret, MD1,4
objectives. To evaluate the quality of gastrointestinal endoscope reprocessing and discuss the advantages of microbiological surveillance testing of these endoscopes. methods. Retrospective analysis of the results of endoscope sampling performed from October 1, 2006, through December 31, 2014, in a gastrointestinal endoscopy unit of a teaching hospital equipped with 89 endoscopes and 3 automated endoscope reprocessors, with an endoscopy quality assurance program in place. The compliance rate was defined as the proportion of the results classified at target or alert levels according to the French guidelines. A multivariate analysis (logistic regression) was used to identify the parameters influencing compliance. results. A total of 846 samples were taken. The overall compliance rate was 86% and differed significantly depending on the sampling context (scheduled or not scheduled), the type of endoscope, and the season. No other parameter was associated with compliance. A total of 118 samples carried indicator microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Enterobacteriaceae, and Candida sp. conclusion. The systematic use of an automated endoscope reprocessor does not provide totally satisfactory compliance. Microbiological surveillance is indispensable to monitor reprocessing, reinforce good practices (endoscopes, reprocessing units), and detect endoscopes requiring early technical maintenance. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 20 1 5; 3 6( 9) :1 01 7 – 10 23
More than two million endoscopic procedures are performed every year in France. Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopes are fragile and thermosensitive and cannot be sterilized by autoclaving. National1,2 and international3–5 guidelines describe the reprocessing of flexible endoscopes; reprocessing using an automated endoscope reprocessor (AER) is now the rule. The risk of infection after endoscopic procedure is low. Reviews of the literature by Nelson6 in 2003 and by Nelson and Muscarella7 in 2006 concluded in a low incidence of cases declared. Since the emergence of highly drug-resistant bacteria, several epidemics of multidrug-resistant bacteria transmission have been reported following use of contaminated duodenoscopes8–11 caused by failures in AER devices or insufficient application of reprocessing procedures.2,8–13 A quality assurance policy (traceability, training of personnel, microbiological surveillance testing) has reduced the risk of infection.14 In March 2007, French guidelines on microbiological surveillance testing for endoscopes were published.15 They directed healthcare institutions to perform microbiological surveillance for
reprocessed endoscopes according to standardized practices, using a surfactant solution to remove microorganisms during sampling and respecting a time lag of at least 6 h between the last reprocessing and a new sampling procedure. These guidelines set the thresholds for interpreting the results and describe the procedures when these thresholds are exceeded. The main objective of the study was to assess 99 months of microbiological surveillance testing on GI endoscopes in order to evaluate the quality of reprocessing. The secondary objective was to assess the value of such monitoring.
methods This retrospective study was conducted from October 1, 2006, through December 31, 2014, in a teaching hospital (2,200 beds) where approximately 4,500 GI endoscopic procedures are performed each year. The study was conducted on 89 GI endoscopes including different brands (Olympus, Fujinon, Pentax).
Affiliations: 1. CHU Grenoble, Pôle Santé Publique, Unité d’Hygiène Hospitalière, F-38000 Grenoble, France; 2. CHU Grenoble, Pôle Biologie et Pathologie, F-38000 Grenoble, France; 3. Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes (LAPM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), F-38000 Grenoble, France; 4. Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Techniques de l'Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité - Informatique, Mathématiques et Application, Grenoble (TIMC-IMAG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), F-38000 Grenoble, France. Received March 5, 2015; accepted May 3, 2015; electronically published May 29, 2015 © 2015 by The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. All rights reserved. 0899-823X/2015/3609-0004. DOI: 10.1017/ice.2015.123
Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. University of Connecticut, on 18 Dec 2016 at 19:13:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2015.123
1018
infection control & hospital epidemiology
september 2015, vol. 36, no. 9
The endoscopes are reprocessed by 8 nurses trained in and dedicated to this task. Reprocessing was performed following a written procedure complying with the French guidelines.1,16 The usual reprocessing steps are indicated in Figure 1 (standard reprocessing). The endoscopes are reprocessed in 3 identical AERs, operating with peracetic acid and filtered water (0.20 µm) in compliance with the European norms and following a regular schedule of preventive maintenance. For each cycle, the device emits a traceability ticket. The quality of the water in the AER is verified every month. If an endoscope is stocked more than 12 h after reprocessing, it is reprocessed in the AER before use. A quality assurance policy was set up with
figure 1.
several aspects: written procedures, personnel training, regular evaluation of practices, microbiological surveillance testing of the endoscopes and water quality, preventive maintenance of the AER, and traceability. Samples were taken in aseptic conditions by 2 members of the hygiene team. Samples taken in an emergency situation were excluded from the study. From 2006 to 2007, the time between reprocessing and sampling was not homogeneous. Beginning in 2008, the new guidelines15 recommended that the following sampling procedure be performed between 6 and 12 h after the last reprocessing.
Steps in the usual reprocessing of a flexible gastrointestinal endoscope (standard reprocessing).
Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. University of Connecticut, on 18 Dec 2016 at 19:13:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2015.123
gi endoscopes: reprocessing evaluation
Sampling consisted of a 300-mL injection of sampling solution distributed between the different channels using a sterile syringe and disinfected connections. This solution was aseptically collected in a sterile flask and then separated into 2 identical samples for bacteriological and mycological analyses in the institution’s laboratory. From 2006 to 2007, the sampling solution was sterile physiological saline solution (NaCl 0.9%). Following the 2007 guidelines,15 a Tween 80-type solution (neutralizing diluent pharmacopeia [NDP] thiosulfate, bioMérieux) containing polysorbate 80 with surface-active properties was progressively used beginning in 2008. At the bacteriology laboratory, 100 mL of liquid was filtered on a sterile membrane placed on trypticase soy agar incubated in aerobiosis at 30°C and read at 48 h and then 72 h and 5 days. The same filtration operation was performed with the remaining 50 mL, with the membrane placed on Drigalski agar to search for Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas. The result included total flora count and the search for indicator microorganisms (IMOs) (Table 1).15 The same procedure was applied for the mycologic analysis. Cultures were grown on Sabouraud-chloramphenicol agar, incubated for 7 days at 27°C to search for filamentous fungi and at 35°C to search for yeasts. The results were interpreted according to the guidelines15 and classified into 3 levels: target, alert, and action (Table 1). A sample was deemed to be compliant if it was classified at the target or alert level. If the alert level was reached, a second sampling procedure was planned for 2 weeks later. In the meantime, the device could be used after reinforced manual reprocessing (double cleaning followed by 30 min sporicide disinfection). A sample was deemed noncompliant if it reached the action level: in this case, the endoscope could not be used. It underwent reinforced manual reprocessing and then another sample was taken before it could be used again. If this second sample did not comply, the endoscope was sent for technical maintenance. For each endoscope sampled, a written report was sent to the endoscopy department with recommendations and reminders of good practices. Four sampling contexts were defined. First, standard sampling after usual reprocessing in AER (standard reprocessing): the objective was to check every endoscope at least once a year; the guidelines left the choice of the time of these sampling procedures to the discretion of the institution. The 3 other sampling contexts concerned endoscopes that had undergone reinforced manual reprocessing: after repairs, on new or loan devices, or for inspection after noncompliant standard sampling (control sample).
table 1.
1019
The results were expressed as compliance rates, corresponding to the ratio between the number of compliant samples (target and alert levels) to the total number of samples. The 99 months of the study were divided into 3 periods reflecting the modifications in practices following the 2007 publication of the French guidelines: 2006–2007 (sample taken with saline solution with no minimum delay after reprocessing), 2008–2009 (progressive implementation of the guidelines on the timing and use of a surfactant solution), and 2010–2014 (homogeneous application of the guidelines). The following data were collected: sampling date, endoscope references, sampling context (standard, control sampling, return from repair/loan, new), age of the endoscope at sampling, sampling solution (NDP, saline solution), the time between reprocessing and sampling, the number of colonyforming units (CFU), the presence of IMOs, and compliance. The data were recorded in an electronic spreadsheet (Excel; Microsoft). Statistical analysis (Stata software, StataCorp) was performed using a χ2 test or linear trend test for proportions, a Kruskal-Wallis test for medians, and logistic regression to identify the parameters independently related to compliance. The significance threshold was set at .05.
resul ts During the study period a total of 857 samples were collected, of which 11 were excluded owing to investigations of unproven suspicion of crossed or epidemic transmission. Finally 846 GI endoscope samples were taken: 381 standard samples, 305 after the endoscope was returned from maintenance or loan, 27 when a new endoscope was introduced, and 133 control samples. The 89 GI endoscopes included 34 gastroscopes (median age at sampling time, 3.5 years), 24 colonoscopes (4.4 years), 10 duodenoscopes (4.5 years), and 21 echoendoscopes (4.0 years). Each of the 89 endoscopes was sampled from 1 to 30 times (median, 8); 26 endoscopes were sampled a single time (new endoscope or short-term loan). The timing of the sampling was specified in 793 cases and ranged from 20 min to 25 h, with 85% of the samples taken at least 6 h after the last reprocessing. The compliance rates according to the sampling context are displayed in Table 2. The overall compliance rate was 86%. A significant difference (P < .001) was observed between the compliance rates after standard reprocessing (80%), after control sampling (77%), when endoscopes returned from repair or loan (97%), and on new endoscopes (96%); there was no significant change in the distribution of the sampling procedures per year. There was a significant difference (P = .001)
Thresholds of Target/Alert/Action Levels15 (CFU per Endoscope and IMOs)
Target level
Alert level
Action level
25 CFU and/or presence of IMOs
NOTE.
Indicator microorganisms (IMOs) were Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter sp., Candida sp. CFU, colony-forming units.
Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. University of Connecticut, on 18 Dec 2016 at 19:13:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2015.123
1020 infection control & hospital epidemiology
table 2.
september 2015, vol. 36, no. 9
Compliance Rate by Type of Endoscope and Context, According to Current Recommendations15 Procedures Reinforced
Types of endoscope
Standarda
Return/ loan
Control
New
Total reinforcedb
Total Standard + reinforcedc
Gastroscope (n = 34) Duodenoscope (n = 10) Colonoscope (n = 24) Echoendoscope (n = 21) Totalg (n = 89)
140d/184e 76%f 42/55 76% 97/113 86% 26/29 90% 305/381 80%
128/134 96% 37/40 93% 76/76 100% 54/55 98% 295/305 97%
55/75 73% 20/26 77% 23/28 82% 4/4 100% 102/133 77%
12/13 92% 3/3 100% 6/6 100% 5/5 100% 26/27 96%
195/222 88% 60/69 87% 105/110 95% 63/64 98% 423/465 91%
335/406 83% 102/124 82% 202/223 91% 89/93 96% 728/846 86%
Test of compliance differences between types of endoscope: P = .097. Test of compliance differences between types of endoscope: P = .012. c Test of compliance differences between types of endoscope: P = .001. d Number of compliant samples. e Number of samples taken. f Compliance rate. g Test of compliance differences between types of endoscope: P < .001 a
b
figure 2. Distribution of bacteria and yeasts found in the noncompliant samples (n = 145).
between the compliance rates depending on the types of endoscope (gastroscopes, colonoscopes, duodenoscopes, and echoendoscopes) (Table 2). Compliance was significantly different depending on the cold season (October to March, 90%) or warm season (April to September, 82%) (P = .002). It did not vary significantly (P = .29) during the 3 study periods: 81% for the 2006–2007 period, 87% for the 2008–2009 period, and 86% for the 2010–2014 period although the sampling methods were modified. The median age of the endoscopes remained similar during the 3 periods: 3.8, 2.9, and 3.9 years, respectively. The logistical regression model including the study period by default (P = .36) showed that the sampling context (P < .001), the type of endoscope (P = .004), and the season (P = .009) were independently associated with compliance,
excluding all other parameters (age of the endoscope, sampling timing, use of NDP, sampling year). One hundred eighteen endoscope samples were classified as noncompliant: 108 because 145 IMOs in total were present and 10 because a nonpathogenic flora greater than 25 CFU was present. These 118 samples involved 41 different endoscopes (nearly half of the endoscopes). Each of these 41 endoscopes generated from 1 (17 endoscopes) to 13 noncompliant samples (1 gastroscope). Four of the 41 noncompliant endoscopes (3 gastroscopes and 1 duodenoscope) totaled one-third of the noncompliant samples (n = 39). Noncompliance was found at least once in 48% of the gastroscopes and 70% of the duodenoscopes. The IMOs identified are detailed in Figure 2 and Table 3. Independently of the IMOs, 33 samples classified as compliant had fewer than 25 CFU of filamentous fungi (genera: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Conidiobolus, Curvularia, dematiaceous fungi, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Ustilago) or fungi that are commensal to humans (Trichosporon sp. and most particularly Trichosporon asahii).
d is c u s s i o n The results of microbiological surveillance testing of reprocessed GI endoscopes over 8 years showed an 86% compliance rate for all of the samples and 80% for samples taken after standard reprocessing in AER. During the study period, no detected cross-transmission related to the GI endoscopes was documented. The institution has an adverse reaction reporting system and each new identification of a highly drug-resistant bacterial strain (vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae)
Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. University of Connecticut, on 18 Dec 2016 at 19:13:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2015.123
gi endoscopes: reprocessing evaluation
table 3.
1021
Indicator Microorganisms Found in Noncompliant Samples (n = 145)
Yeasts - Candida spp. (21): C. albicans 2, C. glabrata 5, C. guilliermondii 7, C. parapsilosis 6, C. tropicalis 1 Bacteria - Enterobacteriaceae (54): Citrobacter freundii 3, C. koseri 1, C. youngae 1, Escherichia coli 13, Enterobacter aerogenes 2, E. cloacae 6, Klebsiella pneumoniae 14, K. oxytoca 6, other Klebsiella 2, Serratia marcescens 6 - Pseudomonas aeruginosa (39) - Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (24) - Others (7): Acinetobacter baumannii 1, Burkholderia cepacia 2, Sphingomonas paucimobilis 2, Pseudomonas luteola 1, Roseomonas gilardii 1
led to seeking a link with a recent endoscopic procedure. There was a significant difference in the compliance rates between the type of endoscope in all contexts combined, higher for colonoscopes and echoendoscopes. Four endoscopes had caused 33% of the noncompliant samples, essentially by repeated contamination by various microorganisms for 1 gastroscope and the duodenoscope. Sometimes consecutive contamination by the same microorganisms for 2 gastroscopes was found but without molecular typing realized. The age of endoscopes does not explain this difference. On the other hand, the frequent use of endoscopes seems to play a part, but this information could not be included in the multivariate analysis: the median number of procedures was less than 70 procedures/endoscope/year for colonoscopes and echoendoscopes and greater than 100 procedures/endoscope/year for gastroscopes and duodenoscopes. Apart from the noncompliant samples (for the most part Enterobacteriaceae and gram-negative bacilli), the presence of results classified as target events should be emphasized, although they included filamentous fungi and yeasts. The question of the compliance of such results remains unanswered and could lengthen the list of IMOs—for example, to yeasts other than Candida sp. that are also commensal to humans. It is difficult to compare these results with the literature because few studies have been published on this subject. An Australian study on 655 GI endoscope samples taken between 2002 and 200617 showed 6 instances of noncompliance; recalculating the compliance rates with the method used in the present study gives an estimated 83% compliance rate. Yet the comparison with this study is not relevant because the sampling method (10 mL of sterile water per channel in the Australian study) and the interpretation thresholds5 differ greatly from the French guidelines. A French study on 332 GI endoscope samples between 2007 and 2009 indicated a 68% compliance rate, but the level of action retained was 100 CFU.18 The compliance rate remained stable during the 3 periods. However, a deterioration was expected because, beginning in 2008, the sampling procedure could have increased the number of noncompliant samples through facilitating the bacterial multiplication by applying a 6 h delay and by better uncoupling of the microorganisms when using NDP. This stability within a more demanding context could have masked progress in the reprocessing. Despite good organization with a quality assurance system in place, respect of the guidelines, and regular assessments of
practices without a significant gap demonstrated, it was not possible to rise beyond an 80% compliance rate in standard sampling, whereas cross-transmission of pathogenic microorganisms by poorly disinfected endoscopes has been documented.8–9 To explain these results, a waterborne contamination was ruled out. The terminal rinse water of the AER is filtered on 0.20-µm filters and monthly monitoring of the water quality of the AER has never found Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Several other potential influent factors could contribute to the poor compliance rate.19 During the study, the AER did not present significant dysfunction, and the traceability tickets for all the endoscopes sampled showed no problems with the cycle function. However, the problems obtaining a compliance rate approaching 100% after standard reprocessing and the gain obtained after reinforced manual reprocessing suggest that it would be useful to improve the standard reprocessing steps. GI endoscopes are complex devices; their complexity and the variety of different features depend on the manufacturers, with many of the channels difficult to irrigate. The AER that we used complied with the current norms and had been validated before being put on the market. The qualification of the AER should remain systematic each time an endoscope is acquired. In the past, the qualification step was sometimes missing, which could decrease the effectiveness of reprocessing. Moreover, periodically renewing this qualification is one of the means of improvement. The occasional audits of the first manual cleaning do not guarantee continuous observance of good practices. To improve the initial manual cleaning efficiency, the current detergent might be replaced by an enzymatic bactericidal detergent, and the need to respect the contact time of the detergent must be remembered. Drying remains a difficult operation after reprocessing in AER, and residual wetness can promote the multiplication of microorganisms not eliminated by reprocessing. Several countries recommend rinsing the endoscope with alcohol before storage to facilitate drying and limit bacterial proliferation.5,17,18,20 Such recommendations do not currently exist in France. An endoscope storage cabinet could improve drying. However, we turn to a new process of irrigation with dilute hydrogen peroxide solution then storage under partial vacuum. The compliance rate of the control samples was 77% despite the use of the reinforced manual reprocessing procedure with more efficient, prolonged, and systematic irrigation. In these cases we suspected wear, damaged sleeve, long-lasting biofilm,
Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. University of Connecticut, on 18 Dec 2016 at 19:13:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2015.123
1022 infection control & hospital epidemiology
september 2015, vol. 36, no. 9
and so on, and the endoscopes were sent for technical maintenance. This hypothesis, suggested with the recurrence or persistence of noncompliant samples, is reinforced by the fact that endoscopes with recurrent contamination sent for curative maintenance return compliant: 97% of the endoscopes were compliant upon returning from repairs. Improving the preventive maintenance must avoid having to track faulty endoscopes through microbiological sampling. Leasing with a maintenance contract is expected to provide both recent endoscopes and periodic maintenance. Other means of disinfection should be sought if a high noncompliance continues in these circumstances. Ethylene oxide is no longer used in French hospitals. The plasma sterilization with low-temperature hydrogen peroxide gas could be a prospect. The microbiological surveillance testing of endoscopes does not meet with clear consensus in the North American guidelines.5 The authors of the Australian study concluded that it was important to provide a quality assurance system rather than conduct an excessive number of sampling campaigns.17 However, the sampling frequency was very high (monthly). In the present study, despite microbiological surveillance testing, the samples’ compliance rate did not rise. The return of noncompliant results is nonetheless the opportunity to review practices, to reinforce the healthcare teams’ vigilance, to screen endoscopes that might require repairs, and to renew the AER qualification. The assessment of the set of measures is planned: renewal of the older AERs and endoscopes, and improvement of preventive maintenance, replacement of detergent and the process of storage, and reinforcement of good practices. Despite the workload this requires, microbiological monitoring seems indispensable in view of the compliance rates obtained. The results encourage reducing sampling when endoscopes return from repairs in preference to sampling after standard reprocessing. In conclusion, despite a rigorous and controlled organization and the use of AER devices, endoscope reprocessing control remains imperfect. Microbiological surveillance testing continues to be necessary to raise awareness in personnel responsible for reprocessing and guarantee that they respect good practices and detect endoscopes or AERs requiring technical maintenance.
2.
3. 4.
5.
6. 7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
a ck n ow le d g m e n t s We thank the team of nurses in GI endoscopy. Financial support. None reported. Potential conflicts of interest. All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article.
13. 14.
Address correspondence to Romain Picot-Guéraud, PharmD, Unité d’Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU de Grenoble, CS 10217 - 38043 Grenoble CEDEX 9 ([email protected]).
15.
references 1. Ministère de la santé, de la famille et des personnes handicapées. Circulaire DHOS/E2/DGS/SD5C n°2003-591 du 17 décembre 2003 relative aux modalités de traitement manuel pour la
désinfection des endoscopes non autoclavables dans les lieux de soins. http://www.sante.gouv.fr/fichiers/bo/2004/04-01/a0010011. htm. Published 2004. Accessed January 31, 2015. Ministère de la santé et des protections sociales CTIN/DGS/DHOS. Bonnes pratiques de désinfection des dispositifs médicaux: guide pour l’entretien manuel des dispositifs médicaux en endoscopie digestive. Juin 2004. http://www.sante-sports.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/ Guide_pour_l_entretien_manuel_des_dispositifs_medicaux_en_ endoscopie_digestive.pdf. Published 2004. Accessed January 31, 2015. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Guidelines: cleaning and disinfection in GI endoscopy. Endoscopy 2008;40:939–947. Gastroenterological Society of Australia. Infection control in endoscopy: microbiological testing of gastrointestinal and respiratory endoscopes and automated flexible reprocessors. http://www.gesa.org.au/files/editor_upload/File/Professional/ Endoscopy_Microbiological_Testing.pdf. Published 2008. Updated February 2008. Accessed January 31, 2015. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Multisociety guideline on reprocessing flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes: 2011. Gastrointest Endosc 2011;73:1075–1084. Nelson DB. Infectious disease complications of GI endoscopy: part II, exogenous infections. Gastrointest Endosc 2003;57:695–711. Nelson DB, Muscarella LF. Current issues in endoscope reprocessing and infection control during gastrointestinal endoscopy. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:3953–3964. Aumeran C, Poincloux L, Souweine B, et al. Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae outbreak after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Endoscopy 2010;42:895–899. Carbonne A, Thiolet JM, Fournier S, et al. Control of a multihospital outbreak of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae type 2 in France, September to October 2009. Euro Surveill 2010;15: pii = 19734. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx? ArticleId=19734. Published 2010. Accessed January 31, 2015. Epstein L, Hunter JC, Arwady MA, et al. New Delhi metallo-betalactamase–producing carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli associated with exposure to duodenoscopes. JAMA 2014;312: 1447–1455. Wendorf KA, Kay M, Baliga C, et al. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-associated AmpC Escherichia coli outbreak [published online March 30, 2015]. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015. doi:10.1017/ice.2015.66. Méan M, Mallaret MR, Bichard P, Shum J, Zarski JP. Gastrointestinal endoscopes cleaned without detergent substance following an automated endoscope washer/disinfector dysfunction. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2006;30:665–668. Moses FM, Lee J. Surveillance cultures to monitor quality of gastrointestinal endoscope reprocessing. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:77–81. Beilenhoff U, Neumann CS, Rey JF, et al; European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. A guideline for quality assurance in reprocessing: microbiological surveillance testing in endoscopy. Endoscopy 2007;39:175–181. Comité techniques des infections nosocomiales et des infections liées aux soins, Conseil supérieur d’hygiène publique en France. Eléments d’assurance qualité en hygiène relatifs au contrôle microbiologique des endoscopes et à la traçabilité en endoscopie. http://www.sante.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/microbio_endoscopes-2. pdf. Published 2007. Accessed January 31, 2015.
Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. University of Connecticut, on 18 Dec 2016 at 19:13:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2015.123
gi endoscopes: reprocessing evaluation
16. Ministère de la santé, des familles et des personnes handicapées. Guide des bonnes pratiques de désinfection des dispositifs médicaux: guide pour l’utilisation des laveurs-désinfecteurs d’endoscopes. CTIN/ DGS/DHOS, novembre 2003. http://www.sante.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/ Guide_pour_l_utilisation_des_laveurs_desinfecteurs_d_endoscopes. pdf. Published 2003. Accessed January 31, 2015. 17. Gillespie EE, Kotsanas D, Stuart RL. Microbiological monitoring of endoscopes: 5-year review. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;23: 1069–1074.
1023
18. Saliou P, Garlantézec R, Baron R, et al. Contrôles microbiologiques des endoscopes au centre hospitalier régional de Brest du 1er janvier 2007 au 31 décembre 2009. Pathol Biol (Paris) 2011;59: 88–93. 19. Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Gastrointestinal endoscopes: a need to shift from disinfection to sterilization? JAMA 2014;312:1405–1406. 20. Muscarella LF. Inconsistencies in endoscope-reprocessing and infection-control guidelines: the importance of endoscope drying. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:2147–2154.
Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. University of Connecticut, on 18 Dec 2016 at 19:13:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2015.123
september 2015, vol. 36, no. 9
original article
Evaluation of the Quality of Reprocessing of Gastrointestinal Endoscopes Philippe Saviuc, MD;1 Romain Picot-Guéraud, PharmD;1 Jacqueline Shum Cheong Sing, PharmD;1 Pierre Batailler, MD;1 Isabelle Pelloux, MD;2 Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart, MD;2,3 Valérie Dobremez, PharmD;1 Marie-Reine Mallaret, MD1,4
objectives. To evaluate the quality of gastrointestinal endoscope reprocessing and discuss the advantages of microbiological surveillance testing of these endoscopes. methods. Retrospective analysis of the results of endoscope sampling performed from October 1, 2006, through December 31, 2014, in a gastrointestinal endoscopy unit of a teaching hospital equipped with 89 endoscopes and 3 automated endoscope reprocessors, with an endoscopy quality assurance program in place. The compliance rate was defined as the proportion of the results classified at target or alert levels according to the French guidelines. A multivariate analysis (logistic regression) was used to identify the parameters influencing compliance. results. A total of 846 samples were taken. The overall compliance rate was 86% and differed significantly depending on the sampling context (scheduled or not scheduled), the type of endoscope, and the season. No other parameter was associated with compliance. A total of 118 samples carried indicator microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Enterobacteriaceae, and Candida sp. conclusion. The systematic use of an automated endoscope reprocessor does not provide totally satisfactory compliance. Microbiological surveillance is indispensable to monitor reprocessing, reinforce good practices (endoscopes, reprocessing units), and detect endoscopes requiring early technical maintenance. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 20 1 5; 3 6( 9) :1 01 7 – 10 23
More than two million endoscopic procedures are performed every year in France. Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopes are fragile and thermosensitive and cannot be sterilized by autoclaving. National1,2 and international3–5 guidelines describe the reprocessing of flexible endoscopes; reprocessing using an automated endoscope reprocessor (AER) is now the rule. The risk of infection after endoscopic procedure is low. Reviews of the literature by Nelson6 in 2003 and by Nelson and Muscarella7 in 2006 concluded in a low incidence of cases declared. Since the emergence of highly drug-resistant bacteria, several epidemics of multidrug-resistant bacteria transmission have been reported following use of contaminated duodenoscopes8–11 caused by failures in AER devices or insufficient application of reprocessing procedures.2,8–13 A quality assurance policy (traceability, training of personnel, microbiological surveillance testing) has reduced the risk of infection.14 In March 2007, French guidelines on microbiological surveillance testing for endoscopes were published.15 They directed healthcare institutions to perform microbiological surveillance for
reprocessed endoscopes according to standardized practices, using a surfactant solution to remove microorganisms during sampling and respecting a time lag of at least 6 h between the last reprocessing and a new sampling procedure. These guidelines set the thresholds for interpreting the results and describe the procedures when these thresholds are exceeded. The main objective of the study was to assess 99 months of microbiological surveillance testing on GI endoscopes in order to evaluate the quality of reprocessing. The secondary objective was to assess the value of such monitoring.
methods This retrospective study was conducted from October 1, 2006, through December 31, 2014, in a teaching hospital (2,200 beds) where approximately 4,500 GI endoscopic procedures are performed each year. The study was conducted on 89 GI endoscopes including different brands (Olympus, Fujinon, Pentax).
Affiliations: 1. CHU Grenoble, Pôle Santé Publique, Unité d’Hygiène Hospitalière, F-38000 Grenoble, France; 2. CHU Grenoble, Pôle Biologie et Pathologie, F-38000 Grenoble, France; 3. Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes (LAPM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), F-38000 Grenoble, France; 4. Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Techniques de l'Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité - Informatique, Mathématiques et Application, Grenoble (TIMC-IMAG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), F-38000 Grenoble, France. Received March 5, 2015; accepted May 3, 2015; electronically published May 29, 2015 © 2015 by The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. All rights reserved. 0899-823X/2015/3609-0004. DOI: 10.1017/ice.2015.123
Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. University of Connecticut, on 18 Dec 2016 at 19:13:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2015.123
1018
infection control & hospital epidemiology
september 2015, vol. 36, no. 9
The endoscopes are reprocessed by 8 nurses trained in and dedicated to this task. Reprocessing was performed following a written procedure complying with the French guidelines.1,16 The usual reprocessing steps are indicated in Figure 1 (standard reprocessing). The endoscopes are reprocessed in 3 identical AERs, operating with peracetic acid and filtered water (0.20 µm) in compliance with the European norms and following a regular schedule of preventive maintenance. For each cycle, the device emits a traceability ticket. The quality of the water in the AER is verified every month. If an endoscope is stocked more than 12 h after reprocessing, it is reprocessed in the AER before use. A quality assurance policy was set up with
figure 1.
several aspects: written procedures, personnel training, regular evaluation of practices, microbiological surveillance testing of the endoscopes and water quality, preventive maintenance of the AER, and traceability. Samples were taken in aseptic conditions by 2 members of the hygiene team. Samples taken in an emergency situation were excluded from the study. From 2006 to 2007, the time between reprocessing and sampling was not homogeneous. Beginning in 2008, the new guidelines15 recommended that the following sampling procedure be performed between 6 and 12 h after the last reprocessing.
Steps in the usual reprocessing of a flexible gastrointestinal endoscope (standard reprocessing).
Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. University of Connecticut, on 18 Dec 2016 at 19:13:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2015.123
gi endoscopes: reprocessing evaluation
Sampling consisted of a 300-mL injection of sampling solution distributed between the different channels using a sterile syringe and disinfected connections. This solution was aseptically collected in a sterile flask and then separated into 2 identical samples for bacteriological and mycological analyses in the institution’s laboratory. From 2006 to 2007, the sampling solution was sterile physiological saline solution (NaCl 0.9%). Following the 2007 guidelines,15 a Tween 80-type solution (neutralizing diluent pharmacopeia [NDP] thiosulfate, bioMérieux) containing polysorbate 80 with surface-active properties was progressively used beginning in 2008. At the bacteriology laboratory, 100 mL of liquid was filtered on a sterile membrane placed on trypticase soy agar incubated in aerobiosis at 30°C and read at 48 h and then 72 h and 5 days. The same filtration operation was performed with the remaining 50 mL, with the membrane placed on Drigalski agar to search for Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas. The result included total flora count and the search for indicator microorganisms (IMOs) (Table 1).15 The same procedure was applied for the mycologic analysis. Cultures were grown on Sabouraud-chloramphenicol agar, incubated for 7 days at 27°C to search for filamentous fungi and at 35°C to search for yeasts. The results were interpreted according to the guidelines15 and classified into 3 levels: target, alert, and action (Table 1). A sample was deemed to be compliant if it was classified at the target or alert level. If the alert level was reached, a second sampling procedure was planned for 2 weeks later. In the meantime, the device could be used after reinforced manual reprocessing (double cleaning followed by 30 min sporicide disinfection). A sample was deemed noncompliant if it reached the action level: in this case, the endoscope could not be used. It underwent reinforced manual reprocessing and then another sample was taken before it could be used again. If this second sample did not comply, the endoscope was sent for technical maintenance. For each endoscope sampled, a written report was sent to the endoscopy department with recommendations and reminders of good practices. Four sampling contexts were defined. First, standard sampling after usual reprocessing in AER (standard reprocessing): the objective was to check every endoscope at least once a year; the guidelines left the choice of the time of these sampling procedures to the discretion of the institution. The 3 other sampling contexts concerned endoscopes that had undergone reinforced manual reprocessing: after repairs, on new or loan devices, or for inspection after noncompliant standard sampling (control sample).
table 1.
1019
The results were expressed as compliance rates, corresponding to the ratio between the number of compliant samples (target and alert levels) to the total number of samples. The 99 months of the study were divided into 3 periods reflecting the modifications in practices following the 2007 publication of the French guidelines: 2006–2007 (sample taken with saline solution with no minimum delay after reprocessing), 2008–2009 (progressive implementation of the guidelines on the timing and use of a surfactant solution), and 2010–2014 (homogeneous application of the guidelines). The following data were collected: sampling date, endoscope references, sampling context (standard, control sampling, return from repair/loan, new), age of the endoscope at sampling, sampling solution (NDP, saline solution), the time between reprocessing and sampling, the number of colonyforming units (CFU), the presence of IMOs, and compliance. The data were recorded in an electronic spreadsheet (Excel; Microsoft). Statistical analysis (Stata software, StataCorp) was performed using a χ2 test or linear trend test for proportions, a Kruskal-Wallis test for medians, and logistic regression to identify the parameters independently related to compliance. The significance threshold was set at .05.
resul ts During the study period a total of 857 samples were collected, of which 11 were excluded owing to investigations of unproven suspicion of crossed or epidemic transmission. Finally 846 GI endoscope samples were taken: 381 standard samples, 305 after the endoscope was returned from maintenance or loan, 27 when a new endoscope was introduced, and 133 control samples. The 89 GI endoscopes included 34 gastroscopes (median age at sampling time, 3.5 years), 24 colonoscopes (4.4 years), 10 duodenoscopes (4.5 years), and 21 echoendoscopes (4.0 years). Each of the 89 endoscopes was sampled from 1 to 30 times (median, 8); 26 endoscopes were sampled a single time (new endoscope or short-term loan). The timing of the sampling was specified in 793 cases and ranged from 20 min to 25 h, with 85% of the samples taken at least 6 h after the last reprocessing. The compliance rates according to the sampling context are displayed in Table 2. The overall compliance rate was 86%. A significant difference (P < .001) was observed between the compliance rates after standard reprocessing (80%), after control sampling (77%), when endoscopes returned from repair or loan (97%), and on new endoscopes (96%); there was no significant change in the distribution of the sampling procedures per year. There was a significant difference (P = .001)
Thresholds of Target/Alert/Action Levels15 (CFU per Endoscope and IMOs)
Target level
Alert level
Action level
25 CFU and/or presence of IMOs
NOTE.
Indicator microorganisms (IMOs) were Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter sp., Candida sp. CFU, colony-forming units.
Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. University of Connecticut, on 18 Dec 2016 at 19:13:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2015.123
1020 infection control & hospital epidemiology
table 2.
september 2015, vol. 36, no. 9
Compliance Rate by Type of Endoscope and Context, According to Current Recommendations15 Procedures Reinforced
Types of endoscope
Standarda
Return/ loan
Control
New
Total reinforcedb
Total Standard + reinforcedc
Gastroscope (n = 34) Duodenoscope (n = 10) Colonoscope (n = 24) Echoendoscope (n = 21) Totalg (n = 89)
140d/184e 76%f 42/55 76% 97/113 86% 26/29 90% 305/381 80%
128/134 96% 37/40 93% 76/76 100% 54/55 98% 295/305 97%
55/75 73% 20/26 77% 23/28 82% 4/4 100% 102/133 77%
12/13 92% 3/3 100% 6/6 100% 5/5 100% 26/27 96%
195/222 88% 60/69 87% 105/110 95% 63/64 98% 423/465 91%
335/406 83% 102/124 82% 202/223 91% 89/93 96% 728/846 86%
Test of compliance differences between types of endoscope: P = .097. Test of compliance differences between types of endoscope: P = .012. c Test of compliance differences between types of endoscope: P = .001. d Number of compliant samples. e Number of samples taken. f Compliance rate. g Test of compliance differences between types of endoscope: P < .001 a
b
figure 2. Distribution of bacteria and yeasts found in the noncompliant samples (n = 145).
between the compliance rates depending on the types of endoscope (gastroscopes, colonoscopes, duodenoscopes, and echoendoscopes) (Table 2). Compliance was significantly different depending on the cold season (October to March, 90%) or warm season (April to September, 82%) (P = .002). It did not vary significantly (P = .29) during the 3 study periods: 81% for the 2006–2007 period, 87% for the 2008–2009 period, and 86% for the 2010–2014 period although the sampling methods were modified. The median age of the endoscopes remained similar during the 3 periods: 3.8, 2.9, and 3.9 years, respectively. The logistical regression model including the study period by default (P = .36) showed that the sampling context (P < .001), the type of endoscope (P = .004), and the season (P = .009) were independently associated with compliance,
excluding all other parameters (age of the endoscope, sampling timing, use of NDP, sampling year). One hundred eighteen endoscope samples were classified as noncompliant: 108 because 145 IMOs in total were present and 10 because a nonpathogenic flora greater than 25 CFU was present. These 118 samples involved 41 different endoscopes (nearly half of the endoscopes). Each of these 41 endoscopes generated from 1 (17 endoscopes) to 13 noncompliant samples (1 gastroscope). Four of the 41 noncompliant endoscopes (3 gastroscopes and 1 duodenoscope) totaled one-third of the noncompliant samples (n = 39). Noncompliance was found at least once in 48% of the gastroscopes and 70% of the duodenoscopes. The IMOs identified are detailed in Figure 2 and Table 3. Independently of the IMOs, 33 samples classified as compliant had fewer than 25 CFU of filamentous fungi (genera: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Conidiobolus, Curvularia, dematiaceous fungi, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Ustilago) or fungi that are commensal to humans (Trichosporon sp. and most particularly Trichosporon asahii).
d is c u s s i o n The results of microbiological surveillance testing of reprocessed GI endoscopes over 8 years showed an 86% compliance rate for all of the samples and 80% for samples taken after standard reprocessing in AER. During the study period, no detected cross-transmission related to the GI endoscopes was documented. The institution has an adverse reaction reporting system and each new identification of a highly drug-resistant bacterial strain (vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae)
Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. University of Connecticut, on 18 Dec 2016 at 19:13:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2015.123
gi endoscopes: reprocessing evaluation
table 3.
1021
Indicator Microorganisms Found in Noncompliant Samples (n = 145)
Yeasts - Candida spp. (21): C. albicans 2, C. glabrata 5, C. guilliermondii 7, C. parapsilosis 6, C. tropicalis 1 Bacteria - Enterobacteriaceae (54): Citrobacter freundii 3, C. koseri 1, C. youngae 1, Escherichia coli 13, Enterobacter aerogenes 2, E. cloacae 6, Klebsiella pneumoniae 14, K. oxytoca 6, other Klebsiella 2, Serratia marcescens 6 - Pseudomonas aeruginosa (39) - Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (24) - Others (7): Acinetobacter baumannii 1, Burkholderia cepacia 2, Sphingomonas paucimobilis 2, Pseudomonas luteola 1, Roseomonas gilardii 1
led to seeking a link with a recent endoscopic procedure. There was a significant difference in the compliance rates between the type of endoscope in all contexts combined, higher for colonoscopes and echoendoscopes. Four endoscopes had caused 33% of the noncompliant samples, essentially by repeated contamination by various microorganisms for 1 gastroscope and the duodenoscope. Sometimes consecutive contamination by the same microorganisms for 2 gastroscopes was found but without molecular typing realized. The age of endoscopes does not explain this difference. On the other hand, the frequent use of endoscopes seems to play a part, but this information could not be included in the multivariate analysis: the median number of procedures was less than 70 procedures/endoscope/year for colonoscopes and echoendoscopes and greater than 100 procedures/endoscope/year for gastroscopes and duodenoscopes. Apart from the noncompliant samples (for the most part Enterobacteriaceae and gram-negative bacilli), the presence of results classified as target events should be emphasized, although they included filamentous fungi and yeasts. The question of the compliance of such results remains unanswered and could lengthen the list of IMOs—for example, to yeasts other than Candida sp. that are also commensal to humans. It is difficult to compare these results with the literature because few studies have been published on this subject. An Australian study on 655 GI endoscope samples taken between 2002 and 200617 showed 6 instances of noncompliance; recalculating the compliance rates with the method used in the present study gives an estimated 83% compliance rate. Yet the comparison with this study is not relevant because the sampling method (10 mL of sterile water per channel in the Australian study) and the interpretation thresholds5 differ greatly from the French guidelines. A French study on 332 GI endoscope samples between 2007 and 2009 indicated a 68% compliance rate, but the level of action retained was 100 CFU.18 The compliance rate remained stable during the 3 periods. However, a deterioration was expected because, beginning in 2008, the sampling procedure could have increased the number of noncompliant samples through facilitating the bacterial multiplication by applying a 6 h delay and by better uncoupling of the microorganisms when using NDP. This stability within a more demanding context could have masked progress in the reprocessing. Despite good organization with a quality assurance system in place, respect of the guidelines, and regular assessments of
practices without a significant gap demonstrated, it was not possible to rise beyond an 80% compliance rate in standard sampling, whereas cross-transmission of pathogenic microorganisms by poorly disinfected endoscopes has been documented.8–9 To explain these results, a waterborne contamination was ruled out. The terminal rinse water of the AER is filtered on 0.20-µm filters and monthly monitoring of the water quality of the AER has never found Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Several other potential influent factors could contribute to the poor compliance rate.19 During the study, the AER did not present significant dysfunction, and the traceability tickets for all the endoscopes sampled showed no problems with the cycle function. However, the problems obtaining a compliance rate approaching 100% after standard reprocessing and the gain obtained after reinforced manual reprocessing suggest that it would be useful to improve the standard reprocessing steps. GI endoscopes are complex devices; their complexity and the variety of different features depend on the manufacturers, with many of the channels difficult to irrigate. The AER that we used complied with the current norms and had been validated before being put on the market. The qualification of the AER should remain systematic each time an endoscope is acquired. In the past, the qualification step was sometimes missing, which could decrease the effectiveness of reprocessing. Moreover, periodically renewing this qualification is one of the means of improvement. The occasional audits of the first manual cleaning do not guarantee continuous observance of good practices. To improve the initial manual cleaning efficiency, the current detergent might be replaced by an enzymatic bactericidal detergent, and the need to respect the contact time of the detergent must be remembered. Drying remains a difficult operation after reprocessing in AER, and residual wetness can promote the multiplication of microorganisms not eliminated by reprocessing. Several countries recommend rinsing the endoscope with alcohol before storage to facilitate drying and limit bacterial proliferation.5,17,18,20 Such recommendations do not currently exist in France. An endoscope storage cabinet could improve drying. However, we turn to a new process of irrigation with dilute hydrogen peroxide solution then storage under partial vacuum. The compliance rate of the control samples was 77% despite the use of the reinforced manual reprocessing procedure with more efficient, prolonged, and systematic irrigation. In these cases we suspected wear, damaged sleeve, long-lasting biofilm,
Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. University of Connecticut, on 18 Dec 2016 at 19:13:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2015.123
1022 infection control & hospital epidemiology
september 2015, vol. 36, no. 9
and so on, and the endoscopes were sent for technical maintenance. This hypothesis, suggested with the recurrence or persistence of noncompliant samples, is reinforced by the fact that endoscopes with recurrent contamination sent for curative maintenance return compliant: 97% of the endoscopes were compliant upon returning from repairs. Improving the preventive maintenance must avoid having to track faulty endoscopes through microbiological sampling. Leasing with a maintenance contract is expected to provide both recent endoscopes and periodic maintenance. Other means of disinfection should be sought if a high noncompliance continues in these circumstances. Ethylene oxide is no longer used in French hospitals. The plasma sterilization with low-temperature hydrogen peroxide gas could be a prospect. The microbiological surveillance testing of endoscopes does not meet with clear consensus in the North American guidelines.5 The authors of the Australian study concluded that it was important to provide a quality assurance system rather than conduct an excessive number of sampling campaigns.17 However, the sampling frequency was very high (monthly). In the present study, despite microbiological surveillance testing, the samples’ compliance rate did not rise. The return of noncompliant results is nonetheless the opportunity to review practices, to reinforce the healthcare teams’ vigilance, to screen endoscopes that might require repairs, and to renew the AER qualification. The assessment of the set of measures is planned: renewal of the older AERs and endoscopes, and improvement of preventive maintenance, replacement of detergent and the process of storage, and reinforcement of good practices. Despite the workload this requires, microbiological monitoring seems indispensable in view of the compliance rates obtained. The results encourage reducing sampling when endoscopes return from repairs in preference to sampling after standard reprocessing. In conclusion, despite a rigorous and controlled organization and the use of AER devices, endoscope reprocessing control remains imperfect. Microbiological surveillance testing continues to be necessary to raise awareness in personnel responsible for reprocessing and guarantee that they respect good practices and detect endoscopes or AERs requiring technical maintenance.
2.
3. 4.
5.
6. 7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
a ck n ow le d g m e n t s We thank the team of nurses in GI endoscopy. Financial support. None reported. Potential conflicts of interest. All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article.
13. 14.
Address correspondence to Romain Picot-Guéraud, PharmD, Unité d’Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU de Grenoble, CS 10217 - 38043 Grenoble CEDEX 9 ([email protected]).
15.
references 1. Ministère de la santé, de la famille et des personnes handicapées. Circulaire DHOS/E2/DGS/SD5C n°2003-591 du 17 décembre 2003 relative aux modalités de traitement manuel pour la
désinfection des endoscopes non autoclavables dans les lieux de soins. http://www.sante.gouv.fr/fichiers/bo/2004/04-01/a0010011. htm. Published 2004. Accessed January 31, 2015. Ministère de la santé et des protections sociales CTIN/DGS/DHOS. Bonnes pratiques de désinfection des dispositifs médicaux: guide pour l’entretien manuel des dispositifs médicaux en endoscopie digestive. Juin 2004. http://www.sante-sports.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/ Guide_pour_l_entretien_manuel_des_dispositifs_medicaux_en_ endoscopie_digestive.pdf. Published 2004. Accessed January 31, 2015. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Guidelines: cleaning and disinfection in GI endoscopy. Endoscopy 2008;40:939–947. Gastroenterological Society of Australia. Infection control in endoscopy: microbiological testing of gastrointestinal and respiratory endoscopes and automated flexible reprocessors. http://www.gesa.org.au/files/editor_upload/File/Professional/ Endoscopy_Microbiological_Testing.pdf. Published 2008. Updated February 2008. Accessed January 31, 2015. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Multisociety guideline on reprocessing flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes: 2011. Gastrointest Endosc 2011;73:1075–1084. Nelson DB. Infectious disease complications of GI endoscopy: part II, exogenous infections. Gastrointest Endosc 2003;57:695–711. Nelson DB, Muscarella LF. Current issues in endoscope reprocessing and infection control during gastrointestinal endoscopy. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:3953–3964. Aumeran C, Poincloux L, Souweine B, et al. Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae outbreak after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Endoscopy 2010;42:895–899. Carbonne A, Thiolet JM, Fournier S, et al. Control of a multihospital outbreak of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae type 2 in France, September to October 2009. Euro Surveill 2010;15: pii = 19734. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx? ArticleId=19734. Published 2010. Accessed January 31, 2015. Epstein L, Hunter JC, Arwady MA, et al. New Delhi metallo-betalactamase–producing carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli associated with exposure to duodenoscopes. JAMA 2014;312: 1447–1455. Wendorf KA, Kay M, Baliga C, et al. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-associated AmpC Escherichia coli outbreak [published online March 30, 2015]. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015. doi:10.1017/ice.2015.66. Méan M, Mallaret MR, Bichard P, Shum J, Zarski JP. Gastrointestinal endoscopes cleaned without detergent substance following an automated endoscope washer/disinfector dysfunction. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2006;30:665–668. Moses FM, Lee J. Surveillance cultures to monitor quality of gastrointestinal endoscope reprocessing. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:77–81. Beilenhoff U, Neumann CS, Rey JF, et al; European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. A guideline for quality assurance in reprocessing: microbiological surveillance testing in endoscopy. Endoscopy 2007;39:175–181. Comité techniques des infections nosocomiales et des infections liées aux soins, Conseil supérieur d’hygiène publique en France. Eléments d’assurance qualité en hygiène relatifs au contrôle microbiologique des endoscopes et à la traçabilité en endoscopie. http://www.sante.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/microbio_endoscopes-2. pdf. Published 2007. Accessed January 31, 2015.
Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. University of Connecticut, on 18 Dec 2016 at 19:13:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2015.123
gi endoscopes: reprocessing evaluation
16. Ministère de la santé, des familles et des personnes handicapées. Guide des bonnes pratiques de désinfection des dispositifs médicaux: guide pour l’utilisation des laveurs-désinfecteurs d’endoscopes. CTIN/ DGS/DHOS, novembre 2003. http://www.sante.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/ Guide_pour_l_utilisation_des_laveurs_desinfecteurs_d_endoscopes. pdf. Published 2003. Accessed January 31, 2015. 17. Gillespie EE, Kotsanas D, Stuart RL. Microbiological monitoring of endoscopes: 5-year review. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;23: 1069–1074.
1023
18. Saliou P, Garlantézec R, Baron R, et al. Contrôles microbiologiques des endoscopes au centre hospitalier régional de Brest du 1er janvier 2007 au 31 décembre 2009. Pathol Biol (Paris) 2011;59: 88–93. 19. Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Gastrointestinal endoscopes: a need to shift from disinfection to sterilization? JAMA 2014;312:1405–1406. 20. Muscarella LF. Inconsistencies in endoscope-reprocessing and infection-control guidelines: the importance of endoscope drying. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:2147–2154.
Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. University of Connecticut, on 18 Dec 2016 at 19:13:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2015.123
