Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
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Research Paper
Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran Q1
Zahra Sadeghi a, Kimia Kouhestani a, Vahide Abdollahi a, Adeel Mahmood b,n a
Department of Production and Utilization of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resources, High Educational Complex of Saravan,
Q3 Saravan, PO Box 9951634145, Baluchistan, Iran b Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, PO 45320, Pakistan
art ic l e i nf o Article history: Received 11 October 2013 Received in revised form 8 January 2014 Accepted 10 January 2014 Keywords: Ethnopharmacology Informant consensus factor Use value Saravan Iran
a b s t r a c t Q6 Ethnopharmacological relevance: This study was aimed to explore the indigenous knowledge of medicinal plant species of Baluch tribes in Saravan region, Baluchistan province, Iran. Material and methods: Rapid appraisal approach along with the semi-structured open ended questionnaire, interviews and personal observations were used to collect the indigenous medicinal information. Quantitative analysis including the informant consensus factor (ICF) and use value (UV) was performed to evaluate the valued medicinal plants. Results and discussion: A total 64 medicinal plants belonging to 30 families were reported from the study area. Among families, Lamiaceae dominated over other families and leaves dominated with 31% over other plant parts used as herbal remedies. Rhazya stricta and Datura stamonium (0.35) attributed the higher UV, followed by Otostegia persica (0.33) and Teucrium polium (0.32). Results of the ICF showed that cold/flu/fever (0.71) and blood disorders (0.57) were the most common diseases of the study area. Conclusion: The use value and informant consensus factor substantiated that the relative importance of plant species and sharing knowledge of herbal therapies between different tribal communities of this area is still rich. & 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction Indigenous knowledge of plant species is the result of human interaction and selection of the most desirable, powerful and successful plant species found in the instantaneous environment at a specific time period. Use of medicinal plants dates back to the start of human well-being (Venkataswamy et al., 2010; Lulekal et al., 2013). Investigations on indigenous knowledge, therapeutic usage and resource management of plants is crucial as, it emphasize the value of these cultures and contributions to the selfsufficiency of these populations (Hamilton et al., 2003; Pareek and Trivedi, 2011; Amiri et al., 2012; Baptista et al., 2013). Ethnobotanical survey is helpful in preservation of traditional knowledge for future generation and other communities (Idolo et al., 2010; Mahmood et al., 2011). Iran has admirable past regarding to traditional medicines, especially based on medicinal plants. History of indigenous medicines dates back to the time of the Babylonian–Assyrian civilization.
n
Corresponding author. Tel.: þ 92 333 5805776. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Mahmood).
A substantial ancient heritage is a sophisticated experience of people who have tried over millennia to find useful plants for health improvement, each generation donating their experience to this tradition (Naghibi et al., 2005). This country has a diversified environment and its flora contains about 8000 species, dominated in the region near to East and South West Asia. Presently, rather than the availability of a wide range of modern medicines, still a worthy proportion of rural community relies on herbal/indigenous medicines (Bagheri and Reghan, 1994). Local communities from different parts of Iran have developed a sound ethnomedicinal knowledge and the major contributions were made by Baluch tribes of Baluchistan province (Mosaddegh et al., 2012). This knowledge is Q4 in danger as Baluch tribes are assimilating the modern lifestyles. Thus, the documentation and preservation of medicinal plants with valuable indigenous uses by tribal inhabitants of Baluchistan province is deadly needed. This research survey was aimed to collect and document the indigenous medicinal information with emphasis on therapeutic uses of plants by tribal community and local healers of the study area. The results would be helpful for scientific and local communities with respect to the local or modern health care system. Recently few reports have been published in Pakistan on the ethnomedicinal information of plants practices
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.007 0378-8741 & 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article as: Sadeghi, Z., et al., Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.007i
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in different communities (Mahmood et al., 2011, 2012, 2013a,b). To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to report the indigenous medicinal knowledge of Saravan region, Baluchistan province, Iran.
2. Methodology 2.1. Study area Saravan is located in the south-east of Baluchistan province lying at 62 170 5.38″ to 621220 2.56″ longitude and 271200 14.53″ to 271240 28.26″ latitude at an elevation 1000–1500 m above sea Q5 level (Hafezi moghdas et al., 2009, Hafezi-moghadas et al., 2010) (Fig. 1). It shares international border with Pakistan at east and south. District Khash is located at north and district Sib and Soran allocated at west of Saravan. Siahan is the longest mountain chain that located at east of the study area; started from Taftan Mountain and continue to Nahook touching Pakistan territory while Beark mountain chain resides in the west of this region. Mashkik River in Saravan, originates from the southern hillside near to Khash. The weather is hot with an average rainfall of 100 mm per annum (http://www.sbportal.ir/fa/sistan/cityinforma tion/saravan). 2.2. Data collection and plants identification
healers, medicinal plant vendors and people with sound medicinal knowledge were focused to collect the information. The local language of the study area was Balochi and Persian. Miss Zahra Sadeghi was aware with the local languages of the study area which permits the accuracy in data recordings. A list of important medicinal and endemic plant species was used during data collection. Information on vernacular names, medicinal application, herbal part(s) as pharmacological agent and mode of administration were recorded and presented with details in Table 2. Plants were collected, conserved as herbarium specimens and submitted in the Herbarium of High Education Complex of Saravan for future correspondence.
2.3. Data analysis The data was analysed through different quantitative techniques for this purpose different approaches are considered for quantitative as well as qualitative analysis of ethnobotanical data. These approaches depend on the objectives of researcher, nature of the study and aim at objective evaluation of the reliability of the conclusions based on the data (Hoft et al., 1999). The indigenous medicinal information of plant species was analysed using two Table 1 Sex and age character of people interviewed in the study are. Informants
Data was collected during September 2010–May 2013 from three districts of Saravan. Rapid appraisal approach with open ended interview and questionnaire technique was adopted to record the ethnomedicinal information from the native people of the study area. A total of 265 informants were interviewed over the visited area (Table 1), for all informants genders, age, profession and their background information were recorded. Traditional
Male Female Local healers
Age group (Years) o 40
440
42 23 9
101 63 27
Total interviews
Total interviewed persons
143 86 36 265
Fig. 1. Location map of Iran showing the Baluchistan province and Saravan (study area).
Please cite this article as: Sadeghi, Z., et al., Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.007i
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Plant species
Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L. Pistacia khinjuk Stocks Pictacia atlantica Desf Apiaceae Carum carvi L. Dorema ammoniacum D. Don—Dorema aureum Stocks Carum copticum (L,) C. B. Clarke Ferula assa-foetida L. Foeniculum vulgare. Mill Pycnocycla aucherana Decne. Ex. Boiss Pimpinella anisum L. Apocynaceae Nerium indicum Miller Rhazya stricta Decne
Asclepiadaceae Calotropis procera (Willd) R. Br. Caralluma edulis Edgew. Asteraceae Artemisia sieberi Besser. Cousinia stocksii C. Winkler Grantia aucheri Boiss Achillea millefulium L. Artemisia vulgaris L. Pulicaria andulata L. Brassicaceae Alyssum desertorum L. Descurainia sophia L. Chenopodiaceae Salsola. tragus L.
Voucher number
Vernacular name
Plant parts used
Preparations
Medicinal uses
Mode of UVa FCb Nc application
SCH-100 SCH-101
Anbe Kasor, Goangak
Fruit leaf, seed Fruit gum, oil
Powder, decoction Juice, oil
Hemorrhoids, constipation sexual problems, vermicide Gynecological infections, bone and joint pains
Oral 0.17 4 Oral topical 0.18 3
57 37
SCH-102
Goan
Fruit, gum, oil
Liniment
Digestive problems blood purification- bone and joint pains, toothache, wound, skin whiting
Topical
0.19 6
55
SCH-103 SCH-104
Zire Hoshtarak, Oshtork
Fruit Gum
Decoction Decoction, cataplasm
Digestive problems, diuretic, asthma Scorch, foot pain, stomachache, abortion, fever, skin infections, burn
Oral Oral
0.17 3 0.11 4
41 36
SCH-105
Ezbootk
Fruit
Decoction, powder
Oral
0.13 7
52
SCH-106 SCH-107
Peterk Raz
Leaf, gum, resin Leaf fruit
Powder,oil drop Infusion
Cough, stomachache, hyperlipidemia, blood attenuate, periodic cramps, vermicide, gynecological disease, fever Tooth worms, vermicide, insect repellent, wound healing, ear ache, infections Menstruation additive, lactiferous,cough, asthma, nerve tonic, digestion
Topical Oral
0.10 6 0.13 6
59 45
SCH-108
Sak dandan
Root
Tooth brush cataplasm, decoction
Tooth mass, Sedative of snake scorpion and insect bite, urinary stone
Oral topical 0.18 1
13
SCH-109
Raz
Fruit
Decoction
Lactiferous, carminative menstruation additive
Oral
0.13 3
23
SCH-110
Kharze, Jour
Leaf, bark
Skin problems, anti pest, rheumatism, Anti leg tumult
Oral
0.28 4
14
SCH-111
Eshoark, harishak Leaf, stem bark
Moisturized in water, decoction Decoction, cataplasm
SCH-112
Cark
SCH-113
Marmortk
Leaf latex, stem, natal organ of flower, bark, root Stem
SCH-114
Derana
Aerial parts
SCH-115
Polosh
Gum, roots
SCH-116
Golmorak, gole mir Boodko
Leaf, flower, aerial part Aerial parts
SCH-118 SCH-119
Berenjasf Bomadarane balochi, Derana
SCH-121
Antidote, bone pain, rheumatism, joint pain, toothache, eye diseases, diabetes, wound Oral topical 0.35 19 healing, cough, asthma, hyperlipidemia, digestive problems hypertension, sterility treatment, antipyretic
55
Cataplasm, paste
Antidote, asthma, rheumatism, skin disease, anti-inflammation, remove bur from skin, Oral topical 0.15 8 wound healing
53
Decoction, powder
Diabetes, stomachache, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, infection wound
0.14 5
35
Decoction, moisturized in water, soap Powder, juice
Digestive problems, sedative, antipyretic, nauseous, diabetes, hypertension, abdominal Oral topical 0.10 6 pains diarrhea Dropsy, diarrhea, diuretic, antiseptic Oral 0.12 5
61 40
Decoction, cataplasm
Scorpion and snake bite, stomach ulcers
Oral topical 0.15 1
22
Moisturized in water, infusion Abdominal pains, diabetes, anemia, child fever
Oral
0.17 4
53
Leaf, flower Flower, leaf, capillary stem
Infusion, decoction Decoction
Digestive problems, sedative, addiction treatment, diabetes, sterility, hyperlipidemia Child poisoning, vertigo, nausea, skin problems, foot pain, menstruation additive
Oral Topical
0.12 6 0.15 8
49 55
Totari
Seed
Wounds, joint pains, cold, coughs
Oral
-
-
SCH-122
Hakshir
Seed
Cataplasm, moisturized in water Seeds taken with saffron and cow milk, seeds eaten with water and sugar
Measles, constipation, stomachache and skin rash
Oral topical 0.18 4
49
SCH-163
Ghasol
Aerial part
Decoction
Washing of body and clothing
Topical
33
SCH-117
Oral
4
0.13 1
Z. Sadeghi et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
Please cite this article as: Sadeghi, Z., et al., Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.007i
Table 2 Indigenous medicinal knowledge of plants from study area.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 4
Voucher number
Vernacular name
Plant parts used
Preparations
Medicinal uses
Mode of UVa FCb Nc application
SCH-123
Gelgelango, kalgoshtak, gonj, Pahir, hanzal
Fruit, seed
Powder, cataplasm, decoction
Diabetes, purgative, sedative, joint pain, toothache, kidney pain, addiction treatment, melancholy, leprosy, rheumatism, epilepsy
Oral
0.23 14
56
SCH-124
Gorbego
Latex
Cataplasm
Warts
Topical
0.16 1
15
SCH-125
Gonjet
Resin, root stem
Cataplasm
Headache, fracture, joint pain, tooth brush, antiseptic
Topical
0.17 4
58
SCH-126
Nadak,
Aerial parts
Infusion
Respiratory track infection
Oral
0.14 1
7
SCH-127 SCH-128
Leaf Leaf root
Decoction Infusion
43 32
Leaf root, flower
Decoction
Appetizing, spasm, diuretic scorpion and snake bite, sedative, allergy, Hiccup, digestion appetizing, child squirt, heat of body, scabies, aromatic vegetable, Oral Chew kidney stone Hair tonic, strengthening gums, dental cleaning and brightness, prevention of hair loss Topical
0.12 5 0.19 6
SCH-129
Semsook Podena, porcheng Golder
0.13 5
39
SCH-130
Golder
Leaf flower
Decoction cataplasm
0.33 19
57
Salvia reuterana L.
SCH-131
Moor, morpojo
Decoction, powder
Salvia macilenta L. Teucrium polium L.
SCH-132 SCH-133
Dan chemmi Kalpurak
Leaf, Flowering branch Seed Flowering branches
Extract Decoction, powder
Thymus vulgaris L. Liliaceae Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F. Linaceae Linum usitatissimum L. Lythraceae Lawsonia inermis L.
SCH-134
Ezgend
Aerial parts
SCH-135
Orvekharze
SCH-136
Plant species
Cucurbitaceae Citrullus colocynthis L. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia. buhsei L Fabaceae Astragalus ammodendron L. Gramineae Cymbopogon olivieri (Boiss.) Lamiaceae Melissa officinalis L. Mentha sylvestris L Menta pulegium L. Otostegia aucheri Boiss. Otostegia persica. (Burm.) Boiss.
Malvaceae Althaea officinalis L. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Malva sylvesteris L. Menispermaceae Cocculus pendulus (J.R.&G. Forst.) Diels Myrtaceae Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia elegans Choisy
Diabetes, rheumatism, cardiac distress, reducing palpitation, hypertension, laxative, carminative, antipyretic, cold, hyperlipidemia, gastric discomfort, parasite repellent, sedative, headache, addiction treatment, Digestive problems, toothache, cold, sedative, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension
Oral
Oral topical 0.15 7
46
Topical 0.16 1 Oral topical 0.32 20
17 62
Decoction, infusion
Eye problems Antipyretic, insect, snake and scorpion bite, wound healing, stomachache, abdominal pain, flatulency, emesis, stomach acidification, hypertension, sedative, toothache, diabetes, hyperlipidemia Cold, antibiotic, adult squirt, bee bite, asthma, fatigue
Oral topical 0.18 5
63
Leaf
Powder, extract
Laxative, diabetes, skin problems (burns, fungal attacks, wounds),
Oral
0.19 3
32
Barz
Seed
Cataplasm, moisturized in water
Coughs, cold, bronchitis infected blotch
Oral
–
–
SCH-137
Hanna
Leaf
Cataplasm, moisturized in water
Hair tonic, body heat, eye wound, skin disease, foot pain, anti- tumult, hypertension
Oral topical 0.12 7
58
SCH-138 SCH-139 SCH-140
Hatmi Chaii torsh Panirak
Flower Flower Flower, leaf
Moisturized In water Infusion Infusion decoction cataplasm
Jaundice, heat of body, infected blotch Hypertension, hyperlipidemia Chest diseases, cough sore throat, skin problems
Oral 0.19 4 Oral 0.10 2 Oral topical 0.17 3
46 20 46
SCH-141
Zammor
Leaf, root, bark
Cataplasm, decoction
Arthritis, rheumatism, sedative, pertussis, eye diseases, digestive diseases, malaria fever
Oral
0.14 6
44
SCH-142
Calatous
Leaf
Inhalation of vapors, infusion
Influenza, cold, respiratory ailments, disinfectants, hemorrhage
Oral
0.12 6
58
SCH-143
Sourhmard
Flower, thin branch
Infusion
Body pain, fatigue and general weakness dysmenorrhea, urinary tract infection, intestinal infections, inflammation, blood purifier, young aerial parts as edible for abdominal pains, anemia, malaria
Oral
0.28 7
25
3
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Please cite this article as: Sadeghi, Z., et al., Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.007i
Table 2 (continued )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Poaceae Zea mays L. Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea L. Ranunculaceae Nigella sativa L. Rhamnaceae Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd. Rosaceae Cotoneaster numularia Fisch. and C. A. Mey. Rubiaceae Gaillonia aucheri Jaub. and Spach Rutaceae Ruta graveolens L. Solanaceae Datura stramonium L. Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dun Umbelliferae Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss Verbenaceae Vitex pseudoNegundo (Hausskn.) Hand.- Mzt. Zygophyllaceae Peganum harmala L. Tribulus terresteris L Zugophyllum eurypterum Boiss. and Buhse a b c
SCH-144
Hat
Leaf
Infusion
Diabetes, fatigue, sedative
Oral
0.10 3
30
SCH-145
Daz
Pulp
Paste, pulp
Hyperlipidemia, ulcer
Oral
0.16 3
46
SCH-164
Horma
Fruit, seed
Decoction, juice
Kidney stones, anemia, cancer
Oral
0.19 3
63
SCH-146
Kognal
Latex
Cataplasm
Antidote, diabetes, sedative, narcotic
Oral topical 0.17 3
43
SCH-147
Sareng, Sateng
Leaf, stem
Decoction, infusion
Kidney diseases, eye diseases, urinary infection
Oral topical 0.17 3
43
SCH-148
Danichk
Seed
Moisturized in water, cataplasm, jelly
Digestive problems, hair tonic, constipation, eye problems, cold, skin problems
Oral topical 0.10 6
57
SCH-149
Zorrat
Fruit
Infusion
Infection of urinary system, heart tonic, kidney stones
Oral
0.10 4
39
SCH-150
Khorfeh
Seed, leaf
Extract, powder
Migraine, anti-thirst, burns, leg spile
Oral
0.15 4
27
SCH-151
Siadon
Seed
Mixed with honey, infusion
Asthma, digestive problems, diarrhea, hypertension, earache, diabetes
Oral topical 0.15 6
41
SCH-152
Sedr, Konar
Fruit, leaf
Extract, juice
Skin problems, hair tonic, throat protuberance
Oral topical 0.19 3
59
SCH-153
Shirhesht
Manna
Infusion
Jaundice, cough, constipation, emetic, diuretic
Oral topical 0.14 5
36
SCH-154
Kartoos
Flower
Decoction
Carminative, diarrhea
Oral
0.14 1
25
SCH-155
Sadab
Leaf, seed
Decoction, bath, washing after digestive problems, bone healing, antipyretic boiling
Oral topical 0.12 6
49
SCH-156
Dathora, daptore
Eye problems, asthma, narcotic, nerve sedative, rheumatism pain, swollen joint, scorpion bite, hair color Diabetes, stomachache, medicinal cheese making, eye disease, rheumatism, abortion, diarrhea, addiction treatment, heart tonic
30
Boozidan
Infusion, cataplasm, moisturized in water Pill, decoction
Oral topical 0.35 9
SCH-157
Green stem, leaf, seed, fruit Leaf, root, seed
Oral topical 0.17 10
21
SCH-158
Goatk
Aerial parts
Decoction
Appetizing carminative, yogurt flavor, bone pains
Oral topical 0.11 4
12
SCH-159
Hale jor
Stem, leaf
Decoction
Eye pain, blood pressure, abort, menstruation additive, sedative after throe
Oral topical 0.19 5
25
SCH-160
Espantan
Fruit, leaf z
Diabetes, antiseptic, wound healing
Oral
0.17 4
24
SCH-161 SCH-162
Kharkhasak Goamich
Fruit, root, leaf Leaf
Cataplasm, powder and moisturized in water Decoction Extract
Fortifying, appetizing febrifuge, urinary duct inflammation Joint pains, fever
Oral Topical
0.15 2 0.09 1
29 19
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Please cite this article as: Sadeghi, Z., et al., Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.007i
Oleaceae Olea ferruginea Royle Palmaceae Nannorrhops ritchieana (Griff.) Aitch Phoenix Dactylifera L. Papaveraceae Papaver samniferum L. Papilionaceae Astragalus tribuloides Kotschy ex Bunge Plantaginaceae Plantago ovate L.
Use value. Frequency of citation. Total number of informants interviewed for a given plant species. 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
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different techniques: use value (UV) and informant consensus factor (ICF). 2.3.1. Use-value (UV) The UV, a quantitative method to determine the relative importance of indigenous plant species was calculated by using the following formula; UV ¼ ∑Ui=n where, UV represents the use value of a species; Ui represents the number of uses mentioned by each informant for a given species; n is the total number of informants interviewed for a given species (Phillips and Gentry., 1993). 2.3.2. Informants consensus factor (ICF) Informant consensus factor (ICF) was employed to indicate the homogeneity of information. All the citations were placed into ailment categories for which the plant was claimed to be used. The ICF is calculated as in the following formula: ICF ¼ Nur Nt=Nur 1 where ‘Nur’ is the number of used citations in each category and ‘Nt’ is the number of species used (Trotter and Logan, 1986). 3. Results and discussion Indigenous medicinal knowledge for reported 64 medicinal plants was collected from local inhabitants of the study area, among which 68% male and 32% were females. Among male informants, 65% were elder ( 440), 19% were younger (o40) and 16% were the local healers (herbalists).
plus frequent use of seeds and fruit for preparation of medicines lead to the destructive effects on the growth of plant population in nature. The use of aerial parts and leaves is safe for sustainability of plant communities. The Major risk of medicinal plants is increasing pressure of population and expansion of agricultural patches. Agricultural expansion, cutting of trees for fuel at large scale pooled with seasonal drought is main factors in the reduction of medicinal plant populations reported in other studies (Mahmood et al., 2012).
3.3. Preparation and mode of application Mono-therapeutic preparations are preferably made in the study area for the treatment of ailments; however, DI or tritherapeutic preparations are also practiced commonly. Most of the indigenous medicines are the simple preparation of plant parts, but few are made with little effort by considering more than one plant and different parts of each plant. Decoctions were the most used in preparation of plants made by boiling a specific part in water up to the half reduction of water volume. Infusion is the soaking of plant part in hot water for overnight or day time. The most common preparation reported by indigenous communities were decoction, infusion, poultice, powder and oil (Table 2). It is noticed a number of herbal preparations are taken with milk or honey; however, water is the dominated supporting agent with herbal medicine. All the herbal preparations are preferred to take orally and oral mode of administration is the dominating over the typical mode of preparation (Mood, 2008; Brandao et al., 2012). Topical mode of administration also accounts a considerable proportion of application.
3.1. Diversity of medicinal plants
3.4. Informant consensus factor and species use value
A total 64 indigenous medicinal plants were reported from 32 different families. Among families Lamiaceae dominated over other families by donating 08 medicinal plant species followed by Apiaceae (07) and Asteraceae (06). Detail about the number of cited plants from the respective plant family is presented in Fig. 2.
Medicinal plants used against different ailments and the treated ailments were categorized into 11 illness groups. These categories were based on understanding of the ethnobotanical data by use of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992). The Q2 results showed that ICF for Cold/flu/fever (0.71) blood purifier (0.57), musculoskeletal disorders (0.50), sedative/narcotic (0.49) (Table 3). In Saravan digestive problems, musculoskeletal disorders, blood diseases, diabetes, and flu/fever are the most common diseases. On the basis of major health issues, ailments are categorized into different group. ICF values were low (near 0) when plants were chosen randomly or informants do not exchange information about the samples. ICF values were higher (near or more than 1)
3.2. Plant parts used as therapeutic agents Plant parts used for the treatment of various ailments were leaves, stems, roots, bark, milky latex, oil seeds, flowers, and fruits. The leaves were the dominant plant part (31%) among others, followed by seed, fruit (19%), flower (8%), oil, milky latex (6%), aerial part (4%), and bark (1%). The use of root and whole plant
Fig. 2. Number of cited plants from respective plant family.
Please cite this article as: Sadeghi, Z., et al., Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.007i
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
7
Table 3 Diseases based categories and ICF. S. no
Category/diseases
Use citation
No. of plant used
Category uses taxon ICF
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Digestive problems Cold/flu/fever Metabolic (Diabetes, diuretic) Sedative, narcotic Emollient Blood purifier Eye problems Respiratory disorders Genitourinary Musculoskeletal disorders Diseases of the nervous system (epilepsy, melancholy, migraine)
61 56 36 38 38 38 15 7 12 19 9
32 17 19 20 30 17 9 8 8 10 7
0.48 0.71 0.49 0.49 0.22 0.57 0.43 — 0.36 0.5 0.25
Fig. 3. Medicinal plants of study area with high use values.
when there was a well-defined selection criterion in the community and/or information were exchanged between informants. Use values for each medicinal plant species was calculated and described in Fig. 3. Rhazya stricta exhibited maximum use value (0.35) among all reported plants followed by the Datura stamonium (0.33), Otostegia persica (0.32) and Teucrium polium (0.32). These plants are used at large scale in the study area and high use value is a threat to the conservation of these valued indigenous plants. Among reported plants, minimal use value was attributed by Zugophyllum euryptterum (0.09), this least UV may be due to the scarce availability of this plant from the study area. Use value is an important tool to select most valued medicinal plants of any region which further may be used for detailed pharmacological evaluation of medicinal plants. 3.5. Herbal therapies Medicinal plants reported in Table 2 were used for treatment of more than 25 kinds of diseases. These diseases included cold, flu, fever, bronchitis, jaundice, diabetes, eczema, epilepsy, respiratory, asthma, cardiac problems, Periodic cramps, liver disorders, constipation, rheumatism, bone problems, eye disease, blood ailments, etc. Medicinal plants were also used as sedative, narcotic, intoxicant, antispasmodic, carminative, antiseptic, emetic, tonic, vermifuge, laxative, and diuretic agents. The present study showed that indigenous medicinal knowledge is still alive in Iran and native people of Saravan tend to use medicinal herbs. According to present questionnaire data, 61.4% of people prefer to use herbs instead of chemical drugs. Data analysis showed that most
respondents (51.2%) are willing to purchase herbs from the herbal stores and markets. 41% population of study area prefers to collect medicinal plants from open areas. The ethnobotanical survey in present study allowed us to document the persistency of numerous traditional uses of medicinal plants and most of these methods are still unique. It should be noted that the diversity of medicinal plants in Saravan area which may be resulted from the stresscausing climates revealed the considerable variation in the use of herbs. For example, elder people and healers strongly believe that Tribulus terrestris with tassel and cherry-tail have a high curative effect for the treatment of kidney stones and urinary infections and they practice this remedy to treat this disease in Iran. Withania coagulans and Rhazya stricta are used widely for the treatment of rheumatism. The medicinal plants that are presumed to be effective in the treatment of a specific disease have higher ICF values. These findings showed that the main ailments treated by medicinal flora in Saravan are diseases of the digestive systems, Cold, flu, and fever. These types of diseases in some part of this region may be due to poor socioeconomic and sanitary conditions of the people. Medicinal flora in Baluchistan was described by Fakhr-Tabatabaei (2000) who pointed out the ecotonic area of Baluchistan province which has a special periodic climate tension. This study enhanced the medicinal plant diverse areas in this province. Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology are new emerging fields of research in Iran which are getting more attention from scientific community (Ghorbani et al., 2006). Several qualitative ethnobotanical studies have been carried out in Iran. However, the research on ethnobotany with quantitative tools is still scare and a few published reports are available in international
Please cite this article as: Sadeghi, Z., et al., Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.007i
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scientific journals. Quantitative tools used in ethnobotanical studies allow the selection of the most important plants to initiate pharmacological studies (Alonso-Castro et al., 2012). Mosaddegh et al. (2012) reported 138 medicinal plants in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad province with quantitative analysis.
4. Conclusion This study presents that the Saravan is a diverse region for indigenous medicinal flora and allied to traditional medicinal therapy in the healthcare system. Quantitative analysis including the informant consensus factor (ICF) and use value (UV) was performed to evaluate the valued medicinal plants of the study area. Analysis of the data in terms of use value and informant consensus factor confirmed that the relative importance of species and sharing knowledge of herbal therapies between different tribal communities of this area is rich. From reported indigenous plants; Rhazya stricta, Otostegia aucheri, Cocculus pendulus Cousinia stockii, Boerhavia elegans have been studied previously for pharmacological activities. A number of reported plants in the present study still need devotion to screen for phytochemical investigations. As revealed from the current findings, it is suggested that there should be launched a comprehensive research project on pharmacological investigations of indigenous medicinal plants reporting the high use values.
Acknowledgement Authors are specifically grateful to Zahra Khoshnodifar and other people of Saravan region who assist during the process of field study. The authors also express their thanks to the members of Department of Production and Utilization of Medicinal Plants in High Educational Complex of Saravan for assisting in this research. References Alonso-Castro, A.J., Miranda, J.J.M., Martinez, A.Z., Salcedo, M.R., Galicia, C.F., Zuniga, L.A., et al., 2012. Medicinal plants used in the Huasteca Potosina, Mexico. J. Ethnopharmacol. 143, 292–298. Amiri, M.,S., Jabbarzadeh, P., Akhondi, M., 2012. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by indigenous people in Zangelanlo district. Northeast Iran J. Med. Plants Res. 6, 749–753. Bagheri, M., Reghan, M.S., 1994. Study the status and use of medicinal plants in Iran and in the world. For. Rangel. J. 33, 22–31.
Baptista, M.M., Ramos, M.A., Albuquerque, U.P., Souza, G.C., Ritter, M.R., 2013. Traditional botanical knowledge of artisanal fishers in southern Brazil. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 9, 54. Brandao, M.G.L., Pignal, M., Romaniuc, S., Grael, C.F.F., Fagg, C.W., 2012. Useful Brazilian plants listed in the field books of the French naturalist Auguste de Saint-Hilaire (1779–1853). J. Ethnopharmacol. 143, 488–500. Fakhr-Tabatabaei, S.M., 2000. The importance of medicinal plants study in Sistan and Baluchistan. Desert 4, 42–57. Ghorbani, A., Naghibi, F., Mosaddegh, M., 2006. Ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology and drug discovery. Iran. J. Pharm. Sci. Springer 2, 109–118. Hafezi-moghadas, N., Ramazani, R., Akhlaqi, F., 2010. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Risk Assessment at Saravan city. The First International Applied Geological Congress Islamic azad University, Mashhad Iran Hafezi moghdas, N., Yazdanfar, R., Mehran, M., 2009. Microtremor study in Saravan city. in: Sixth Iranian Conference of Engineering Geology and the Environment, Tehran, Iran. Hamilton, A.C., Shengji, P., Kessy, J., Khan, A.A., Lagos-Witte, S., Shinwari, Z.K., 2003. The Purposes and Teaching of Applied Ethnobotany. People and Plants Working Paper 11. WWF, Godalming, United Kingdom. Hoft, M., Barik, S.K., Lykke, A.M., 1999. Quantitative Ethnobotany. Applications of Multivariate and Statistical Analyses in Ethnobotany, People and Plants Working Paper 6. Unesco, Paris. p 3. Idolo, M., Motti, R., Mazzoleni, S., 2010. Ethnobotanical and phytomedicinal knowledge in a long-history protected area, the Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park (Italian Apennines. J. Ethnopharmacol. 127, 379–395. Lulekal, E., Asfaw, Z., Kelbessa, E., Van Damme, P., 2013. Ethnomedicinal study of plants used for human ailments in Ankober District, North Shewa Zone, Amhara Region. Ethiopia J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 63, 1–13. Mahmood, A., Mahmood, A., Malik, R.N., 2012. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Leepa valley, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 143, 338–346. Mahmood, A., Qureshi, R.A., Mahmood, A., Sangi, Y., Shaheen, H., Ahmad, I., Nawaz, Z., 2011. Ethnobotanical survey of common medicinal plants used by people of district Mirpur, AJK, Pakistan. J. Med. Plants Res. 5, 4493–4498. Mahmood, A., Mahmood., A., Malik, R.N., Shinwari, Z.K., 2013b. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Gujranwala district, Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 148, 714–723. Mahmood, A., Rashid, S., Malik, R.N., 2013a. Determination of toxic heavy metals in indigenous medicinal plants used in Rawalpindi and Islamabad cities, Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 148, 158–164. Mood, S.G., 2008. Contribution to some ethnobotanical aspects of Birjand flora (Iran). Pak. J. Bot. 40, 1783–1791. Mosaddegh, M., Naghibi, F., Moazzeni, H., Pirani, A., Esmaeili, S., 2012. Ethnobotanical survey of herbal remedies traditionally used in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad province of Iran. J. Ethnopharmacol. 141, 80–95. Naghibi, F., Mosaddegh, M., Mohammadi, Motamed, S., Ghorbani, A., 2005. Labiatae family in folk medicine in Iran: from ethnobotany to pharmacology. Iran. J. Pharm. Res. 2, 63–79. Pareek, A., Trivedi, P.C., 2011. Ethnobotanical studies on medicinal plants of Kaladera region of Jaipur District. Indian J. Fundam. Appl. Life Sci. 1, 59–63. Phillips, O., Gentry, A.H., 1993. The useful plants of Tambopata, Peru: I. Statistical hypothesis tests with a new quantitative technique. Econ. Bot. 47, 15–32. Trotter, R., Logan, M., 1986. Informant consensus: new approach for identifying potentially effective medicinal plants. In: Indigenous Medicine and Diet: Behavioural Approaches. Redgrave Publishers, Etkin NL. New York Venkataswamy, R., Mohamad, Mubarack, H., Doss, A., Ravi, T.K., Sukumar, M., 2010. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Malasar tribals in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu (South India). Asian J. Exp. Biol. Sci. 1, 387–392.
Please cite this article as: Sadeghi, Z., et al., Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.007i
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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep
Research Paper
Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran Q1
Zahra Sadeghi a, Kimia Kouhestani a, Vahide Abdollahi a, Adeel Mahmood b,n a
Department of Production and Utilization of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resources, High Educational Complex of Saravan,
Q3 Saravan, PO Box 9951634145, Baluchistan, Iran b Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, PO 45320, Pakistan
art ic l e i nf o Article history: Received 11 October 2013 Received in revised form 8 January 2014 Accepted 10 January 2014 Keywords: Ethnopharmacology Informant consensus factor Use value Saravan Iran
a b s t r a c t Q6 Ethnopharmacological relevance: This study was aimed to explore the indigenous knowledge of medicinal plant species of Baluch tribes in Saravan region, Baluchistan province, Iran. Material and methods: Rapid appraisal approach along with the semi-structured open ended questionnaire, interviews and personal observations were used to collect the indigenous medicinal information. Quantitative analysis including the informant consensus factor (ICF) and use value (UV) was performed to evaluate the valued medicinal plants. Results and discussion: A total 64 medicinal plants belonging to 30 families were reported from the study area. Among families, Lamiaceae dominated over other families and leaves dominated with 31% over other plant parts used as herbal remedies. Rhazya stricta and Datura stamonium (0.35) attributed the higher UV, followed by Otostegia persica (0.33) and Teucrium polium (0.32). Results of the ICF showed that cold/flu/fever (0.71) and blood disorders (0.57) were the most common diseases of the study area. Conclusion: The use value and informant consensus factor substantiated that the relative importance of plant species and sharing knowledge of herbal therapies between different tribal communities of this area is still rich. & 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction Indigenous knowledge of plant species is the result of human interaction and selection of the most desirable, powerful and successful plant species found in the instantaneous environment at a specific time period. Use of medicinal plants dates back to the start of human well-being (Venkataswamy et al., 2010; Lulekal et al., 2013). Investigations on indigenous knowledge, therapeutic usage and resource management of plants is crucial as, it emphasize the value of these cultures and contributions to the selfsufficiency of these populations (Hamilton et al., 2003; Pareek and Trivedi, 2011; Amiri et al., 2012; Baptista et al., 2013). Ethnobotanical survey is helpful in preservation of traditional knowledge for future generation and other communities (Idolo et al., 2010; Mahmood et al., 2011). Iran has admirable past regarding to traditional medicines, especially based on medicinal plants. History of indigenous medicines dates back to the time of the Babylonian–Assyrian civilization.
n
Corresponding author. Tel.: þ 92 333 5805776. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Mahmood).
A substantial ancient heritage is a sophisticated experience of people who have tried over millennia to find useful plants for health improvement, each generation donating their experience to this tradition (Naghibi et al., 2005). This country has a diversified environment and its flora contains about 8000 species, dominated in the region near to East and South West Asia. Presently, rather than the availability of a wide range of modern medicines, still a worthy proportion of rural community relies on herbal/indigenous medicines (Bagheri and Reghan, 1994). Local communities from different parts of Iran have developed a sound ethnomedicinal knowledge and the major contributions were made by Baluch tribes of Baluchistan province (Mosaddegh et al., 2012). This knowledge is Q4 in danger as Baluch tribes are assimilating the modern lifestyles. Thus, the documentation and preservation of medicinal plants with valuable indigenous uses by tribal inhabitants of Baluchistan province is deadly needed. This research survey was aimed to collect and document the indigenous medicinal information with emphasis on therapeutic uses of plants by tribal community and local healers of the study area. The results would be helpful for scientific and local communities with respect to the local or modern health care system. Recently few reports have been published in Pakistan on the ethnomedicinal information of plants practices
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.007 0378-8741 & 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article as: Sadeghi, Z., et al., Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.007i
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Z. Sadeghi et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
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in different communities (Mahmood et al., 2011, 2012, 2013a,b). To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to report the indigenous medicinal knowledge of Saravan region, Baluchistan province, Iran.
2. Methodology 2.1. Study area Saravan is located in the south-east of Baluchistan province lying at 62 170 5.38″ to 621220 2.56″ longitude and 271200 14.53″ to 271240 28.26″ latitude at an elevation 1000–1500 m above sea Q5 level (Hafezi moghdas et al., 2009, Hafezi-moghadas et al., 2010) (Fig. 1). It shares international border with Pakistan at east and south. District Khash is located at north and district Sib and Soran allocated at west of Saravan. Siahan is the longest mountain chain that located at east of the study area; started from Taftan Mountain and continue to Nahook touching Pakistan territory while Beark mountain chain resides in the west of this region. Mashkik River in Saravan, originates from the southern hillside near to Khash. The weather is hot with an average rainfall of 100 mm per annum (http://www.sbportal.ir/fa/sistan/cityinforma tion/saravan). 2.2. Data collection and plants identification
healers, medicinal plant vendors and people with sound medicinal knowledge were focused to collect the information. The local language of the study area was Balochi and Persian. Miss Zahra Sadeghi was aware with the local languages of the study area which permits the accuracy in data recordings. A list of important medicinal and endemic plant species was used during data collection. Information on vernacular names, medicinal application, herbal part(s) as pharmacological agent and mode of administration were recorded and presented with details in Table 2. Plants were collected, conserved as herbarium specimens and submitted in the Herbarium of High Education Complex of Saravan for future correspondence.
2.3. Data analysis The data was analysed through different quantitative techniques for this purpose different approaches are considered for quantitative as well as qualitative analysis of ethnobotanical data. These approaches depend on the objectives of researcher, nature of the study and aim at objective evaluation of the reliability of the conclusions based on the data (Hoft et al., 1999). The indigenous medicinal information of plant species was analysed using two Table 1 Sex and age character of people interviewed in the study are. Informants
Data was collected during September 2010–May 2013 from three districts of Saravan. Rapid appraisal approach with open ended interview and questionnaire technique was adopted to record the ethnomedicinal information from the native people of the study area. A total of 265 informants were interviewed over the visited area (Table 1), for all informants genders, age, profession and their background information were recorded. Traditional
Male Female Local healers
Age group (Years) o 40
440
42 23 9
101 63 27
Total interviews
Total interviewed persons
143 86 36 265
Fig. 1. Location map of Iran showing the Baluchistan province and Saravan (study area).
Please cite this article as: Sadeghi, Z., et al., Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.007i
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Plant species
Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L. Pistacia khinjuk Stocks Pictacia atlantica Desf Apiaceae Carum carvi L. Dorema ammoniacum D. Don—Dorema aureum Stocks Carum copticum (L,) C. B. Clarke Ferula assa-foetida L. Foeniculum vulgare. Mill Pycnocycla aucherana Decne. Ex. Boiss Pimpinella anisum L. Apocynaceae Nerium indicum Miller Rhazya stricta Decne
Asclepiadaceae Calotropis procera (Willd) R. Br. Caralluma edulis Edgew. Asteraceae Artemisia sieberi Besser. Cousinia stocksii C. Winkler Grantia aucheri Boiss Achillea millefulium L. Artemisia vulgaris L. Pulicaria andulata L. Brassicaceae Alyssum desertorum L. Descurainia sophia L. Chenopodiaceae Salsola. tragus L.
Voucher number
Vernacular name
Plant parts used
Preparations
Medicinal uses
Mode of UVa FCb Nc application
SCH-100 SCH-101
Anbe Kasor, Goangak
Fruit leaf, seed Fruit gum, oil
Powder, decoction Juice, oil
Hemorrhoids, constipation sexual problems, vermicide Gynecological infections, bone and joint pains
Oral 0.17 4 Oral topical 0.18 3
57 37
SCH-102
Goan
Fruit, gum, oil
Liniment
Digestive problems blood purification- bone and joint pains, toothache, wound, skin whiting
Topical
0.19 6
55
SCH-103 SCH-104
Zire Hoshtarak, Oshtork
Fruit Gum
Decoction Decoction, cataplasm
Digestive problems, diuretic, asthma Scorch, foot pain, stomachache, abortion, fever, skin infections, burn
Oral Oral
0.17 3 0.11 4
41 36
SCH-105
Ezbootk
Fruit
Decoction, powder
Oral
0.13 7
52
SCH-106 SCH-107
Peterk Raz
Leaf, gum, resin Leaf fruit
Powder,oil drop Infusion
Cough, stomachache, hyperlipidemia, blood attenuate, periodic cramps, vermicide, gynecological disease, fever Tooth worms, vermicide, insect repellent, wound healing, ear ache, infections Menstruation additive, lactiferous,cough, asthma, nerve tonic, digestion
Topical Oral
0.10 6 0.13 6
59 45
SCH-108
Sak dandan
Root
Tooth brush cataplasm, decoction
Tooth mass, Sedative of snake scorpion and insect bite, urinary stone
Oral topical 0.18 1
13
SCH-109
Raz
Fruit
Decoction
Lactiferous, carminative menstruation additive
Oral
0.13 3
23
SCH-110
Kharze, Jour
Leaf, bark
Skin problems, anti pest, rheumatism, Anti leg tumult
Oral
0.28 4
14
SCH-111
Eshoark, harishak Leaf, stem bark
Moisturized in water, decoction Decoction, cataplasm
SCH-112
Cark
SCH-113
Marmortk
Leaf latex, stem, natal organ of flower, bark, root Stem
SCH-114
Derana
Aerial parts
SCH-115
Polosh
Gum, roots
SCH-116
Golmorak, gole mir Boodko
Leaf, flower, aerial part Aerial parts
SCH-118 SCH-119
Berenjasf Bomadarane balochi, Derana
SCH-121
Antidote, bone pain, rheumatism, joint pain, toothache, eye diseases, diabetes, wound Oral topical 0.35 19 healing, cough, asthma, hyperlipidemia, digestive problems hypertension, sterility treatment, antipyretic
55
Cataplasm, paste
Antidote, asthma, rheumatism, skin disease, anti-inflammation, remove bur from skin, Oral topical 0.15 8 wound healing
53
Decoction, powder
Diabetes, stomachache, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, infection wound
0.14 5
35
Decoction, moisturized in water, soap Powder, juice
Digestive problems, sedative, antipyretic, nauseous, diabetes, hypertension, abdominal Oral topical 0.10 6 pains diarrhea Dropsy, diarrhea, diuretic, antiseptic Oral 0.12 5
61 40
Decoction, cataplasm
Scorpion and snake bite, stomach ulcers
Oral topical 0.15 1
22
Moisturized in water, infusion Abdominal pains, diabetes, anemia, child fever
Oral
0.17 4
53
Leaf, flower Flower, leaf, capillary stem
Infusion, decoction Decoction
Digestive problems, sedative, addiction treatment, diabetes, sterility, hyperlipidemia Child poisoning, vertigo, nausea, skin problems, foot pain, menstruation additive
Oral Topical
0.12 6 0.15 8
49 55
Totari
Seed
Wounds, joint pains, cold, coughs
Oral
-
-
SCH-122
Hakshir
Seed
Cataplasm, moisturized in water Seeds taken with saffron and cow milk, seeds eaten with water and sugar
Measles, constipation, stomachache and skin rash
Oral topical 0.18 4
49
SCH-163
Ghasol
Aerial part
Decoction
Washing of body and clothing
Topical
33
SCH-117
Oral
4
0.13 1
Z. Sadeghi et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
Please cite this article as: Sadeghi, Z., et al., Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.007i
Table 2 Indigenous medicinal knowledge of plants from study area.
3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 4
Voucher number
Vernacular name
Plant parts used
Preparations
Medicinal uses
Mode of UVa FCb Nc application
SCH-123
Gelgelango, kalgoshtak, gonj, Pahir, hanzal
Fruit, seed
Powder, cataplasm, decoction
Diabetes, purgative, sedative, joint pain, toothache, kidney pain, addiction treatment, melancholy, leprosy, rheumatism, epilepsy
Oral
0.23 14
56
SCH-124
Gorbego
Latex
Cataplasm
Warts
Topical
0.16 1
15
SCH-125
Gonjet
Resin, root stem
Cataplasm
Headache, fracture, joint pain, tooth brush, antiseptic
Topical
0.17 4
58
SCH-126
Nadak,
Aerial parts
Infusion
Respiratory track infection
Oral
0.14 1
7
SCH-127 SCH-128
Leaf Leaf root
Decoction Infusion
43 32
Leaf root, flower
Decoction
Appetizing, spasm, diuretic scorpion and snake bite, sedative, allergy, Hiccup, digestion appetizing, child squirt, heat of body, scabies, aromatic vegetable, Oral Chew kidney stone Hair tonic, strengthening gums, dental cleaning and brightness, prevention of hair loss Topical
0.12 5 0.19 6
SCH-129
Semsook Podena, porcheng Golder
0.13 5
39
SCH-130
Golder
Leaf flower
Decoction cataplasm
0.33 19
57
Salvia reuterana L.
SCH-131
Moor, morpojo
Decoction, powder
Salvia macilenta L. Teucrium polium L.
SCH-132 SCH-133
Dan chemmi Kalpurak
Leaf, Flowering branch Seed Flowering branches
Extract Decoction, powder
Thymus vulgaris L. Liliaceae Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F. Linaceae Linum usitatissimum L. Lythraceae Lawsonia inermis L.
SCH-134
Ezgend
Aerial parts
SCH-135
Orvekharze
SCH-136
Plant species
Cucurbitaceae Citrullus colocynthis L. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia. buhsei L Fabaceae Astragalus ammodendron L. Gramineae Cymbopogon olivieri (Boiss.) Lamiaceae Melissa officinalis L. Mentha sylvestris L Menta pulegium L. Otostegia aucheri Boiss. Otostegia persica. (Burm.) Boiss.
Malvaceae Althaea officinalis L. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Malva sylvesteris L. Menispermaceae Cocculus pendulus (J.R.&G. Forst.) Diels Myrtaceae Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia elegans Choisy
Diabetes, rheumatism, cardiac distress, reducing palpitation, hypertension, laxative, carminative, antipyretic, cold, hyperlipidemia, gastric discomfort, parasite repellent, sedative, headache, addiction treatment, Digestive problems, toothache, cold, sedative, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension
Oral
Oral topical 0.15 7
46
Topical 0.16 1 Oral topical 0.32 20
17 62
Decoction, infusion
Eye problems Antipyretic, insect, snake and scorpion bite, wound healing, stomachache, abdominal pain, flatulency, emesis, stomach acidification, hypertension, sedative, toothache, diabetes, hyperlipidemia Cold, antibiotic, adult squirt, bee bite, asthma, fatigue
Oral topical 0.18 5
63
Leaf
Powder, extract
Laxative, diabetes, skin problems (burns, fungal attacks, wounds),
Oral
0.19 3
32
Barz
Seed
Cataplasm, moisturized in water
Coughs, cold, bronchitis infected blotch
Oral
–
–
SCH-137
Hanna
Leaf
Cataplasm, moisturized in water
Hair tonic, body heat, eye wound, skin disease, foot pain, anti- tumult, hypertension
Oral topical 0.12 7
58
SCH-138 SCH-139 SCH-140
Hatmi Chaii torsh Panirak
Flower Flower Flower, leaf
Moisturized In water Infusion Infusion decoction cataplasm
Jaundice, heat of body, infected blotch Hypertension, hyperlipidemia Chest diseases, cough sore throat, skin problems
Oral 0.19 4 Oral 0.10 2 Oral topical 0.17 3
46 20 46
SCH-141
Zammor
Leaf, root, bark
Cataplasm, decoction
Arthritis, rheumatism, sedative, pertussis, eye diseases, digestive diseases, malaria fever
Oral
0.14 6
44
SCH-142
Calatous
Leaf
Inhalation of vapors, infusion
Influenza, cold, respiratory ailments, disinfectants, hemorrhage
Oral
0.12 6
58
SCH-143
Sourhmard
Flower, thin branch
Infusion
Body pain, fatigue and general weakness dysmenorrhea, urinary tract infection, intestinal infections, inflammation, blood purifier, young aerial parts as edible for abdominal pains, anemia, malaria
Oral
0.28 7
25
3
Z. Sadeghi et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
Please cite this article as: Sadeghi, Z., et al., Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.007i
Table 2 (continued )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Poaceae Zea mays L. Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea L. Ranunculaceae Nigella sativa L. Rhamnaceae Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd. Rosaceae Cotoneaster numularia Fisch. and C. A. Mey. Rubiaceae Gaillonia aucheri Jaub. and Spach Rutaceae Ruta graveolens L. Solanaceae Datura stramonium L. Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dun Umbelliferae Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss Verbenaceae Vitex pseudoNegundo (Hausskn.) Hand.- Mzt. Zygophyllaceae Peganum harmala L. Tribulus terresteris L Zugophyllum eurypterum Boiss. and Buhse a b c
SCH-144
Hat
Leaf
Infusion
Diabetes, fatigue, sedative
Oral
0.10 3
30
SCH-145
Daz
Pulp
Paste, pulp
Hyperlipidemia, ulcer
Oral
0.16 3
46
SCH-164
Horma
Fruit, seed
Decoction, juice
Kidney stones, anemia, cancer
Oral
0.19 3
63
SCH-146
Kognal
Latex
Cataplasm
Antidote, diabetes, sedative, narcotic
Oral topical 0.17 3
43
SCH-147
Sareng, Sateng
Leaf, stem
Decoction, infusion
Kidney diseases, eye diseases, urinary infection
Oral topical 0.17 3
43
SCH-148
Danichk
Seed
Moisturized in water, cataplasm, jelly
Digestive problems, hair tonic, constipation, eye problems, cold, skin problems
Oral topical 0.10 6
57
SCH-149
Zorrat
Fruit
Infusion
Infection of urinary system, heart tonic, kidney stones
Oral
0.10 4
39
SCH-150
Khorfeh
Seed, leaf
Extract, powder
Migraine, anti-thirst, burns, leg spile
Oral
0.15 4
27
SCH-151
Siadon
Seed
Mixed with honey, infusion
Asthma, digestive problems, diarrhea, hypertension, earache, diabetes
Oral topical 0.15 6
41
SCH-152
Sedr, Konar
Fruit, leaf
Extract, juice
Skin problems, hair tonic, throat protuberance
Oral topical 0.19 3
59
SCH-153
Shirhesht
Manna
Infusion
Jaundice, cough, constipation, emetic, diuretic
Oral topical 0.14 5
36
SCH-154
Kartoos
Flower
Decoction
Carminative, diarrhea
Oral
0.14 1
25
SCH-155
Sadab
Leaf, seed
Decoction, bath, washing after digestive problems, bone healing, antipyretic boiling
Oral topical 0.12 6
49
SCH-156
Dathora, daptore
Eye problems, asthma, narcotic, nerve sedative, rheumatism pain, swollen joint, scorpion bite, hair color Diabetes, stomachache, medicinal cheese making, eye disease, rheumatism, abortion, diarrhea, addiction treatment, heart tonic
30
Boozidan
Infusion, cataplasm, moisturized in water Pill, decoction
Oral topical 0.35 9
SCH-157
Green stem, leaf, seed, fruit Leaf, root, seed
Oral topical 0.17 10
21
SCH-158
Goatk
Aerial parts
Decoction
Appetizing carminative, yogurt flavor, bone pains
Oral topical 0.11 4
12
SCH-159
Hale jor
Stem, leaf
Decoction
Eye pain, blood pressure, abort, menstruation additive, sedative after throe
Oral topical 0.19 5
25
SCH-160
Espantan
Fruit, leaf z
Diabetes, antiseptic, wound healing
Oral
0.17 4
24
SCH-161 SCH-162
Kharkhasak Goamich
Fruit, root, leaf Leaf
Cataplasm, powder and moisturized in water Decoction Extract
Fortifying, appetizing febrifuge, urinary duct inflammation Joint pains, fever
Oral Topical
0.15 2 0.09 1
29 19
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Please cite this article as: Sadeghi, Z., et al., Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.007i
Oleaceae Olea ferruginea Royle Palmaceae Nannorrhops ritchieana (Griff.) Aitch Phoenix Dactylifera L. Papaveraceae Papaver samniferum L. Papilionaceae Astragalus tribuloides Kotschy ex Bunge Plantaginaceae Plantago ovate L.
Use value. Frequency of citation. Total number of informants interviewed for a given plant species. 5
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different techniques: use value (UV) and informant consensus factor (ICF). 2.3.1. Use-value (UV) The UV, a quantitative method to determine the relative importance of indigenous plant species was calculated by using the following formula; UV ¼ ∑Ui=n where, UV represents the use value of a species; Ui represents the number of uses mentioned by each informant for a given species; n is the total number of informants interviewed for a given species (Phillips and Gentry., 1993). 2.3.2. Informants consensus factor (ICF) Informant consensus factor (ICF) was employed to indicate the homogeneity of information. All the citations were placed into ailment categories for which the plant was claimed to be used. The ICF is calculated as in the following formula: ICF ¼ Nur Nt=Nur 1 where ‘Nur’ is the number of used citations in each category and ‘Nt’ is the number of species used (Trotter and Logan, 1986). 3. Results and discussion Indigenous medicinal knowledge for reported 64 medicinal plants was collected from local inhabitants of the study area, among which 68% male and 32% were females. Among male informants, 65% were elder ( 440), 19% were younger (o40) and 16% were the local healers (herbalists).
plus frequent use of seeds and fruit for preparation of medicines lead to the destructive effects on the growth of plant population in nature. The use of aerial parts and leaves is safe for sustainability of plant communities. The Major risk of medicinal plants is increasing pressure of population and expansion of agricultural patches. Agricultural expansion, cutting of trees for fuel at large scale pooled with seasonal drought is main factors in the reduction of medicinal plant populations reported in other studies (Mahmood et al., 2012).
3.3. Preparation and mode of application Mono-therapeutic preparations are preferably made in the study area for the treatment of ailments; however, DI or tritherapeutic preparations are also practiced commonly. Most of the indigenous medicines are the simple preparation of plant parts, but few are made with little effort by considering more than one plant and different parts of each plant. Decoctions were the most used in preparation of plants made by boiling a specific part in water up to the half reduction of water volume. Infusion is the soaking of plant part in hot water for overnight or day time. The most common preparation reported by indigenous communities were decoction, infusion, poultice, powder and oil (Table 2). It is noticed a number of herbal preparations are taken with milk or honey; however, water is the dominated supporting agent with herbal medicine. All the herbal preparations are preferred to take orally and oral mode of administration is the dominating over the typical mode of preparation (Mood, 2008; Brandao et al., 2012). Topical mode of administration also accounts a considerable proportion of application.
3.1. Diversity of medicinal plants
3.4. Informant consensus factor and species use value
A total 64 indigenous medicinal plants were reported from 32 different families. Among families Lamiaceae dominated over other families by donating 08 medicinal plant species followed by Apiaceae (07) and Asteraceae (06). Detail about the number of cited plants from the respective plant family is presented in Fig. 2.
Medicinal plants used against different ailments and the treated ailments were categorized into 11 illness groups. These categories were based on understanding of the ethnobotanical data by use of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992). The Q2 results showed that ICF for Cold/flu/fever (0.71) blood purifier (0.57), musculoskeletal disorders (0.50), sedative/narcotic (0.49) (Table 3). In Saravan digestive problems, musculoskeletal disorders, blood diseases, diabetes, and flu/fever are the most common diseases. On the basis of major health issues, ailments are categorized into different group. ICF values were low (near 0) when plants were chosen randomly or informants do not exchange information about the samples. ICF values were higher (near or more than 1)
3.2. Plant parts used as therapeutic agents Plant parts used for the treatment of various ailments were leaves, stems, roots, bark, milky latex, oil seeds, flowers, and fruits. The leaves were the dominant plant part (31%) among others, followed by seed, fruit (19%), flower (8%), oil, milky latex (6%), aerial part (4%), and bark (1%). The use of root and whole plant
Fig. 2. Number of cited plants from respective plant family.
Please cite this article as: Sadeghi, Z., et al., Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.007i
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Table 3 Diseases based categories and ICF. S. no
Category/diseases
Use citation
No. of plant used
Category uses taxon ICF
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Digestive problems Cold/flu/fever Metabolic (Diabetes, diuretic) Sedative, narcotic Emollient Blood purifier Eye problems Respiratory disorders Genitourinary Musculoskeletal disorders Diseases of the nervous system (epilepsy, melancholy, migraine)
61 56 36 38 38 38 15 7 12 19 9
32 17 19 20 30 17 9 8 8 10 7
0.48 0.71 0.49 0.49 0.22 0.57 0.43 — 0.36 0.5 0.25
Fig. 3. Medicinal plants of study area with high use values.
when there was a well-defined selection criterion in the community and/or information were exchanged between informants. Use values for each medicinal plant species was calculated and described in Fig. 3. Rhazya stricta exhibited maximum use value (0.35) among all reported plants followed by the Datura stamonium (0.33), Otostegia persica (0.32) and Teucrium polium (0.32). These plants are used at large scale in the study area and high use value is a threat to the conservation of these valued indigenous plants. Among reported plants, minimal use value was attributed by Zugophyllum euryptterum (0.09), this least UV may be due to the scarce availability of this plant from the study area. Use value is an important tool to select most valued medicinal plants of any region which further may be used for detailed pharmacological evaluation of medicinal plants. 3.5. Herbal therapies Medicinal plants reported in Table 2 were used for treatment of more than 25 kinds of diseases. These diseases included cold, flu, fever, bronchitis, jaundice, diabetes, eczema, epilepsy, respiratory, asthma, cardiac problems, Periodic cramps, liver disorders, constipation, rheumatism, bone problems, eye disease, blood ailments, etc. Medicinal plants were also used as sedative, narcotic, intoxicant, antispasmodic, carminative, antiseptic, emetic, tonic, vermifuge, laxative, and diuretic agents. The present study showed that indigenous medicinal knowledge is still alive in Iran and native people of Saravan tend to use medicinal herbs. According to present questionnaire data, 61.4% of people prefer to use herbs instead of chemical drugs. Data analysis showed that most
respondents (51.2%) are willing to purchase herbs from the herbal stores and markets. 41% population of study area prefers to collect medicinal plants from open areas. The ethnobotanical survey in present study allowed us to document the persistency of numerous traditional uses of medicinal plants and most of these methods are still unique. It should be noted that the diversity of medicinal plants in Saravan area which may be resulted from the stresscausing climates revealed the considerable variation in the use of herbs. For example, elder people and healers strongly believe that Tribulus terrestris with tassel and cherry-tail have a high curative effect for the treatment of kidney stones and urinary infections and they practice this remedy to treat this disease in Iran. Withania coagulans and Rhazya stricta are used widely for the treatment of rheumatism. The medicinal plants that are presumed to be effective in the treatment of a specific disease have higher ICF values. These findings showed that the main ailments treated by medicinal flora in Saravan are diseases of the digestive systems, Cold, flu, and fever. These types of diseases in some part of this region may be due to poor socioeconomic and sanitary conditions of the people. Medicinal flora in Baluchistan was described by Fakhr-Tabatabaei (2000) who pointed out the ecotonic area of Baluchistan province which has a special periodic climate tension. This study enhanced the medicinal plant diverse areas in this province. Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology are new emerging fields of research in Iran which are getting more attention from scientific community (Ghorbani et al., 2006). Several qualitative ethnobotanical studies have been carried out in Iran. However, the research on ethnobotany with quantitative tools is still scare and a few published reports are available in international
Please cite this article as: Sadeghi, Z., et al., Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.007i
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scientific journals. Quantitative tools used in ethnobotanical studies allow the selection of the most important plants to initiate pharmacological studies (Alonso-Castro et al., 2012). Mosaddegh et al. (2012) reported 138 medicinal plants in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad province with quantitative analysis.
4. Conclusion This study presents that the Saravan is a diverse region for indigenous medicinal flora and allied to traditional medicinal therapy in the healthcare system. Quantitative analysis including the informant consensus factor (ICF) and use value (UV) was performed to evaluate the valued medicinal plants of the study area. Analysis of the data in terms of use value and informant consensus factor confirmed that the relative importance of species and sharing knowledge of herbal therapies between different tribal communities of this area is rich. From reported indigenous plants; Rhazya stricta, Otostegia aucheri, Cocculus pendulus Cousinia stockii, Boerhavia elegans have been studied previously for pharmacological activities. A number of reported plants in the present study still need devotion to screen for phytochemical investigations. As revealed from the current findings, it is suggested that there should be launched a comprehensive research project on pharmacological investigations of indigenous medicinal plants reporting the high use values.
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