Ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants for respiratory disorders among the inhabitants of Gallies - Abbottabad, Northern Pakistan.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

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Research Paper

Ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants for respiratory disorders among the inhabitants of Gallies – Abbottabad, Northern Pakistan Sadaf Kayani a, Mushtaq Ahmad a, Muhammad Zafar a, Shazia Sultana a, Muhammad Pukhtoon Zada Khan a, Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf b, Javid Hussain c, Ghulam Yaseen a a

Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan Department of Geology University of Malaya, Malaysia c Department of Chemistry, University of Nizwa, Oman b

art ic l e i nf o

a b s t r a c t

Article history: Received 12 June 2014 Received in revised form 7 August 2014 Accepted 10 August 2014

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Rich accessibility of medicinal plants in the study area provides low cost health care for respiratory disorders to local communities. This first report survey was commenced with an Q13 aim to document ethnic knowledge regarding the use of folk herbal medicine for respiratory diseases among the local communities of Gallies Abbottabad, Northern Pakistan using quantitative ethnobotanical approaches. Method: Field survey was carried out over the period of 2 years i.e., March 2012–March 2014 in study area. The ethnomedicinal data was collected through interviews among the local communities. Documented data was evaluated using use value (UV) and Relative Frequency Citation (RFC). Results: A total of 120 species of plants belonging to 90 genera of 51 families were reported to be used ethnomedicinally for the treatment of 25 different respiratory disorders. Leaves were the most commonly used plant parts and most of the herbal medicines were prepared in the form of decoctions and administered orally. The most significant species according to their use value were Solanum virginianum (5.00), Althea officinalis (3.00), Inula obtusifolia (3.00), Saxifraga hirculus (3.00) and Sisymbrium erysimoides (3.00). Conclusion: This study reported traditional herbal medicines for the first time to be used against respiratory disorders in the Gallies, Northern Pakistan are still in common practice by the local communities. Some of the new ethnobotanical claims documented in this investigation should need to be further explore clinically. The medicinal plants with highest use values recorded in this study may signpost the probable existence of valuable phytochemical compounds that requires a search for prospective new drugs to cure many respiratory disorders. & 2014 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

Keywords: Respiratory disorders Medicinal plants Gallies Northern Pakistan

1. Introduction World Health Organization (WHO) in its report mentioned that about 65–80% of the world's populace in emerging nations depends principally on plants for their primary health care due to poverty and lack of access to modern medical facilities (Calixto, 2005). In recent years, use of ethnobotanical knowledge regarding medicinal plant usage and research has gained substantial consideration among the scientific communities (Heinrich, 2000). It has also being observed that the rising costs of synthetic drugs for personal health and well being, and exploration of new plantderived drugs had fueled the interest in medicinal plants documentation and usage as a re-emerging health aid (Hoareau and DaSilva, 1999). Generally the local communities of Pakistan living in various rural areas frequently practiced herbal remedies due to inaccessibility of modern healthcare facilities. Among such areas, medicinal

plants seem to be the most appropriate solution for many of the health issues (Jamal et al., 2012). Traditionally all herbal preparations were derived from plants, either as simple form of plant parts or complex form of crude extracts, blends, etc. The primary paybacks of using plant-derived medicines are considered to be relatively harmless than synthetic substitutes, offering profound therapeutic benefits. The rural communities exploit plants for local use as well as sale outside their area (Hussain, 2004). About 80% population of Pakistan is rural households where medicinal plants are easily available. While the lower financial conditions and unavailability of modern health facilities in rural areas limits the access of local people to synthetic medicines. Meantime the people are generally aware about the harmful effects of synthetic products and are realizing Q2 the importance of a more natural way of life (Said and Saeed, 1996). Herbal remedies for the treatment of respiratory disorders are common practice in many parts of the world. Similarly respiratory

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.08.005 0378-8741/& 2014 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

Please cite this article as: Kayani, S., et al., Ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants for respiratory disorders among the inhabitants of Gallies – Abbottabad, Northern Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.08.005i

S. Kayani et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

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disorders are common in the study area due to its remoteness, cold and harsh climatic conditions as well as limited health care facilities. The people of the area depend on the indigenous plant resources to treat various respiratory diseases like lungs disorders, pleural cavity, bronchial tubes, trachea, and upper respiratory tract and of the nerves and muscles to breathe, asthma, bronchitis, common cold, cough and whooping cough. Numbers of plants with medicinal importance are used to treat respiratory disorders in the area from generations to generations especially by rural population and forest ethnics communities. During the previous few decades there has been a growing curiosity in the study of remedial plants and their folk usage in various parts of Pakistan. In the recent years numbers of information are documented on the use of plants in indigenous healing system either by ethnic people or rural communities around the world and Pakistan is increasing (Arellanes et al., 2003; Reddy et al., 2006; Maregesi et al., 2007; Mann et al., 2008; Sulaiman et al., 2011; York et al., 2011, 2012Nunkoo and Mahomoodally, 2012; Shrivastava and Kanungo, 2013; ) However all these studies were conducted qualitatively with a gap in quantitative ethnobotanical data analysis. The contemporary survey is commenced with an aim to document the information regarding traditional herbal remedies use for the treatment of respiratory disorders, to preserve valuable as well as fast disappearing indigenous knowledge of the local communities of Gallies, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province —Pakistan. In addition to this, we applied some quantitatively approaches to analyzed ethnomedicinal knowledge for the exploitation of frequently used medicinal plants of the area for global circulation.

2. Methodology 2.1. Study area Northern Pakistan is home of the world's largest mountain ranges and high peaks. The most striking spot among these is Pamir knot, that form a 3660 m high plateau and is home to a number of formidable parallel mountain ranges reaching to over 5000 m extending in all directions i.e., Hindukush, Tien Shan, Karakorum, Kunlun and Alai Ranges (Shah and Awan, 2002). Among these ranges, the Gallies are situated in District Abbottabad Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Northern Pakistan. The area of Gallies falls between 331550 and 34120ʹ north latitudes and 731200 and 73030ʹ east longitudes. The major population centers in and around the Gallies are Abbottabad, Bagnotar, Thandiani, Biran Galli, Dunga Galli, Nathia Galli and Bara Gali. Havelian is an important because of a railway station and one of the largest timber markets in Pakistan. The tract is bounded on the eastern limit by Jehlum River, the southern by Satura range of Haripur forest division, the western by Haripur tehsil boundry and on the north limit by Mansehra district. The important catchment area near Dunga Gali is for the supply of water to Murree (Fig. 1). The population of Gallies according to 1998 census report is 880,666 inhabitants. Main tribes are Jadoons, Karrlas, Dhunds and Sardars with scattered groups of Awan, Bibs, Gujar, Syed and Rajput. The population is entirely agriculturists; cultivation is carried out by owners themselves. The climate ranges from subtropical in a few low lying places to moist temperate. The summer is moderate while experiences a heavy snowfall and the annual average precipitation ranges from 1200 mm to 1700 mm. The snowfall is frequent from later fortnight of December to the end of February. Geologically the Gallies consist of alternating bands of Tertiary, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Triassic rocks. There is also found Slate series (Hasnain, 1996). The forest types of Gallies are classified into three types i.e., Dry Sub-Tropical Broad Leaves

Forests, Subtropical Pine Forests and Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests. These are further classified as Low Level Blue Pine Forests and Western Mixed Conifer Forests (Champion et al., 1965). 2.2. Ethnobotanical field survey and data collection Ethnomedicinal information about the use of plant species for the treatment of respiratory disorders in the study area is documented from eleven localities i.e., Bagnotar, Mushkpuri, Miranjani, Mallach, Thandiani, Samandur Khata, Lalazar, Nathiagali, Baragali, and Manoor. This survey was carried out from March 2012 to March 2014 following the protocols for ethno-botanical data documentation (Alexiades, 1996; Martin, 2004). Ethnomedicinal data was collected through semi-structured and open-ended interviews (Martins, 1995). Prior informant's consent (PIC) was obtained in written on a questionnaire designed for ethnomedicinal knowledge documentation. Indigenous knowledge is gathered from 173 local informants of different age groups, gender, education level and experience with respect to the use of plants as a source of traditional remedies for respiratory disorders. The number of informants for a species mentioning its uses was assessed and categorized (Cook, 1995; Amiguet et al., 2005). The questionnaire use to compile ethnobotanical information comprised of local name, source, part(s) used, mode of traditional preparation, ethnographical information of the informants such as age, class, gender, experience, and educational background. 2.3. Demographic information Demographic physiognomies of the informants were determined and documented through face-to face conversations. All the men informants were interviewed in the field; Hujras (male meeting places) while women informants were interviewed at their houses. Few herbalists (local healers) were also interviewed to assert the current status of folk knowledge in the study area. For the purpose of qualitative, quantitative and participatory information about the use and prioritization of wild plant species, preplanned questionnaires were adopted. In addition, information regarding the collection, drying, storage and processing of plant species used as medicine was also gathered. The rules of PIC were strictly followed during the field work. 2.4. Plant specimens collection and preservation Plant species used for the treatment of respiratory disorders in the Gallies were collected, dried, preserved and mounted on herbarium sheets. Voucher specimen's numbers were assigned and identified subsequently with the help of plant taxonomist at Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan and compared with the specimens of Herbarium of Pakistan (ISL). Botanical names and families were verified using Flora of Pakistan (Ali and Nasir 1970– 2002), Catalog of vascularplants of west Pakistan and Kashmir Q5 (Stewart et al., 1972), Flora of China, International Plant Names Index (IPNI), Scopus, flora Iranica, Web of Science and Google scholar. The specimens were deposited in Herbarium of Pakistan (ISL), Department of Plant sciences; Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad. 2.5. Quantitative analysis of the ethnomedicinal information 2.5.1. Relative frequency of citation (RFC) and family importance value (FIV) Indigenous knowledge was quantitatively assessed using various measures like RFC, FIV, use value (UV) and factor informant consensus (FIC). RFC and FIV were calculated to quantitatively determine the consensus between the informants on the use of



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Fig. 1. Map of the study Area.


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wild medicinal plants in the region. It gives the local importance of a species or a family. RFC was calculated using standard method of Vitalini et al. (2013), which is RFC ¼ FC=Nð0 o RFC o 1Þ: The value of RFC for species and families of medicinal plants is based on the citing percentage of informants for that particular species and family. RFC is the relative frequency citation; FC is the number of informants who mentioned the species while N is the total number of informants participating in the study. Family importance value (FIV) was calculated by taking the percentage of informants mentioning the family FIV ¼ FC ðfamilyÞ=N 100 where, Fc is the number of informants mentioning the family while N is the total number of informants participating in the study. 2.5.2. Use value (UV) Use value (UV) is a good measure to estimate all the possible uses of a plant species without considering its RFC. UV gives us the relative importance of a species, considering the number of uses mentioned by an informant for a particular wild medicinal plant species. UV was calculated using standard protocols of Trotter and Logan (1986) and Savikin et al. (2013). UV ¼ u=n Where ‘u’ is the number of informant's mentioning various uses of a species. UV is generally high i.e., near (1) if the number uses are high and near (0) if the use reports for a species is considerably low. UV does not provide any information on the single or multiple uses of species.

3. Results and discussion 3.1. Medicinal plants documentation and ethno-demography of the inhabitants This study reports the uses of 120 species of medicinal plants disseminated in 90 genera belonging to 51 families for the treatment of 25 types of respiratory disorders. Table 1 presents the demographic data of informants while Table 2 provided detailed information of plant species used for respiratory disorders. A total of 173 informants were interviewed and categorized into different demographic categories. It is recorded that there was Table 1 Demographic information of the informants. Variable

Demographic categories

Percentages

Gender

Male Female

61.85 38.15

Experience

Herbalists Local people

21.39 78.61

Age

30–45 years 46–60 years 61–75 years 76 and above

21.97 25.43 27.75 24.9

Education

Illiterate Primary and middle Secondary qualification Undergraduate Graduate

36.9 20.81 18.5 12.14 11.56

61.85% male informants and 38.15% female informants. Data regarding experience of medicinal plants preparation shows that 21.39% was confined to local herbalists while the majority of the informants were inexperienced. On the basis of age, the informants were classified into four major groups i.e., informants of 30–45 years (21.97%), 46–60 years (25.43%), 61–75 years (27.75%) and 76 years and above (24.9%). On the basis of education level, the indigenous knowledge regarding the use of medicinal plants for treatment of respiratory disorders is more prevalent among illiterate people i.e., (36.9%) and the same knowledge was decreasing in the highly educated class of the area, with primary and middle level education (20.81%), secondary level (18.5%), undergraduate (12.14%) and graduate level (11.56%). Well-educated people in the study expanse were found to be less conversant on the use of medicinal plants as compared to illiterate ones due to the higher level exposure of the former to modernization. Similar results were stated in the studies conducted in Ethiopia (Gedif and Hahn, 2003; Giday et al., 2009) and Thailand (Wester and Yongvanit, 1995). 3.2. Life form, parts used, preparations and respiratory disorders The study area falls in moist temperate climatic region and has a rich floral diversity, represented by a large number of plant species. The medicinal plant diversity shows that out of the 120 recorded medicinal plants, 44 were dicots (86%), 5 were monocots (10%), 1 gymnosperm (2%) and 1 pteridophytes (2%) (Fig. 2). Herbs were the primary source of medicine (67%) followed by trees (19%) and shrubs (14%) (Fig. 3). The frequent use of herbs among the indigenous communities due to the rich wealth of herbaceous plants in their environments (Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu, 2005; Uniyal et al., 2006). Among various plant parts used, the leaves (62 reports) were most often used for the preparation of medicine exclusively or mixed with other plant parts. Leaves were followed by whole plant (53 reports), roots (37 reports), fruits (34 reports), gums (32 reports), seeds (30 reports), flower (27 reports), bark (14 reports), shoots (12 reports), rhizomes (7 reports), latex (6 reports), stem and branches (5 reports), bulbs (4 reports), pods (3 reports) and fronds (2 reports) (Fig. 4). Many of the ethnic populations in different places also utilized mostly leaves for the preparation of herbal medicines (Mahishi et al., 2005; Ignacimuthu et al., 2006, 2008; Srithi et al., 2009; Cakilcioglu and Turkoglu, 2010; Giday et al., 2010; Gonzalez et al., 2010). The object why leaves were used mostly is that they are gathered very effortlessly than underground parts, flowers and fruits etc. (Giday et al., 2009) and in logical point of view leaves are vigorous in photosynthesis and production of metabolites (Ghorbani, 2005). The crude preparation of medicinal plant parts was grouped into nine categories (Fig. 5). Of these, most frequently used process of crude preparation was decoction (73 reports) followed by powder (59), extract (50), paste (22), infusion (9), smoke (6), oil (2), ash (4) and tincture (1). Crude preparation of decoction for the treatment of respiratory ailments is a common practice among the ethnic communities in Gallies. The decoction was obtained by boiling the plant parts in water until the volume of the water reduced to minimum or required amount. The powder was prepared by the grinding of shade dried plant parts. The paste was prepared by crushing the garden-fresh or dried plant parts with oil or water. The inhalation was done by the scorching of plant parts and inhaled the smoke through nose or mouth. Internal uses (83%) were prevailing over external or topical uses (17%) and nasal application. Most of the medicines were given orally which is in agreement with some other studies conducted elsewhere (Ssegawa and Kasenene, 2007; Andrade-Cetto, 2009; Lee et al., 2008; Samy et al., 2008; Poonam and Singh, 2009). The local


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Please cite this article as: Kayani, S., et al., Ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants for respiratory disorders among the inhabitants of Gallies – Abbottabad, Northern Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.08.005i

Table 2

Q11 Medicinal plant species of Gallies, Abbottabad with its use values, relative frequency citation and similarity ratio with previous records. S. no

Family

Taxonomic name

Local name

Life form

Part useda

Mode of utilization

Diseases treated

1.

Malvaceae

Bhindi

Herb

Fr, Se

Powder

Cough, difficulty in breathing like Asthma 02

2.

Pinaceae

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench ISL:667 Abies pindrow Royle. ISL:688

Tree

Le

Decoction, tincture

3.

Mimosaceae

Acacia modesta Wall. ISL:670

Himalayan Silver Fir Phulai

4.

Mimosaceae

5.

Asteraceae

Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile. ISL:671 Achillea millefolium L. ISL:622

Cough, phthisis, asthma, chronic bronchitis Cough, respiratory tract problems, tonsillitis Cough, asthma, respiratory tract disorders, chest complaints Cough, Profuse mucous discharges

FCb RFCb

Comparison with previous recordsc

Similarity ratiod ▲: ●

0.66

03

0.01

1●, 2▲, 3●, 4▲

2:2

04

1.33

03

0.01

14▲, 20●, 21▲

2:1

03

0.16

18

0.10

13▲

1:0

04

0.14

28

0.16

10●, 9●

0:2

02

0.25

08

0.04

2:4

6.

5:3

Ash, powder extract, decoction Decoction powder, paste extract Decoction, Infusion

Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera L. ISL:607

Phutkanda

Herb

Wh, Le, Ro

Asthma, cough

02

0.06

32

0.18

7.

Ranunculaceae

Atis

Herb

Ro, Wh

Cold, cough

02

0.2

10

0.05

8.

Ranunculaceae

Zaharmora

Herb

Ro, Fl

Powder, decoction

Cold, cough

02

0.28

07

0.04

2●, 13●, 20●

0:3

9.

Araceae

Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle. ISL:700 Aconitum violaceum Jacquem. Ex Stapf. ISL:701 Acorus calamus L. ISL:620

Decoction, powder, extract, paste, ash Powder, decoction

2●, 6▲, 13●, 14●, 20●, 21● 3▲, 5▲, 9▲, 11▲, 10●, 13●, 17●, 22▲ 2●, 15▲, 20●

Skhuwaja

Herb

Ro, Wh

Powder

Asthma, cough

02

0.25

08

4:4

10. 11.

Ranunculaceae Pteridaceae

KayayZuch Siraj

Herb Herb

Fr, Ro, Se Wh, Fr

Extract Extract, decoction

Asthma Bronchial problems, cough

02 02

01 0.12

02 16

1:2 1:1

12.

Pteridaceae

Sumbal

Herb

Wh, Fr

Extract

Lungs disorders

01

0.2

05

0.02

2:1

13.

Asteraceae

Neel kanthi

Herb

Se

Decoction

Cough, cold

02

02

01

0.005 11●

0:1

14.

Lamiaceae

Actaea spicata L. ISL:702 Adiantum capillus-veneris ISL:697 Adiantum venustum D.Don. ISL:698 Ageratum conyzoides L. ISL:623 Ajuga brateosa Wall. ISL:662

0.046 5▲, 6●, 7●, 13●, 15▲, 16▲, 17▲, 20●, 0.01 2●, 4●, 8▲ 0.09 2▲, 13▲

KouriBooti

Herb

Le, Wh

Throat infection, tonsillitis

02

0.10

19

0.10

12●, 13▲

1:1

15.

Mimosaceae

Siris

Tree

Le, Se, Fl, Ba

Powder, decoction extract Powder

Tuberculosis

01

0.07

14

0.08

9●

0;1

16.

Mimosaceae

Sirin

Tree

Ba, S, Le

Decoction

Bronchitis

01

0.5

02

0.01

–

–

17.

Alliaceae

Khush

Herb

Wh

Extract

Flu, cough

02

0.66

03

0.01

15●

0:1

18.

Alliaceae

Thoom

Herb

Bu, Le

Extract

03

0.27

11

0.06

1▲, 4▲, 6 ●,18▲

3:1

19. 20.

Alliaceae Apocynaceae

Aloon Sat patia

Herb Tree

Wh Ba, Le

Extract Infusion, decoction

Asthma, whooping cough, respiratory disorders Asthma, respiratory problems Asthma

02 01

02 01

01 01

0.01 0.01

– 12●

– 0:1

RishaKhatmi Phankza

Herb Herb

Le, Ro, Se, Fl Wh

Extract Decoction, Paste

Asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia Pulmonary congestion

03 01

03 0.5

01 02

0.01 0.01

– 15▲

– 1:0

Cholai

Herb

Flu, cold

02

0.08

25

0.14

19●, 20●

0:2

Spairkai Afsanteen

Herb Herb

Le, Se, Wh, Ro Paste, powder decoction Fr Decoction Wh, Fl, Le Extract, decoction

Asthma Tuberculosis, cough

01 02

01 0.22

01 09

0.01 0.05

– 1●, 2●,8●

– 0:3

Afsantinjari Bursay

Herb Herb

Le Wh Le, Fl

Powder Powder, paste

Cold, cough Cough, respiratory stimulant

02 02

02 0.5

01 04

0.005 15▲ 0.023 8●

Chaoo

Herb

Se

Powder

Cold, cough, flu, asthma

04

02

02

0.01

–

–

Herb

Wh, Fl Se, Ro Extract, decoction smoke, powder

Cough asthma, profuse mucous discharges

03

0.2

15

0.08

8▲, 13▲, 20●

2:1

Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. ISL:672 Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. ISL:673 Allium carolinianum DC. ISL:604 Allium sativum L. ISL:605

23.

Allium victorialis L. ISL:606 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br ISL:618 Malvaceae Althaea officinalis L. ISL:668 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus caudatus L. ISL:608 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus viridis L. ISL:609

24. 25.

Apiaceae Asteraceae

26. 27.

Asteraceae Asteraceae

28.

Asteraceae

29.

Asteraceae

21. 22.

Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. ISL:612 Artemisia absinthium L. ISL:624 Artemisia annua L. ISL:625 Artemisia brevifolia Wall. ex DC. ISL:626 Artemisia macrocephalaJacquem. ex Besser ISL:627 Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit ISL:628

2▲, 13▲, 19●

1:2


SultaniBooti

Le, Gu, Ba, Fl, Se, St, Ba Tree Gu, Po Se, Le, Fl, Ba, St Shrub Wh

Babool

Tree

URb U.Vb

1:0 0:1

5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 6

S. no

Family

Taxonomic name

Local name

Life form

Part useda

Mode of utilization

Diseases treated

URb U.Vb

FCb RFCb



30.

Meliaceae

Neem

Tree

Le,Se, Fr

01

0.1

10

0.05

3▲, 5●, 9▲, 10●

2:2

Polygonaceae

Anjabaar

Herb

Ro, Le, Rh

Sore throats

01

0.09

11

0.063 2▲

32.

Nyctaginaceae

Itsit

Herb

Wh, Le, Ro

Extract, decoction paste Powder, extract decoction Decoction, extract

Asthma

31.

Cough and asthma

02

0.22

09

0.05

–

–

33.

Moraceae

Jangli Toot

Tree

Ba, Fr

Decoction

Cough

02

01

02

0.01

–

–

34. 35.

Buddlejaceae Papilionaceae

Butterfly Bush Palas

Shrub Ro Tree Fl, Le

Infusion Extract, powder

Asthma, coughing with blood Asthma

02 01

02 0.2

01 05

0.005 12● 0.028 3▲, 9●

0:1 1:1

36.

Asclepidiaceae

Akk

Shrub Wh L,Fl

03

0.09

32

0.18

4:0

Theaceae

Tea

Shrub Ro, Fl

Extract, decoction paste Decoction

Asthma, cough

37.

Coughing up with blood

01

01

01

0.005 –

–

38.

Cannabaceae

Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss. ISL:669 Bistorta amplexicaulis (D. Don) Green.ISL:692 Boerhavia procumbens Banks ex Roxb.ISL:682 Broussonetia papyrifera L. ISL:675 Buddleja asiatica Lour. ISL:642 Butea monosperma (Lain.) ISL:684 Calotropis procera (Willd.) R. Br. ISL:621 Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Ktze. ISL:637 Cannabis sativa L. ISL:643

Bhang

Herb

Extract, paste powder

Throat infection, chest problems

02

0.07

28

0.16

1:6

39.

Capparadaceae

Kirip

Shrub La, Le

Paste, smoke powder

Asthma

01

0.5

02

0.01

40.

Capparadaceae

Karin

Shrub Fr, Ba

Infusion

Cough, Asthma, bronchial problems

03

0.3

10

0.057 –

–

41. 42.

Solanaceae Apocynaceae

Hirimirch Granda

Paste Decoction, powder

Asthma, whooping cough, cold Asthma

03 01

0.75 0.12

04 08

0.023 – 0.04 –

– –

43. 44.

Asteraceae Apiaceae

Pungh Spaerkae

Herb Fr Shrub Wh, Le, Ro, Fr, Se Herb Fl, Se Herb Se, Wh

Decoction, oil Decoction

Cough, throat problems Sore throat, whooping cough

02 02

01 01

02 02

0.01 0.01

8▲, 12● 15▲

1:1 1:0

45. 46.

Ulmaceae Asteraceae

Tagha Kasni

Tree Herb

Cough Asthma

01 01

0.5 0.04

02 24

0.01 0.13

1●, 13● 13▲

0:2 1:0

47.

Rutaceae

Shrub Ba

Decoction Decoction, paste, extract powder Infusion

Cough

01

01

01

0.005 17▲

1:0

48. 49.

Rutaceae Colchicaceae

Shrub Le Herb Wh, Se, Ro

Extract Powder

Flu Bronchial diseases

02 01

02 0.07

01 13

0.005 – 0.075 2●, 20●

– 0:2

50.

Apiaceae

51.

Apiaceae

52. 53. 54.

Cuscuctaceae Cyperaceae Solanaceae

55. 56. 57.

Solanaceae Solanaceae Brassicaceae

58.

Papilionaceae

59.

Poaceae

60. 61.

Asteraceae Elaeagnaceae

62.

Elaeagnaceae

Capparis cartilaginea Decne. ISL:644 Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. ISL:645 Capsicum annuum L. ISL:707 Carissa opaca Stapf ex Haines ISL:619 Carthamus tinctorius L. ISL:629 Carum copticum (L.) C.B. ISL:613 Celtis australis Auct. ISL:645 Cichorum intybus L. ISL:630

Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck. ISL:704 Citrus reticulate Blanco.ISL:705 Colchicum luteum Baker. SuranjaaneTalakh, ISL:646 Chunar Coriandrum sativum L. ISL:614 Dhanial, Dhania Cuminum cyminum Linn. ISL:615 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. ISL:647 Cyperus rotendus L. ISL:648 Datura innoxia Miller. ISL:708 Datura metal L. ISL:655 Datura stramonium L. ISL:656 Descurainia Sophia (L.) Webb & Berth ISL:640 Desmodium elegans DC. ISL:685 Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stap. ISL:691 Eclipta prostrata L. ISL:631 Elaeagnus angustifolia L. ISL:649 Elaeagnusumbellate Thunb. ISL:650

Herb

Wh, Le, Fl

Wh, Fr, Le Wh

2▲, 5▲, 9▲, 13▲

8▲, 12●, 9●, 13●, 15●, 16●, 20● –

1:0

–

SufaidZira

Herb

Wh, Le, Fr, Se Powder, paste decoction Se, Fr Paste, extract, smoke

Asthma, cough, bronchitis

03

0.18

16

0.09

1●, 5●, 13●, 15▲

1:3

Dry cough, cold

02

01

02

0.01

13●, 19●

0:2

Aakaash bail Deela, Kabh Sadadhatura

Herb Herb Herb

Wh Ro, Le, Wh Le, Se, Fr

Dhatuora Dhatura KheliKheli

Herb Herb Herb

Le, Ro, Se, Fl Le, Se, Fr Fl, Le, Se

Paste, extract, powder Decoction extract, oil Powder, extract, smoke Smoke powder Decoction, extract Powder, Decoction

Bronchitis Cough Asthma

01 01 01

0.04 0.07 0.07

24 14 13

0.13 0.08 0.07

5●, 13●, 19●, 15● 5●, 17● 13●

0:4 0:2 0;1

Asthma Asthma, bronchitis Chest complain, cough

01 02 02

0.33 0.18 0.66

03 11 03

0.01 0.06 0.01

3▲, 5▲, 10●, 15●, 17● 9▲, 8●, 15● 8▲

2:3 1:2 1:0

Chamra

Herb

Ro, Le

Decoction

Cough, asthma

02

02

1

0.005 15●

Herb

Le

Decoction

Asthma

01

0.11

09

0.05

–

–

Khokhri, Bhangra Shinjoor, Sisk

Herb Herb

Cough Sour throat

02 02

0.4 0.5

05 04

0.02 0.02

5●, 12●, 17● 13▲

0:3 1:0

Ghanamranga

Herb

Wh, Ro, Fl, Le Extract, powder Fr, Fl, Gu Extract decoction powder Fl, Fr Decoction

Cough and chest pain

02

02

01

0.005 13▲, 20●

0:1

1:1



Table 2 (continued )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Ephedraceae

64.

Ephedraceae

65.

Myrtaceae

66.

Myrtaceae

67.

Euphorbiaceae

68.

Zygophylaceae

69. 70.

Ephedra gerardiana Wall. exStapf ex Decne. ISL:652 Ephedra intermedia Schrenk& Meyer ISL:653 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnhardt. ISL:679 Eucalyptus globules Labillardière. ISL:680 Euphorbia hirta L ISL:654

AsmaniBooti

Shrub Le, St

Infusion

05

0.55

09

0.05

2▲, 20●

1:1

04

1.33

03

0.01

20●

0:1

Decoction, powder,

Hay fever, cold, asthma, tuberculosis, bronchitis Asthma, tuberculosis, chest infections, cough Common cold, nose infection, cough, flu

AsmaniBooti

Shrub Fr

Decoction

Lachi, Sofaida

Tree

Le

04

01

04

0.023 –

–

Sufaida, Lachi

Tree

Le, St, Se

Decoction, extract

Asthma, cold, cough, throat lozenges

04

01

04

0.02

11▲

1:0

Dodak

Herb

Asthma, respiratory disorders, cough

03

0.37

08

0.04

3:3

Fever, cold, cough

03

0.42

07

0.04

3▲, 2●, 7▲, 9▲, 10●, 17● –

–

Asthma, cough Cough, asthma, whooping cough, pneumonia, bronchitis Asthma, flu

02 05

01 1.66

02 03

0.01 0.01

– –

– –

02

0.2

10

0.057 5●, 10●, 9●, 17●

0:4 1:1 1:2 0:2

Herb

Apiaceae Apiaceae

Fagonia indica var. Dramaaho schweinfurthii Hadidi ISL:668 Ferula assa-foetida L. ISL:616 Sup Ferula narthex Boiss. ISL:617

Le, Fl, Se, Wh Extract, powder decoction Wh, St, Le, Ro Powder, decoction

Herb Herb

Gu, Ro, La Wh, Gu

71.

Moraceae

Ficus benghalensis L. ISL:676

Barr, Bohr

Tree

72. 73. 74.

Moraceae Moraceae Rosaceae

75.

Gentianaceae

Fig Pipal Khunmurch, Zamki Toot, Nilkant

76.

Gentianaceae

77. 78.

Papilionaceae Elaeagnaceae

79.

Solanaceae

Ficus palmata Forssk. ISL:677 Ficus religiosa L. ISL:678 Fragaria indica Andrews. ISL:703 Gentiana desolivieri (Griseb.) Omer. ISL:658 Gentiana psisvvedenskyi (Grossh.) V.V.Pis. ISL:659 Glycyrrhiza glabra L. ISL:686 Hippophae rhamnoides L. ISL:651 Hyoscyamus niger L ISL:679

80.

Asteraceae

81. 82. 83.

Oleaceae Juglandaceae Acanthaceae

Inula obtusifolia A. Kern. ISL:632 Jasminum humile L. ISL:683 Juglans regia L. ISL:661 Justicia adhatoda L. ISL:601

84.

Asteraceae

Lactuca serriola L. ISL:633

85.

Polygonaceae

86. 87. 88.

Euphorbiaceae Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae

89.

Plantaginaceae

Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach. ISL:693 Phylanthus emblica L. ISL:655 Pistacia atlantica Desf. ISL:610 Pistacia integerrima J. L. Stewart ex Brandis ISL:611 Plantago lanceolata L. ISL:689

90. 91. 92.

Plantaginaceae Aizoaceae Primulaceae

93.

Mimosaceae

94. 95. 96.

Lamiaceae Myrtaceae Punicaceae

97. 98.

Fagaceae Fagaceae

99.

Polygonaceae

Plantago ovata Forssk. ISL:690 Portulaca quadrifida L. ISL:602 Primula macrophylla D. Don. ISL:696 Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC. ISL:674 Prunella vulgaris L. ISL:663 Psidium guajava L. ISL:681 Punica granatum L. ISL:699

Fr, Ba, Se, Le, Ro Tree Fr Tree Fr Shrub Fr, Le, Wh,

Powder , extract, Powder Extract, powder

Herb

Ro, Wh

Lung diseases Asthma Extract, paste, powder Sore throats, tuberculosis decoction Decoction Cough, chest problems, throat problems

Herb

Wh

Decoction

Throat problems, cough

02

02

01

0.005 8▲

1:0

Shalako Buru

Herb Rh, R, Wh Shrub Fr

Decoction Decoction

Cough, bronchitis, constipation, asthma Whooping cough

04 01

01 01

04 1

0.023 1▲, 8▲, 16●, 0.005 20●

2:1 0:1

KhrasaniAjwain

Herb

Le, Se, Fr

Asthma, cough

02

0.25

08

0.046 1▲, 2▲, 8▲, 20●

3:1

Herb

Wh

Decoction, powder, extract Powder

Tuberculosis, chest problems, cough

03

03

01

0.005 8▲

1:0

Sinusitis Sore throat Cough, Sore throat, asthma, tuberculosis

01 01 04

01 01 0.16

01 01 24

0.005 16▲ 0.005 1●, 2●, 6●, 0.13 3▲, 5▲, 7▲, 17▲

1:0 0:3 4:0

05

0.83

06

0.03

–

–

01

01

01

0.005 –

–

Chambeli Akhrot Bhaiker

Powder

01 01 02

01 01 0.09

01 01 21

0.005 7▲, 17● 0.005 9▲, 10●, 17● 0.121 14●, 21●

03

1.5

02

0.01

–

–

Shrub Le Tree Le, Fr, Ro, Ba Herb Le, Fl, Ro, Wh, St Herb Wh

Extract Decoction Decoction, extract, powder Decoction

Thangmarcy

Herb

Wh

Powder

Expectorant, cough, phthisis, bronchitis, asthma Respiratory problems

Amla Gowan Shnai

Tree Tree Tree

Wh, Fr Le, Gu Wh, Le, Fr

Powder Decoction powder Extract

Asthma, bronchitis Cough Asthma, cough, phlegm

02 01 03

0.4 01 0.23

05 01 13

0.02 5▲, 11▲ 0.005 – 0.075 7▲

2:0 – 1:0

Jabai

Herb

Le, Se, Fr

Cough, whooping cough, bronchitis

03

0.16

18

0.10

4:4

Kulfa Mammera

Herb Herb Herb

Se, Fr, Wh, L, Se Fl, Le

Powder, extract decoction Powder decoction Paste extract powder Powder decoction

Cough and cold Cold, flu, respiratory problems Cough, asthma

02 03 02

0.15 01 0.66

13 03 03

Shrub Ba, Le, Po, Fl

Extract decoction

Asthma

01

0.33

Herb Se, Wh Shrub Fr, Le, Ba Tree Fr, Br, Le, Ba, Ro, Se Tree Se, Fr Tree Ba

Powder Respiratory difficulties, cough Powder decoction Old cough, bronchitis, whooping cough Powder decoction, ash Whooping cough, tuberculosis, cold and extract flu Powder Asthma Decoction Asthma

02 03 04

Herb

Infusion

Ustukhdoos Amrood Anar

Quercus dilatata Royle. ISL:656 Spin banj Rein Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus. ISL:657 Rheum australe D. Don. Chotial ISL:694

St, Rh, Ro, Le

Respiratory problems, asthma

0.07 0.01 0.01

2▲, 4●, 6▲, 8●, 13●, 14▲, 20●, 21▲ – 13● 8●

– 0:1 0:1

03

0.01

–

–

01 0.5 0.12

02 06 31

0.01 0.03 0.17

12● 12● 1●, 6●, 15▲

0:1 0:1 1:2

01 01

0.16 01

06 01

0.034 20● 0.005 –

0:1 –

02

0.66

03

0.017 13▲, 15▲, 20●

2:1



63.

7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 8

Taxonomic name

Local name

Life form

Part useda

Mode of utilization

Diseases treated

URb U.Vb

FCb RFCb



100. Polygonaceae

Rumex dentatus L. ISL:695

Shulkhay

Herb

L, R, St

Cough, cold

02

0.14

14

0.08

13▲, 14▲, 21●

2:1

101. Lamiaceae 102. Lamiaceae

Kianr Kallijarri

Herb Herb

Fl, Ro Le, Se, Ro

Cough & cold Cough & cold

02 02

01 0.16

02 12

0.01 0.06

2▲, 20● 2 ●, 20●

1:1 0:2

103. Asteraceae

Salvia lanata Roxb. ISL:664 Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. ex Benth ISL:665 Saussurea lappa L. ISL:634

Powder extract decoction, paste Powder Paste powder

Kuth

Herb

Ro

0.5

08

0.046 8▲, 20●

1:1

Saxifraga hirculus L.ISL:706

Sitbark

Herb

Wh

03

03

01

0.005 –

–

105. Asteraceae

Senecio chrysanthemoides DC. ISL:635 Sisymbrium erysimoides Desf. ISL:641 Solanum virginianum L. ISL:708 Solanum nigrum L. varnigrum. ISL:707 Sonchus arvensis L. ISL:636 Sonchus asper (Linn) Hill ISL:637 Swertia petiolata D. Don. ISL:660 Thymus serphyllum L. ISL:666

Kalay di Jar

Herb

Ro, Fl, Le

Extract decoction

Cough, asthma, throat problems, influenza Cough, chest complaints, pulmonary disorders Asthma, respiratory problems

04

104. Saxifragaceae

Extract powder paste decoction Decoction

02

0.5

04

0.02

0:1

Herb

Wh, Le

Decoction extract

03

03

01

0.005 –

–

Herb

WhRo Fr

S. no

Family

106. Brassicaceae 107. Solanaceae 108. Solanaceae 109. Asteraceae 110. Asteraceae 111.

Gentianaceae

112. Lamiaceae 113. Aizoaceae 114. Boraginaceae 115. Papilionaceae 116. Asteraceae 117.

Valerianaceae

11.8 Violaceae 119. Violaceae 120. Violaceae

Viola canescens Wall. exRoxb. ISL:719 Viola pilosa Blume. ISL:720

Expectorant, bronchial disorders, sore throat Cough, asthma, bronchitis and chest affections, sore throat Flu, cough

05

05

01

0.005 –

–

02

0.07

27

0.16

4●, 8▲, 9▲, 10●

2:2

Cough, bronchitis, asthma Cough, bronchitis, asthma

03 03

0.5 0.21

06 14

0.03 0.08

4●, 7▲ –

1:1 –

Pneumonia fever, throat problems, bronchitis, asthma and bronchitis Cough and cold, flu, sore throat, bronchitis, chest infections Cough, asthma

05

01

05

0.02

15▲

1:0

06

1.5

04

0.02

4●, 13▲

1:1

02

0.33

06

0.03

10●, 17▲

1:1

Influenza, cough

02

0.33

06

0.03

–

–

Coughs, sore throat Chronic bronchitis, asthma, chest complains, respiratory infections Cough, asthma

02 04

01 02

02 02

0.01 0.01

8▲ 6▲

1:0 1:0

02

0.09

21

0.12

8▲, 21▲

2:0

Kachmako

Herb

DodhBhatal Asgandh

Herb Herb

Powder decoction extract Le, St, Se, Fr, Powder paste extract Wh, Ba decoction St, Le, Wh, Ro Decoction Wh, Ro, Le Extract

Plamas

Herb

St, Wh, Ro

Powder

Kanesh

Herb

Wh, Le, Fl

Decoction

Herb

Wh, Ro, Le

Paste powder

Herb

Wh, Le,Ro

Herb Herb

Fl Ro, Le, Wh

Decoction extract powder paste Decoction Infusion

Grubov

Herb

Ro

Decoction

Banafsha

Herb

Le, Fl Ro, Fr

Lung troubles, cough, colds

03

1.5

02

0.01

13▲, 20●

1:1

Banafsha

Herb

Wh, Fl, St

Extract, decoction, infusion Decoction

Sore throat, cough

02

0.15

13

0.07

7▲, 20●

1:1

Banafsha

Herb

Ro

Decoction

Bronchitis, asthma, cough, cold

04

0.5

08

0.04

14▲

1:0

Trianthema portulacastrum L. Itsit ISL:603 Trichodesma indicum (L.) R. Br. KallriBooti ISL:639 Trifolium pratense L. ISL:687 Tussilago farfara L. ISL:638 Watpan Valeriana himalayana Grub. ISL:717 Viola betonicifolia Sm. ISL:718

▲ ¼similar uses and ●¼ dissimilar uses. a b

20●

L ¼leaves, La¼ latex, Ro ¼roots, Sh ¼shoot, Se ¼seeds, St ¼ stem, Fl ¼flower, Wh ¼whole, Rh ¼rhizome, Gu¼ gum, Fro ¼ fronds, Ba¼ bark, Bu ¼ bulbs, Fr ¼fruit, and Po ¼pods. UR ¼use reports, UV ¼ use value, FC¼ frequency of citation, and RFC ¼ relative frequency of citation.



Table 2 (continued )


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

9

Fig. 2. Plant diversity.

Fig. 5. Mode of utilizations reported to treat respiratory disorders.

Fig. 6. Number of disease categories in respiratory disorders (Disease Therapy).

Fig. 3. Life forms of traditional plants against respiratory disorders.

Fig. 7. Family importance value (FIV).

problems,, 8 for tuberculosis, 4 for bronchial problems, 3 for coughing with blood, 3 for pneumonia, 2 for tonsillitis, 2 for mucous discharge, 1 for nose infection and 1 species for treating sinusitis (Fig. 6). Fig. 4. Plants parts used against respiratory disorders.

3.3. Quantitative Analysis of ethno-respiratory information people and traditional health practitioners (THPs) often use some adjuvant such as honey, sugar, milk, salt, ghee, and butter milk to increase the adequacy and medicinal efficacy of certain therapies. They customarily use specific plant parts and specific measures for the treatment of diseases and the dose given to the patient depends on physical status, age and health conditions. Before giving treatment the state of the patient was observed deeply and then they give the crude drugs. Considering disease therapy, the local people preferred medicinal plants most frequently for the treatment of cough using 72 plants, 58 for asthma, 25 for bronchitis, 22 for cold, 10 for flu 9 for whooping cough, 3 for influenza, 12 for sore throat, 11 for chest

3.3.1. Family Importance value (FIV) The most common families as depicted by its FIV were Asclepiadaceae as the dominant family with 18.5 FIV followed by Punicaceae (17.9), Cannabaceae (16.2), Acanthaceae (13.9), Cuscuctaceae (13.9), Rosaceae (12.1), Valerianaceae (12.1) and Amaranthaceae (11.6). The least values of FIV were observed for Papilionaceae (1.7341) followed by Myrtaceae (2.3), Apocynaceae, (2.9), Moraceae (2.9), Alliaceae (2.9) and Apiaceae (2.9) (Fig. 7). The medicinal plant families most commonly encountered in the study area were Asteraceae (14.2 % of use-reports) followed by Solanaceae (6%), Apiaceae (5%), Mimosaceae and Lamiaceae (4.2%).


10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66


Fig. 8. Relative frequency citations for medicinal plant species.

3.3.2. Relative Frequency citation (RFC) Relative frequency citation was calculated to ascertain the most common occurring medicinal plants used for respiratory disorders. Based on the values of RFC, number of informants who cited the species for ethno-respiratory disorders at various localities, the most consumed medicinal plant species includes Achyranthes asper (0.18), Calatropis procera (0.18), Punica granatum (0.17), Acacia nilotica (0.16), Cannabis sativa (0.16), Solanum nigrum (0.16), Amaranthus viridis (0.14), Cichorum intybus, Cuscuta reflexa and Justicia adhatoda (0.13) (Table 2, Fig. 8). These medicinal plants have been conservatively utilized for respiratory disorders besides its other ethnobotanical uses. Least values of RFC were represented by Buddleja asiatica, Camellia sinensis, Citrus grandis, Citrus reticulate, Desmodium elegans, Elaeagnus umbellate, Ficus racemosa, Ficus religiosa, Gentianopsis vyedenskyi, Hippophae rhaminodes, Inula obtusifolia, Jasminium humile, Juglans regia, Persicaria hydropiper, Pistacia atlantica, Quercus leucotrichophora, Saxifraga hirculus, Sisymbrium ersimoides and Solanum virginianum. The high values of RFC narrate the fact that these medicinal plant species were well known to maximum number of study informants. Achyranthes asper is one of the common herb used in the study area for treatment of cough and asthma, where whole plant leaves or roots are prepared as decoction, powdered, burnt into ash, extracted with alcohol or made into a paste administered accordingly to the needs of the patient. Calatropis procera (milk weed) is an important plant used in folk remedies for ailments like asthma and cough, as decoction or powdered whole plant, leaves or flowers. Punica granatum is an important ethnomedicinal plant utilized in many ailment categories. Local people in Gallies consume it in the powdered form, prepared from fruit, bark and leaves for the treatment of whooping cough. Acacia nilotica is prepared into a decoction, powder, paste or alcoholic extract, where the gum, leaves, stem, bark, seeds and flowers are exploited for ailments like cough, asthma, respiratory tract disorders and other chest complaints. Cannabis sativa is a common weedy plant but of important medicinal uses utilized by the local communities for treatment of respiratory disorders like throat infection and chest problems. The leaves, whole plant and flower are prepared into powder, extracts or paste. Solanum nigrum is utilized by the tribal communities for the treatment of flu and cough. The folk recipe comprises of leaves, stem, seeds, flower, whole plant and bark which are made into decoctions, powder, paste or extracts. Amaranthus viridis is used in the cure of ailments like cold and flu, the crude drug is made from whole plant, leave, seeds or roots molded into paste, powder or decoctions. Cichorum intybus an important medicinal herb that is used as remedy in asthma, where the whole plant is exploited for crude preparation as decoction, paste, powder or an alcoholic extract is prepared and administered as per conditions of the patient. Cuscuta reflexa is important therapeutically for bronchitis, where the whole plant is used in folk preparation forming powder, paste or an extract is prepared. Justicia adhatoda is also an important plant in the study region for its remedial effects in tuberculosis, cough, sore throat and asthma.

Fig. 9. Use values of medicinal plants used for respiratory ailments.

Decoction, powder or extracts are prepared from the whole plant, roots, flower, and leaves and stem (Table 2). 3.3.3. Use value (UV) The use value (UV) is a quantitative technique for data analysis that authenticates the relative importance of species or family for a population (Vendruscolo and Mentz, 2006). This index was anticipated to craft a connotation between each species and the uses allocated to it by analyzing the index in relation to the use groups. In this investigation, the high UVs recorded for Solanum virginianum (05), Sisymbrium erysimoides Saxifraga hirculus, Inula obusifolia and Althaea officinalis (03) entitle their extensive practice in the ethnomedicinal custom in the assessment area. The lowest UVs were attained for Cichorum intybus (0.04), Cuscuta reflexa (0.04), Achyranthes aspera (0.06), Albizia lebbeck, Cyperus rotendus, Cannabis sativa, Colchicum luteum, Datura innoxia and Solanum nigrum (0.07) (Fig. 9). High use values can be attributed to its frequent use in the treatment of various respiratory diseases with high use reports and number of informants showing that it is well accustomed by all the informants as an ethno-respiratory medicinal plant. The five medicinal plants with high UVs (Solanum virginianum, Sisymbrium erysimoides Saxifrage hirculus, Inula obusifolia and Althaea officinalis) strengthens the impression that these medicinal species are the most important plants in the treatment of respiratory ailments in Gallies regions. Among the common uses attributed to these plants are Solanum virginianum therapeutically used for cough, asthma, bronchitis and chest affections and sore throat, prepared into decoction, extract and powder using whole plant, root or fruit; Sisymbrium erysimoides is used as an expectorant, bronchial disorders and sore throat. The folk recipe comprises of whole plant and leaves, made into decoction or extracts. Saxifrage hirculus is exploited for cough, chest complaints and pulmonary disorders. Whole plant is boiled to prepare a decoction and administered according to the state of the patient. Inula obusifolia tuberculosis, chest problems and cough. Whole plant is powdered and administered orally. Althaea officinalis has remedial efficacy in asthma, bronchitis and pneumonia. The traditional crude drug is in the form of extract prepared from leaves, roots, seeds and flowers. Most of the crude drugs are prepared from single plant species but combinations of multiple species are also prevailing in the region. The dose ranges from two table spoons thrice a day to one cup thrice a day but mainly depends on the age, gender, severity of disease and local customs. 3.4. Comparative analysis of ethno-respiratory information The present study was also compared to explore ethnomedicinal plants used to cure respiratory ailments, within Pakistan and the neighboring countries across the region. A total of 21



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Q6 61 62 63 64 65 66

published research articles were taken into consideration for the purpose. The study reveals that most of the plants used in Pakistan to cure respiratory diseases are at par with the use report from other countries. This analysis exhibits novel information based on the plant part used, mode of preparation of crude drugs, its administration and type of respiratory disorder treated. Medicinal plants used to treat respiratory disease in the present study are often used for similar purposes globally. Sargin et al. (2013) reported 137 species from Manisa, Turkey. They have quoted three plant species with the same uses viz. Allium sativum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Hyoscyamus niger and 5 species with different use viz. Artemisia absinthium, Celtis australis, Coriandrum sativum, Juglans regia and Punica granatum with 3.64% of new uses reported in present study. Khan et al. (2013) studied 101 plants from Western Himalaya, Pakistan with 06 plants have similar uses as in present study viz. Adiantum venustum, Bistorta amplexicaulis, Ephedra gerardiana, Hyoscyamus niger, Plantago lanceolata and Salvia lanata. They have also reported 08 plants species with different uses. They were Achillea millefolium, Aconitum heterophyllum,Aconitum violaceum, Actaea spicata, Artemisia absinthium, Colchicum luteum, Juglans regia and Salvia moorcroftiana with 7.92% of new uses reports in present study. Reddy et al. (2006) reported 86 plant species from Andhra Pradesh, India. Out of these 7 species viz. Achyranthes aspera, Calotropis procera, Datura metal Euphorbia hirta, Justicia adhatoda, Azadirachta indica, Butea monsperma and Allium sativum have the same uses. Lone and Bhardwaj (2013) reported 25 plants and only one species tally with our results viz. Allium sativum whereas 4 species with different uses from our findings. These include Actaea spicata, Plantago lanceolata, Solanum nigrum, and Sonchus arvensis. Singh et al. (2012) reported 66 plants from Terai forest of western Nepal which includes 06 species with similar uses as in present study viz. Acorus calamus, Achyranthes aspera, Calotropis procera, Datura metal, Justicia adhatoda and Phyllanthus emblica. They also reported 08 of species with different study viz. Asparagus racemosus, Azadirachta indica, Coriandrum sativum, Cuscuta reflexa, Cyperus rotundus, Eclipta prostrata, Euphorbia hirta, and Ficus benghalensis with 12.12% of new uses reports in present study. Savikin et al. (2013) reported 69 plant species from South-Western Serbia, Zlatibor, 03 species with similar uses as in present study viz. Achillea millefolium, Plantago lanceolata and Tussilago farfara. They also reported 06 of species with different study viz. Acorus calamus, Allium sativum, Ficus carica, Juglans regia, Punica granatum and Thymus serpyllum with 8.69% of new uses reported in present study. Rahul (2013) reported 57 plants from Utter Pradesh India. They have quoted 7 plant species with the same uses viz. Achyranthus aspera, Azadiracha indica, Calotropis procera, Datura stramonium, Euphorbia hirta, Ficus religiosa and Solanum nigrum and 5 species with different uses viz. Acacia nilotica, Albizia lebbek, Butea monosperma Cannabis sativa and Ficus bengalensis with 8.77% of new uses reported in present study. Lee et al. (2008) reported 216 plants from Yunnan Province, South West China. They have quoted 2 plant species with the same uses viz. Phylanthus emblica and 8 species with different use viz. Alstonia scholaris, Carthamus tinctorius, Eclipta prostrata, Buddleja asiatica, Solanum nigrum and Trianthema portalacastrum with 3.7% of new uses reported in the present study. Bradacs et al. (2011) reported 29 plants from Northern Australia. They have quoted 1 plant species with the same uses viz. Achyranthus aspera and 1 species with different uses viz. Ageratum conyzoides with 3.44% of new uses reported in present study. Ayyanara and Ignacimuthub (2011) reported 90 plants from Western Chats, India. They have quoted 3 plant species with the same uses viz. Allium sativum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Hyoscyamus niger and 9 species with different uses viz. Artemisia absinthium, Celtis australis, Coriandrum sativum, Juglans regia and Punica granatum with 10% of new uses reported in the

11

present study. Khan and Khatoon (2008) reported 98 plants from Western Chats, India. They have quoted 14 plant species with the same uses viz. Descuraini sophia, Cannabis sativa, Carthamus tinctorius and Inula obtusifolia and 5 species with different use viz. Artemisia absinithum, Artemisia brevifolia, Plantago lanceolata and Datura stramonium with 5.10% of new uses reported in present study. Rashid (2013) reported 31 plants from Rajouri of Jammu and Kashmir state they have quoted 6 plant species with the same uses viz. Euphorbia hirta, Ficus palmata, Justacia adhatoda, Pisticia integrrima, Sinapis arvonsis and Viola canesce and 1 species with different use viz. Acorus calamus with 3.22% of new uses reported in present study. Ahmad et al. (2013) described 100 plants ethnobotanically from Madyan valley swat, Pakistan. 12 plants with similar uses and 12 with different uses with 12% of new uses reported in present study. Species with similar uses include Acorus calamus, Ajuga brateosa, Ammi visnaga, Amaranthus viridis, Artemisia scoparia, Calotropis procera, Cichorium intybus, Hyoscyamus niger, Punica granatum, Rheum australe and Thymus serphyllum. While plants with dissimilar uses include Achillea millefolium, Acacia modesta, Acacia nilotica, Achyranthes aspera, Aconitum violaceum, Adiantum venustum, Cannabis sativa, Coriandrum sativum, Cuminum cyminum, Cuscuta reflexa, Datura innoxia, Elaeagnus angustifolia and Rumex dentatus. Ummara et al. (2013) conducted pharmacological studies on 50 plants from Shogran Valley Flora, Pakistan. 4 plants with similar uses and 2 with different uses with 4% species of new uses reported in present study. Plants with similar uses include Abies pindrow, Plantago lanceolata, Rumex dentatus and Viola biflora. While plants with dissimilar uses include Achillea millefolium and Fragaria indica. Rokaya et al. (2010) reported 161 plants from Humla district of Western Nepal which were used ethnomedicinally for various ailments including 9 plants with similar uses and 6 with different uses with 3.72% of new uses reported in present study. Plants with similar uses included Aconitum heterophyllum, Amaranthus caudatus, Artemisia indica, Acorus calamus,Carum carvi, Coriandrum sativum, Punica granatum, Rheum australe and Swertia angustifolia. Plants with different uses included Allium carolinianum, Cannabis sativa, Cuscuta reflexa, Desmodium confertum, Datura metal and Datura stramonium. Shrestha and Dhillion (2003) studies 58 plants from Highlands of Dolakha district, Nepal two species with similar uses and 2 with different uses with 3.44% species of new uses reported in present study. Plants with similar uses include Acorus calamus and Jasminum humile and plants with different uses included Cannabis sativa and Glycyrrhiza glabra. Ayyanara and Ignacimuthub (2011) worked ethnobotanically on 90 medicinal plants from Kanitribes in Tirunelveli hills of Western Ghats, India only one species with similar uses and 6 species with different uses having 6.66% species of new uses reported in present study. Muthu et al. (2006) reported 85 species from Kancheepuram District of Tamil Nadu, India and described 4 plants with similar uses while 8 with different uses with 9.41% species of new uses reported in present study. Plants with similar uses included Justicia adhatoda, Trianthema portulacastrum, Acorus calamus and Citrus aurantifolia. Plants with different uses included Achyranthes aspera, Eclipta prostrata, Cyperus rotundus, Euphorbia hirta, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus racemosa, Ficus religiosa and Datura metal. Tabuti et al. (2010) studied ethnobotanically 88 plants growing in Tuberculosis and related ailments in Uganda. They reported only 2 plants with similar uses and no plant included in their study with dissimilar uses with 0 % species of new uses reported in present study. Plants with similar uses included Allium sativum and Cyperus rotundus.



12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Q7 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 Q8 64 65 66

Table 3 Similarity and differences between study area and neighboring regions. S. No

Reference

Area

No of species reported

1. 2. 3. 4.

Sargin et al. (2013) Khan et al. (2013) Reddy et al. (2006) Lone and Bhardwaj (2013) Singh et al. (2012) Savikin et al. (2013)

Manisa, Turkey Western Himalaya, Pakistan Andhra Pradesh, India Jammu and Kashmir, India

137 101 86 25

3 6 7 1

5 8 0 4

3.64 7.92 0 16

66 69

6 3

8 6

12.12 8.69

57 216 29 90

7 2 1 1

5 8 1 6

8.77 3.7 3.44 6.66

98

14

5

5.10

Rajouri of Jammu and Kashmir 31 Madyan valley swat, Pakistan 100 Shogran Valley Flora, Pakistan 50 Humla district of western Nepal 161 Highlands of Dolakha district, 58 Nepal Kancheepuram District of Tamil 85 Nadu, India Tuberculosis and related ailments 88 in Uganda Kaghan valley, Pakistan 27 Siran Valley, Pakistan 142 Surguja District, India 14

6 12 4 8 2

1 12 2 6 2

3.22 12 4 3.72 3.44

4

8

9.41

2

0

0

0 0 2

5 25 0

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

17.

Rahul (2013) Lee et al. (2008) Bradacs et al. (2011) Ayyanara and Ignacimuthub (2011) Khan and Khatoon (2008) Rashid (2013) Ahmad et al. (2013) Ummara et al. (2013) Rokaya et al. (2010) Shrestha and Dhillion (2003) Muthu et al. (2006)

18.

Tabuti et al. (2010)

19. 20. 21.

Jan et al. (2008) Ahmad et al. (2009) Shrivastava and Kanungo, 2013

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Terai forest of western Nepal South-Western Serbia, Zlatibor district Utter Pradesh India Yunnan Province, SW China Northern Australia Kanitribals in Tirunelveli hills of Western Ghats, India Gilgit Northern Areas of Pakistan

Species with similar uses as in present study

Average mean percentage of new uses recorded

Jan et al. (2008) reported 27 plants used ethnobotanically from Kaghan valley, Pakistan. They mentioned no plant with similar uses and 5 plants with dissimilar uses having 18.51% species of new uses reported in the present study. Ahmad et al. (2009) described 142 plants ethnomedicinally from Siran Valley, Pakistan with no single plants with the same use value and 25 plants with different uses with 17.6% species of new uses reported in present study. Muthu et al. (2006) described 85 plants ethnomedicinally from Kancheepuram district, India including 3 plants with similar uses and 8 plants with different uses. There was 9.41% species of new uses reported in present study. Shrivastava and Kanungo, 2013 reported 14 plants from Surguja District, India 2 with similar use and no plant with different uses. There was 0 % species of new uses reported in present study. Reddy et al. (2006) reported 72 genera and 41 families used as a remedy for respiratory disorders by the rural people and forest ethnic people of Eastern Ghats of ndhra Pradesh, India. They reported 32 plants used for the treatment of asthma, 7 against bronchitis, 14 against cold and cough, 20 against cough and 13 against whooping cough. Some species mentioned by them are also included in our study viz. Datura metal, Euphorbia hirta, Butea monosperma, and Justicia adhatoda almost with the same uses. Tabuti et al. (2010) documented 88 plant species used to treat tuberculosis and related ailments in Uganda. Some plants mentioned by them are also mentioned in present investigation including Eucalyptus spp., Azadirachta indica. Table 3 similarity and differences between study area and neighboring regions. Shrivastava and Kanungo, 2013 reported 14 plant species which were found to be used for the treatment of respiratory diseases used by Uraon tribe Surguja district India. Nunkoo and Mahomoodally, 2012 reported 39 plant species belonging to 24 families and 9 animal species traditionally used in the formulation of herbal remedies and animal products, respectively and commonly used against infectious diseases in the tropical island of

Species with different uses

Percentage of new uses reported in present study

18.51 17.6 0 7.0448

Mauritius. Some plants reported by them and mentioned in our study include Cuscuta reflexa, Swertia petiolata Thymus, Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus, Psidium guajava and Camellia sinensis. Based on this comparative analysis, average mean percentage of new uses recorded in 21 selected research articles mentioned above was (7.0448) Table 3. 3.5. Novelty and future impact of the study It is the first study of its kind in the area and the region as a whole to the best of our knowledge. The current study provides information on the effective usage of medicinal plants for respiratory disorders. This ethno-respiratory information is in relevance upto some extent with some other ethnobotanical studies within the region and globally, but instead this study documented a total of 120 medicinal plants which were specifically used for respiratory disorders. The data revealed that part of plant used, mode of preparation of crude drug by the local people and its administration considerably differs within the region and globally, thus providing fresh ethnomedicinal knowledge.

4. Conclusion This survey reported that the indigenous medicines are still in common practice among the local communities and precise knowledge of the medicinal plants and their medicinal possessions were held by only a few persons in the local communities. Hence a need for thorough exploration of ethnomedicinal knowledge held by each local community is needed before such valued knowledge disappears. Thus, our work would be valuable in averting the loss of ethnomedicinal traditions of Gallies Abbottabad. The new claims which are documented from the investigation area presented that still much can be learned from exploring medicinal



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herbs available amply in the region. The medicinal plants with highest use values in the current study may signpost the probable existence of valuable phytochemical compounds and it requires a search for prospective new drugs to cure many respiratory disorders. The effectiveness and safety of all the stated ethnomedicinal plants needs to be assessed for phytochemical and pharmacological studies especially the plants with high use value and high Relative frequency of citation should be given urgency to carry out bioassay and toxicity studies and these plants can also be further investigated for the related pharmacological studies. This survey signifies a useful and long-lasting compilation, which can subsidize to preserve knowledge on the use of medicinal plants in this region and also encourage the interest of future generations on traditional healing practices. It may also supplement the socio-economic conditions of the people while taking into account the conservation status of this valuable natural resource.

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Ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants in the highlands of Soan Valley, Salt Range, Pakistan.

The endemic medicinal plants of Northern Balochistan, Pakistan and their uses in traditional medicine.

Ethno veterinary uses of medicinal plants of district Karak, Pakistan.

Medicinal plants used by inhabitants of the Shigar Valley, Baltistan region of Karakorum range-Pakistan.

Traditional uses of medicinal plants in gastrointestinal disorders in Nepal.

Traditional effects of medicinal plants in the treatment of respiratory diseases and disorders: an ethnobotanical study in the Urmia.

An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in high mountainous region of Chail valley (District Swat- Pakistan).

An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous medicinal plants in Hafizabad district, Punjab-Pakistan.

Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used against human ailments in Gubalafto District, Northern Ethiopia.

The Status of Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Medicinal Plants and the Impacts of Resettlement in Delanta, Northwestern Wello, Northern Ethiopia.

Ethnobotanical survey of usage of fresh medicinal plants in Singapore.

An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Trinidad.

Traditional uses of medicinal plants to prevent and treat diabetes; an updated review of ethnobotanical studies in Iran.

Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants among Dozo hunters: an ethnobotanical survey in Niamberla village, Burkina Faso.

Ethnobotany of medicinal plants among the communities of Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan.

Medicinal Plants from the Ouaddaï Province (Chad): An Ethnobotanical Survey of Plants Used in Traditional Medicine.

Ethnomedicinal uses of plants in the treatment of paediatric geohelminth infections in Kalat district of Northern Balochistan, Pakistan.

An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants administered for the treatment of hypertension.

Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the management of skin disorders among the Xhosa communities of the Amathole District, Eastern Cape, South Africa.

Medicinal plants of the family Caryophyllaceae: a review of ethno-medicinal uses and pharmacological properties.

Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Elazığ (Turkey).

Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Sudhanoti district (AJK), Pakistan.

Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used for pregnant women׳s health conditions in Menoua division-West Cameroon.

An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the East Sepik province of Papua New Guinea.