Journal of Ethnopharmacology 171 (2015) 273–279
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Ethno veterinary uses of medicinal plants of district Karak, Pakistan Noor Saeed Khattak a, Faisal Nouroz a,c,n, Inayat Ur Rahman a, Shumaila Noreen b a b c
Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan Department of Bioinformatics, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 20 February 2015 Received in revised form 26 May 2015 Accepted 29 May 2015 Available online 6 June 2015
Ethnopharmacological relevance: In the study area, the traditional knowledge regarding the uses of local wild medicinal plants for treating diseases of domestic animals and birds is totally in the custody of elders of the existing community. The young ones are not much aware about such important practices. Aim of the study: The main aim of the study was to document and to release this knowledge from the custody of elders and share with the community. Materials and methods: Total 115 people between 20 and 80 years of age were interviewed and information was collected through semi-structured questionnaires. The data obtained were quantitatively analyzed using the use value (UV) formula. The collected specimens were pressed, dried, preserved, mounted on Herbarium sheets, identified properly and were submitted in the Herbarium, Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan. Results: With the co-ordination and cooperation of the local people, 46 plant species of 42 genera belonging to 31 families were collected, 3 were monocotyledons while 43 plant species belonged to dicotyledonae class. Considering taxonomic characteristics, it was confirmed that 12 trees, 10 shrubs and 22 herbs were commonly used by the local people in ethno veterinary practices. Two plants like Cistanche tubulosa and Cuscuta reflexa from family Orobanchaceae and family Cuscutaceae respectively lack chlorophyll and are parasites on host plants like Doedonia, Ziziphus, Calligonum and Calotropis. The powder of both plants showed great ethno veterinary value. The parts of 46 plant species commonly used for ethno veterinary practices were whole plants (32.60%), leaves (26.08%), fruits (17.39%), stems (13.04%) and roots (10.86%). Medicinal plants were administered through various routes i.e. oral (78.26%), skin (17.21%) and smoke (4.34%). Conclusion: The traditional knowledge of local plants of ethno veterinary values is mainly possessed by elders and transmitted from generation to generation with chances of elimination of such traditional knowledge due to less awareness. The present study was designed to document this ethno veterinary related knowledge and to share it with community members for use in future. & 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Medicinal plants Ethno veterinary Livestock Domestic birds Karak
1. Introduction 1.1. Ethno veterinary medicinal plants The local plants used for the treatment of conventional diseases of livestock and domestic birds are generally called ethno veterinary medicinal plants. The branch of biological science dealing with medicinal plants and their uses in traditional practices is termed as ethno veterinary botany, while ethno veterinary medicine (EVM) is the sub field of ethno veterinary botany. EVM deals with all the traditional techniques applied by humans not only to control the common diseases of livestock but also to improve the breeding
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Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Nouroz).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.048 0378-8741/& 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
practices in them (McCorkle, 1986). Another appropriate definition was laid down by McCorkle (1995). According to him; EVM is the conventional knowledge and its allied skills used for the health care of animals and to increase their products for the human welfare. The knowledge about EVM is commencing from generation to generation in a descendent order like unbroken series of chain up to the first ancestor. The modern civilization favors the modern technologies and modern discoveries of treatment, so old tradition is reducing day by day. Due to these reasons, most of the organizations and researchers are trying to conserve this fragile knowledge in written form (McCorkle et al., 1997). Due to easy availability and low cost of EVM plants, the livestock owners of the remote areas use them as a first aid for their animals (Jabbar et al., 2006). It is generally observed that most of the cattle have displayed several stomach complaints, which are solved by majority of the livestock keepers by using the dose prepared from local plants such
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as the diluted juice extracted from the leaves of Calotropis procera bring relief in stomach flatulence of cattle (Abbasi et al., 2013). The indigenous plants, the domestic animals and the human community have interdependency. Their presence for each other is the guarantee for their survival. It is admissible fact that the livestock provide a wide range of dairy products, so their protection from diseases is the major responsibility of the human being. The people of remote and rural areas of Pakistan have no access or affordability for English drugs due to their high costs. As a result, they carry on the treatment of their domestic animals and birds with the local herbal remedies. Presently the knowledge about usage of ethno veterinary medicinal plants is in the guardianship of elders of the villages. Their documentation is necessary to transfer this traditional ethno veterinary knowledge to other community members. The main aim of the present study was to preserve the knowledge of elders by sharing with community members of District Karak in written form.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Study area Karak is the highly educated District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province in Pakistan. It is located at 3317'12 N and 7115'41E. The head quarter of Karak is located on Indus Highway just 123 km away from the capital of KP at the south of Peshawar. The District Bannu is located on south-west, Lakki District on south and Kohat District on north (Fig. 1). Total area of District Karak is 3372 km2, while the total population according to the 2011 census is 734,765 (Wikipedia.org/
wiki/karak). Total area of the District is 3372 km2 and average annual temperature and rain fall are 30 1C and 330 mm respectively (Table 1). The low rain fall due to the geographical position and the restricted varieties of habitats caused poor vegetation in the reported area. It is semi-arid, which support mainly xerophytes and mesophytes. Acacia, Dalbergia, Ziziphus, Rhazyia stricta, Calotropis and Deodonia represent the dominant flora of the research area, while fauna includes buffaloes, cows, dogs, cats, goats, camels, sheeps, horses, donkeys and poultry. 2.2. Data collection and questionnaires formulation Total 50 visits to hilly and 50 visits to plain areas were made for the collection of plants and information with ethno veterinary values was initiated from February to October, 2014. The main target sites were the rural and remote villages of the District Karak. All these plants were collected after their recognition from old villagers. Different people of different age were interviewed through questionnaires but the authentic informations of experienced elders (male and females) were recorded, which were later on confirmed by the authentic literature or studies (publications) conducted in other areas Table 1 Age and gender distribution of ethnic informants. Informant
Age
No. of informants
Percentage (%)
Young Women Men
18–25 60–70 70–80
20 35 60
17 31 52
Fig. 1. Map of the study area District Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
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of country or other countries. Questionnaire method was followed for getting of information regarding the traditional practices used for the treatment of domestic animals. All the information like local names, flowering period, part used, field number, field data and other relevant information like mechanism of preparation of recipe, way of using dose for a specific disease etc were recorded in field note book. After, drying, pressing and poisoning, the collected plants were identified with the help of available literature such as Flora of Pakistan (Nasir and Ali, 1970–2001). Finally these plants were mounted on the herbarium sheets, labeled and were submitted in the Herbarium, Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan. 2.3. Statistical analysis Informant's data was recorded in field note book including parameters such as plant habit, local name, flowering period and medicinal uses and the data was systemically arranged in excel spread sheet for tabulation. 2.4. Data analysis Data collected through informant interviews were analyzed using the quantitative index: use value (UV). The relative importance of a plant (UVi) for indigenous use by the indigenous inhabitants was calculated by using the use value formula (Phillips and Gentry, 1993). Use value for plant species “i” is UVi ¼ Σ U i =ni where “Ui” is the number of use-reports cited by each informant for the specific species “i” and “ni” is used for the total number of informants interviewed for specific plant species “i”. Use value ranges from 0 to 1. Use values are high when there are many use reports for a plant, which implies that the plant is important. When few use reports were found than the use values drops to zero. However, UV does not distinguish whether a plant is used for one or more purposes. 2.5. Photography Photographs of those plants were taken which were traditionally used for the health care of livestock in the study area. In some cases the background of habitat was also taken to observe the other plants grown in combination with EVM plant. Pictures of the plants were taken along with inflorescence, flowers and fruits for their proper identification (Fig. 2). 2.6. Market value There is no big market for such plants in District Karak. The hakims and the shopkeepers buy these plants in very low prices. The hakims use these plants in making of ethno veterinary medicines and support their earning in a better way.
3. Results A total of 115 informants were interviewed, of which 60 were male aged 70–80 years, while 35 were female of age 60–70 and 20 were young with 18–25 years (Table 1). The local Hakim and the veterinary doctors were interviewed to seek wide range of information about the plants used for ethno veterinary purposes. The present study reported 46 plants belonging to 31 families commonly used to cure various diseases of domestic animals and birds by the local human community. Only those plants were collected, for which the interviewers have solid and valid
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information regarding their effectiveness in ethno veterinary practices. The majority of the cited species belong to the families Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceaee, Mimosaceae, Papilionaceae, Solanaceae, Poaceae and Zygophyllaceae (3 species), Boraginaceae (2 species) while all the remaining 23 families were represented by single species (Table 2). Considering taxonomic characteristics, it was noted that 47.82% of the species were herbs, 26.08% were trees, 21.71% were shrubs and 4.34% were parasitic plants (Fig. 3). The medicinal plant species with greater use values were Olea ferruginea Royle having (UVi ¼ 0.81), Melia azedarach L. and Withania somnifera L. (UVi ¼0.78), Tamarix aphylla L. and Withania coagulans Stocks. (UVi ¼ 0.76), Dodonaea viscosa L. (UVi ¼0.72) and Periploca aphylla Decne. (UVi ¼ 0.71). While minimum use values of collected medicinal plants were Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. and Acacia lebbeck (L.) Willd. (UVi ¼ 0.13). Table 2 describes all the plants listed with their respective indications, route of administration and parts used to prepare the ethno veterinary medicines. The plants reported by the interviewees were indicated for all domestic animals of the study area, but there was a predominance of indications for dogs and birds treatment. The parts of 46 plant species most commonly used to prepare ethno veterinary medicines were the whole plants (32.60%), leaves (26.08%), fruits (17.39%), stem (13.04%) and roots (10.86%) (Fig. 4). These medicinal plant parts were administered through various routes such as oral (78.26%), skin (17.21%) and smoke (4.34%) (Fig. 5). The 46 medicinal plants were indicated for the medication of some major ethno veterinary diseases, of which 30.43% medicinal plant species were used to cure the stomach problems, 26.08% for skin diseases, 10.86% for lactation and tonic purpose, 8.69% respiratory diseases, 4.34% urinary disorders whereas for sexual problems, sterility, bone fracture and for expelling of placenta, 2.17% of medicinal plant species were used (Fig. 6).
4. Discussion The present study reported 46 EVM plants belonging to 31 families to cure various diseases of domestic animals and birds by the local community. Plants used traditionally for treating animal diseases are abundantly growing in the study area. They are not so much exploited by over grazing or by the other activities of the inhabitants, but the future threats are always present. The local people are not properly aware to protect and conserve these EVM plants. They are disturbing the natural habitats of these plants slowly and gradually as opinioned by Giday et al. (2003) that natural drought creates changes in the natural habitats of these plants which may cause loss or extinction of such medicinally important plants. In this regard, the only solution of this intending problem is ex-situ conservation. Such types of programs launched by the Government or NGOs, with the coordination of local community can save these medicinal plants from extinction. The basic aim of the present study was to highlight the District Karak, which is rich in ethno veterinary medicinal plants and the traditional practices for the health care of livestock and birds. The present report is about the traditional knowledge of local people about EVM plants. So similarities and dissimilarities of the opinion regarding the ethno veterinary practices of these plants are possible. For example, the villagers of Poonch Valley, Azad Kashmir use the bark of Acacia modesta to make easy delivery in cows (Khan et al., 2012). In contrast, there is no concept regarding this treatment in the study area. The juice from Acacia arabica bark is used to make the hard face of fighting birds in District Karak. A large number (209) of plant species having ethno veterinary medicinal value for cattles have been recognized by the people of Karamoja, Northern Uganda (Grade et al., 2009). Our investigations are strengthened by similar reports from D.I. Khan District,
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Fig. 2. Collected medicinal plants from District Karak, Pakistan. (A) Acacia arabica, (B) Acacia modesta, (C) Albizia lebbeck, (D) Cassia angustifolia, (E) Euphorbia prostrate, (F) Echinops echinatus, (G) Tecomella undulate, (H) Capparis decidua, (I) Cardia myxa, (J) Silene velosa, (K) Periploca aphylla, (L) Convolvulus arvensis, (M) Vitex negundo, (N) Tamarix aphylla, (O) Salvia moorcroftiana and (P) Calligonum polligonides.
Pakistan, where such several plants are in ethno veterinary practices (Marwat, 2008). As the traditional knowledge is totally based on morphological observations and no scientific logics are available, so confusion is always running parallel to it. That is why different people use different parts of the same plant for the same or different diseases. The flowers of C. procera are used to remove worms from the stomach of cattle but according to Abbasi et al. (2013), the diluted juice of crushed leaves of the same plant is administered to cattle to relieve stomach flatulence. Dalbergia sisoo is used as a cooling agent in camels. Similar report was also given by Lakshminarayana and Narasimha (2013) from India. The decoction of fruits of M. azedarach is used for lice repelling and for
removal of stomach worms. In India, leaves are used to remove internal parasites of the cattle (Galav et al., 2013). Launea species are used as a general tonic for domesticated birds but no sound information has been reported from any other areas of the country. This revealed that the traditional knowledge is scattered and not evenly distributed. Generally the tradition of using EVM is restricted only to villages or remote areas. It is therefore important to spread this local knowledge to the whole human community by documentation of the information's through publications. No doubt the villagers of District Karak have huge knowledge about the uses of local plants for animal diseases, but they are unaware about the importance of such knowledge. So
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Table 2 Results obtained during the survey of the study area are listed below. Botanical name
Family name
Local name
Habit Used value (UVi)
Part used
Ethno veterinary uses
Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. Acacia modesta Wall.
Mimosaceae
Kikar
T
0.16
Fr & B
Mimosaceae
Palosa or wanna Sreen
T
0.19
Fr & B
The juice of fruit is used for dysentery, crushed leaves for mouth ulcers and generally used as astringents Fruits are used for lactation, sex tonic and for joint problems etc
T
0.13
B, L & Fr
Xanthorrhoeaceae Zargia Papilionaceae Ozhai
H H
0.58 0.16
L Wp
Nyctaginaceae
Pandrawash
H
0.62
Wp
Calotropis procera Forsk. Asclepiadaceae
Spailmakha
S
0.88
Fl, S & L
Capparis decidua Capparaceae (Forssk.) Edgew. Calligonum polygonoides Polygonaceae L. Cassia angustifolia Vahl Caesalpiniaceae
Keera
T
0.24
S
The decoction of the whole plant meets urine complaint usually in camel. Powder of the flower is worm expeller; the young shoot helps in ruminating, which is stopped due to some causes Used for healing of bone. The coal of wood is used as astringents
Balanza
S
0.43
Wp
The ash is used as pain killer and astringents
Jangli sreen
H
0.14
Wp & Sd
Cucurbitaceae
Maragheeran H
0.21
Fr & Sd
The decoction and seeds are helpful in stomach complaints, also used as vermicides Seeds are carminative and can remove gastro complaints
Orobanchaceae
Herbeeta
H
0.17
Wp
The plant powder is helpful in relieving of cough in cattle and cows
Boraginaceae Convolvulaceae
Lasora Prewattay
T H
0.25 0.56
L & Fr Wp
Cusutaceae
Chanbal
Pp
0.29
Wp
Poaceae
H
0.16
Wp
H
0.44
Wp
Fruit are used for irritation and leaves for lactation in goats Powder of root cause healing of wound, dissolves hematoma produced due to bone fracture Powder is used as astringent and diaphoretic for lamb and calf, also used as anti fertility agent The paste of crushed leaves is used for blood stoppage, dry the wound and also control dysentery in livestock Used as sex tonic for bull, solve urine complaint, remove debris after birth in cows
Acacia lebbeck (L.) Willd. Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Astragallus bakaliensis Bunge. Boerhavia diffusa L.
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Hook.f. Cordia myxa L. Convolvulus arvensis Linn. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.
Mimosaceae
Juice of bark is used for lice repelling, the latex removes eye complaints in birds The viscous juice is used to burst open the hypodermal blister in camel Tonic is used for domestic birds, increase lactation in cattle
Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jone) Schultes. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.
Poaceae
Kabal or Barawa Sargorrah
Papilionaceae
Shawa
T
0.28
L&S
Datura metel L.
Solanaceae
Berbaka
S
0.66
L & Fr
Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Echinops echinatus Roxb. Euphorbia dracunculoides L. Euphorbia prostrata Aiton Fagonia arabica L.
Sapindaceae
Zairavannay
S
0.72
S&L
Asteraceae
Kattasora
H
0.26
Euphorbiaceae
Morabbaye
H
0.58
Whole plant except roots Wp
Used for lactation in goat
Euphorbiaceae
Vangai
Pp
0.42
Wp
Decoction remove the problems of urinary tract in male goat
Zygophyllaceae
Sapileghazai
H
0.58
Wp
Launaea fragilis Assoau Launaea Procumbens L. Medicago laciniota Linn. Melia azedarach L.
Asteraceae Asteraceae Zygophyllaceae Meliaceae
Piamora Tareeza Spaishtarrah Bakanra
H H H T
0.31 0.23 0.58 0.78
L L Wp F
Olea ferruginea Royle Peganum harmala Linn. Periploca aphylla Decne. Plantago depressa Willd. Rhazyia stricta Decne. Ricinus communis L. Salvadora oleoides Decne. Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. Silene villosa Forssk. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. Tecomella undulata D. Don. Trigonella monantha C. A. Meyer. Viola stocksii Boiss.
Oleaceae Zygophyllaceae Periploaceae Plantaginaceae Apocynaceae Euphorbiaceaee Salvadoraceae
Shween Sponda Bararrah Aspaghole Ghandeeraye Arind Plainah,pelu
T H S H S S T
0.81 0.32 0.71 0.61 0.19 0.58 0.48
L Sd & Wp S Sd S Sd R
The decoction is used as cooling agent for stomach of horse, donkey. Also used as a vermicides Used as a tonic for birds Used as a tonic for birds Increase lactation in cattle Roasted fruits are used as anti metrics, stop irritation in the respiratory tract of dogs Nervine tonic for goats Smock for killing of pathogen, healing of wound and reduce pain The decoction is used for birds flu and also for cough in goats Used as laxative Smock is applied as anti allergic and astringents The powder of the seed coat is used for sterility in horse and donkey The filtered juice of root help in expelling of placenta in cows
Lamiaceae
H
0.36
Pp
Caryophyllaceae Poaceae
Zarshal, Papra Ghairanaye Deedam
H T
0.58 0.45
Wp Pp
Leaves are highly toxic for cattle. Poultice of the leaves are used for external skin itching Make the muscle stout and prolong lactation in cattle Root decoction used on cattle teats to cure mastitis
Tamaricaceae
Ghaz
H
0.76
L
The smock is pain killer for open wounds, also helpful in bird flu
Bignoniaceae
Ravdeen
T
0.26
R, S & B
Papilionaceae
Spaishtarrah
H
0.17
Wp
Used for burst opening of hypodermal blisters and also for urinary complaints Activate and increase lactation
Violaceae
Mukhan Boota
S
0.28
Wp
Heavy and loamy dose stop dysentery
Green leaves act as cooling agent in summer for camel. Decoction stops diarrhea The juice is vermicide in nature; roasted fruits are used for cold and coughs in cows Sex tonic for goat, start heat cycle in them Used as a tonic for camels
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Table 2 (continued ) Botanical name
Family name
Local name
Habit Used value (UVi)
Part used
Ethno veterinary uses
Vitex negundo L. Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Ziziphus jujuba Mill.
Verbenaceae Solanaceae
Marmandai Shopyangha
S S
0.42 0.76
Wp Fr
The juice of leaves is used for flatulence Fruits are carminative and removes gas trouble
Solanaceae
Koteelala
S
0.78
Wp
Powder of roots stop diarrhea
Rhamnaceae
Baira
T
0.51
L & Fr
The green leave in winter increase lactation in goat. The decoction of leaves stops dysentery, the fruit is laxative
Abbreviations of plant habit: H—Herb, S—Shrub, T—Tree, Pp—Parasitic plant. Abbreviations of plant parts: L—Leaves, R—Root, Wp—Whole Plant, Fl—Flower, Fr—Fruit, Sd— Seeds, S—Stem, B—Bark, Pp—Parasitic plant.
Fig. 6. Plants used for various diseases of livestock. Fig. 3. Life form of plants used for ethno veterinary practices.
Fig. 4. Plants parts used in traditional treatment.
have started enthusiastic efforts to document the traditional knowledge of old villagers, shepherd and farmers in the form of published literature (Farooq et al., 2008), it is obligatory to legalized and document the EVM knowledge before it become diminish (Basu, 2002). The use of whole plant, leaves, fruit and roots were the most commonly reported plant parts used. These results are in comparison to those found by Monteiro et al. (2011) in a survey conducted in eastern Amazon. Hundreds of interviews were conducted but only those were used for the documentation which were mostly accurate and showed authenticity with the published literature because all the informants did not reported standard doses or their exact mode or route of administrations. Such findings were also observed in other ethno veterinary surveys (Hussain et al., 2008; Giday et al., 2009; Monteiro et al., 2011). The lack of precision is common in ethno veterinary medicine (McCorkle, 1986; Mathias, 2001) and is the main reason for skepticism by veterinarians using allopathic veterinary medicine (Farooq et al., 2008).
5. Conclusion
Fig. 5. Routes through which plants are administered.
programs or project should be launched to produce awareness in them about the value of traditional knowledge and to share and document it for the future use. As many researchers from Pakistan
Present study documented the traditional use of 46 plant species of 42 genera belonging to 31 families of medicinal plants by indigenous people. The most frequently used plants of the study area in the animal health care practices were O. ferruginea Royle, M. azedarach L. T. aphylla L. and W. coagulans Stocks. W. somnifera L. D. viscosa L. and P. aphylla Decne. Their improper collection and usage, disturbance of their habitat and overgrazing have created noteable problems of extinction of some species like Calligonum poligonoides, Cassia angustifolia, O. ferruginea and T. aphylla from the flora of this District. The traditional knowledge of local plants of ethno veterinary values is mainly possessed by elder family members and transmitted from generation to generation. The chance of elimination of such traditional knowledge from the human community is always present due to depletion of natural
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resources and modernization of the society. The main focus of the study was to document and to release this knowledge from the custody of old members of the family and share with community.
Acknowledgments We are thankful to all the local people, hakims and veterinary doctors for sharing their ethno veterinary related traditional knowledge with us. We are also thankful to Dr. Lal Badshah, Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Pakistan for plants identification and Dr. Shumaila Noreen, Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan for her help in animals/birds nomenclature and various disease identifications.
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Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep
Ethno veterinary uses of medicinal plants of district Karak, Pakistan Noor Saeed Khattak a, Faisal Nouroz a,c,n, Inayat Ur Rahman a, Shumaila Noreen b a b c
Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan Department of Bioinformatics, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 20 February 2015 Received in revised form 26 May 2015 Accepted 29 May 2015 Available online 6 June 2015
Ethnopharmacological relevance: In the study area, the traditional knowledge regarding the uses of local wild medicinal plants for treating diseases of domestic animals and birds is totally in the custody of elders of the existing community. The young ones are not much aware about such important practices. Aim of the study: The main aim of the study was to document and to release this knowledge from the custody of elders and share with the community. Materials and methods: Total 115 people between 20 and 80 years of age were interviewed and information was collected through semi-structured questionnaires. The data obtained were quantitatively analyzed using the use value (UV) formula. The collected specimens were pressed, dried, preserved, mounted on Herbarium sheets, identified properly and were submitted in the Herbarium, Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan. Results: With the co-ordination and cooperation of the local people, 46 plant species of 42 genera belonging to 31 families were collected, 3 were monocotyledons while 43 plant species belonged to dicotyledonae class. Considering taxonomic characteristics, it was confirmed that 12 trees, 10 shrubs and 22 herbs were commonly used by the local people in ethno veterinary practices. Two plants like Cistanche tubulosa and Cuscuta reflexa from family Orobanchaceae and family Cuscutaceae respectively lack chlorophyll and are parasites on host plants like Doedonia, Ziziphus, Calligonum and Calotropis. The powder of both plants showed great ethno veterinary value. The parts of 46 plant species commonly used for ethno veterinary practices were whole plants (32.60%), leaves (26.08%), fruits (17.39%), stems (13.04%) and roots (10.86%). Medicinal plants were administered through various routes i.e. oral (78.26%), skin (17.21%) and smoke (4.34%). Conclusion: The traditional knowledge of local plants of ethno veterinary values is mainly possessed by elders and transmitted from generation to generation with chances of elimination of such traditional knowledge due to less awareness. The present study was designed to document this ethno veterinary related knowledge and to share it with community members for use in future. & 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Medicinal plants Ethno veterinary Livestock Domestic birds Karak
1. Introduction 1.1. Ethno veterinary medicinal plants The local plants used for the treatment of conventional diseases of livestock and domestic birds are generally called ethno veterinary medicinal plants. The branch of biological science dealing with medicinal plants and their uses in traditional practices is termed as ethno veterinary botany, while ethno veterinary medicine (EVM) is the sub field of ethno veterinary botany. EVM deals with all the traditional techniques applied by humans not only to control the common diseases of livestock but also to improve the breeding
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Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Nouroz).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.048 0378-8741/& 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
practices in them (McCorkle, 1986). Another appropriate definition was laid down by McCorkle (1995). According to him; EVM is the conventional knowledge and its allied skills used for the health care of animals and to increase their products for the human welfare. The knowledge about EVM is commencing from generation to generation in a descendent order like unbroken series of chain up to the first ancestor. The modern civilization favors the modern technologies and modern discoveries of treatment, so old tradition is reducing day by day. Due to these reasons, most of the organizations and researchers are trying to conserve this fragile knowledge in written form (McCorkle et al., 1997). Due to easy availability and low cost of EVM plants, the livestock owners of the remote areas use them as a first aid for their animals (Jabbar et al., 2006). It is generally observed that most of the cattle have displayed several stomach complaints, which are solved by majority of the livestock keepers by using the dose prepared from local plants such
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as the diluted juice extracted from the leaves of Calotropis procera bring relief in stomach flatulence of cattle (Abbasi et al., 2013). The indigenous plants, the domestic animals and the human community have interdependency. Their presence for each other is the guarantee for their survival. It is admissible fact that the livestock provide a wide range of dairy products, so their protection from diseases is the major responsibility of the human being. The people of remote and rural areas of Pakistan have no access or affordability for English drugs due to their high costs. As a result, they carry on the treatment of their domestic animals and birds with the local herbal remedies. Presently the knowledge about usage of ethno veterinary medicinal plants is in the guardianship of elders of the villages. Their documentation is necessary to transfer this traditional ethno veterinary knowledge to other community members. The main aim of the present study was to preserve the knowledge of elders by sharing with community members of District Karak in written form.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Study area Karak is the highly educated District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province in Pakistan. It is located at 3317'12 N and 7115'41E. The head quarter of Karak is located on Indus Highway just 123 km away from the capital of KP at the south of Peshawar. The District Bannu is located on south-west, Lakki District on south and Kohat District on north (Fig. 1). Total area of District Karak is 3372 km2, while the total population according to the 2011 census is 734,765 (Wikipedia.org/
wiki/karak). Total area of the District is 3372 km2 and average annual temperature and rain fall are 30 1C and 330 mm respectively (Table 1). The low rain fall due to the geographical position and the restricted varieties of habitats caused poor vegetation in the reported area. It is semi-arid, which support mainly xerophytes and mesophytes. Acacia, Dalbergia, Ziziphus, Rhazyia stricta, Calotropis and Deodonia represent the dominant flora of the research area, while fauna includes buffaloes, cows, dogs, cats, goats, camels, sheeps, horses, donkeys and poultry. 2.2. Data collection and questionnaires formulation Total 50 visits to hilly and 50 visits to plain areas were made for the collection of plants and information with ethno veterinary values was initiated from February to October, 2014. The main target sites were the rural and remote villages of the District Karak. All these plants were collected after their recognition from old villagers. Different people of different age were interviewed through questionnaires but the authentic informations of experienced elders (male and females) were recorded, which were later on confirmed by the authentic literature or studies (publications) conducted in other areas Table 1 Age and gender distribution of ethnic informants. Informant
Age
No. of informants
Percentage (%)
Young Women Men
18–25 60–70 70–80
20 35 60
17 31 52
Fig. 1. Map of the study area District Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
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of country or other countries. Questionnaire method was followed for getting of information regarding the traditional practices used for the treatment of domestic animals. All the information like local names, flowering period, part used, field number, field data and other relevant information like mechanism of preparation of recipe, way of using dose for a specific disease etc were recorded in field note book. After, drying, pressing and poisoning, the collected plants were identified with the help of available literature such as Flora of Pakistan (Nasir and Ali, 1970–2001). Finally these plants were mounted on the herbarium sheets, labeled and were submitted in the Herbarium, Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan. 2.3. Statistical analysis Informant's data was recorded in field note book including parameters such as plant habit, local name, flowering period and medicinal uses and the data was systemically arranged in excel spread sheet for tabulation. 2.4. Data analysis Data collected through informant interviews were analyzed using the quantitative index: use value (UV). The relative importance of a plant (UVi) for indigenous use by the indigenous inhabitants was calculated by using the use value formula (Phillips and Gentry, 1993). Use value for plant species “i” is UVi ¼ Σ U i =ni where “Ui” is the number of use-reports cited by each informant for the specific species “i” and “ni” is used for the total number of informants interviewed for specific plant species “i”. Use value ranges from 0 to 1. Use values are high when there are many use reports for a plant, which implies that the plant is important. When few use reports were found than the use values drops to zero. However, UV does not distinguish whether a plant is used for one or more purposes. 2.5. Photography Photographs of those plants were taken which were traditionally used for the health care of livestock in the study area. In some cases the background of habitat was also taken to observe the other plants grown in combination with EVM plant. Pictures of the plants were taken along with inflorescence, flowers and fruits for their proper identification (Fig. 2). 2.6. Market value There is no big market for such plants in District Karak. The hakims and the shopkeepers buy these plants in very low prices. The hakims use these plants in making of ethno veterinary medicines and support their earning in a better way.
3. Results A total of 115 informants were interviewed, of which 60 were male aged 70–80 years, while 35 were female of age 60–70 and 20 were young with 18–25 years (Table 1). The local Hakim and the veterinary doctors were interviewed to seek wide range of information about the plants used for ethno veterinary purposes. The present study reported 46 plants belonging to 31 families commonly used to cure various diseases of domestic animals and birds by the local human community. Only those plants were collected, for which the interviewers have solid and valid
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information regarding their effectiveness in ethno veterinary practices. The majority of the cited species belong to the families Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceaee, Mimosaceae, Papilionaceae, Solanaceae, Poaceae and Zygophyllaceae (3 species), Boraginaceae (2 species) while all the remaining 23 families were represented by single species (Table 2). Considering taxonomic characteristics, it was noted that 47.82% of the species were herbs, 26.08% were trees, 21.71% were shrubs and 4.34% were parasitic plants (Fig. 3). The medicinal plant species with greater use values were Olea ferruginea Royle having (UVi ¼ 0.81), Melia azedarach L. and Withania somnifera L. (UVi ¼0.78), Tamarix aphylla L. and Withania coagulans Stocks. (UVi ¼ 0.76), Dodonaea viscosa L. (UVi ¼0.72) and Periploca aphylla Decne. (UVi ¼ 0.71). While minimum use values of collected medicinal plants were Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. and Acacia lebbeck (L.) Willd. (UVi ¼ 0.13). Table 2 describes all the plants listed with their respective indications, route of administration and parts used to prepare the ethno veterinary medicines. The plants reported by the interviewees were indicated for all domestic animals of the study area, but there was a predominance of indications for dogs and birds treatment. The parts of 46 plant species most commonly used to prepare ethno veterinary medicines were the whole plants (32.60%), leaves (26.08%), fruits (17.39%), stem (13.04%) and roots (10.86%) (Fig. 4). These medicinal plant parts were administered through various routes such as oral (78.26%), skin (17.21%) and smoke (4.34%) (Fig. 5). The 46 medicinal plants were indicated for the medication of some major ethno veterinary diseases, of which 30.43% medicinal plant species were used to cure the stomach problems, 26.08% for skin diseases, 10.86% for lactation and tonic purpose, 8.69% respiratory diseases, 4.34% urinary disorders whereas for sexual problems, sterility, bone fracture and for expelling of placenta, 2.17% of medicinal plant species were used (Fig. 6).
4. Discussion The present study reported 46 EVM plants belonging to 31 families to cure various diseases of domestic animals and birds by the local community. Plants used traditionally for treating animal diseases are abundantly growing in the study area. They are not so much exploited by over grazing or by the other activities of the inhabitants, but the future threats are always present. The local people are not properly aware to protect and conserve these EVM plants. They are disturbing the natural habitats of these plants slowly and gradually as opinioned by Giday et al. (2003) that natural drought creates changes in the natural habitats of these plants which may cause loss or extinction of such medicinally important plants. In this regard, the only solution of this intending problem is ex-situ conservation. Such types of programs launched by the Government or NGOs, with the coordination of local community can save these medicinal plants from extinction. The basic aim of the present study was to highlight the District Karak, which is rich in ethno veterinary medicinal plants and the traditional practices for the health care of livestock and birds. The present report is about the traditional knowledge of local people about EVM plants. So similarities and dissimilarities of the opinion regarding the ethno veterinary practices of these plants are possible. For example, the villagers of Poonch Valley, Azad Kashmir use the bark of Acacia modesta to make easy delivery in cows (Khan et al., 2012). In contrast, there is no concept regarding this treatment in the study area. The juice from Acacia arabica bark is used to make the hard face of fighting birds in District Karak. A large number (209) of plant species having ethno veterinary medicinal value for cattles have been recognized by the people of Karamoja, Northern Uganda (Grade et al., 2009). Our investigations are strengthened by similar reports from D.I. Khan District,
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Fig. 2. Collected medicinal plants from District Karak, Pakistan. (A) Acacia arabica, (B) Acacia modesta, (C) Albizia lebbeck, (D) Cassia angustifolia, (E) Euphorbia prostrate, (F) Echinops echinatus, (G) Tecomella undulate, (H) Capparis decidua, (I) Cardia myxa, (J) Silene velosa, (K) Periploca aphylla, (L) Convolvulus arvensis, (M) Vitex negundo, (N) Tamarix aphylla, (O) Salvia moorcroftiana and (P) Calligonum polligonides.
Pakistan, where such several plants are in ethno veterinary practices (Marwat, 2008). As the traditional knowledge is totally based on morphological observations and no scientific logics are available, so confusion is always running parallel to it. That is why different people use different parts of the same plant for the same or different diseases. The flowers of C. procera are used to remove worms from the stomach of cattle but according to Abbasi et al. (2013), the diluted juice of crushed leaves of the same plant is administered to cattle to relieve stomach flatulence. Dalbergia sisoo is used as a cooling agent in camels. Similar report was also given by Lakshminarayana and Narasimha (2013) from India. The decoction of fruits of M. azedarach is used for lice repelling and for
removal of stomach worms. In India, leaves are used to remove internal parasites of the cattle (Galav et al., 2013). Launea species are used as a general tonic for domesticated birds but no sound information has been reported from any other areas of the country. This revealed that the traditional knowledge is scattered and not evenly distributed. Generally the tradition of using EVM is restricted only to villages or remote areas. It is therefore important to spread this local knowledge to the whole human community by documentation of the information's through publications. No doubt the villagers of District Karak have huge knowledge about the uses of local plants for animal diseases, but they are unaware about the importance of such knowledge. So
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Table 2 Results obtained during the survey of the study area are listed below. Botanical name
Family name
Local name
Habit Used value (UVi)
Part used
Ethno veterinary uses
Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. Acacia modesta Wall.
Mimosaceae
Kikar
T
0.16
Fr & B
Mimosaceae
Palosa or wanna Sreen
T
0.19
Fr & B
The juice of fruit is used for dysentery, crushed leaves for mouth ulcers and generally used as astringents Fruits are used for lactation, sex tonic and for joint problems etc
T
0.13
B, L & Fr
Xanthorrhoeaceae Zargia Papilionaceae Ozhai
H H
0.58 0.16
L Wp
Nyctaginaceae
Pandrawash
H
0.62
Wp
Calotropis procera Forsk. Asclepiadaceae
Spailmakha
S
0.88
Fl, S & L
Capparis decidua Capparaceae (Forssk.) Edgew. Calligonum polygonoides Polygonaceae L. Cassia angustifolia Vahl Caesalpiniaceae
Keera
T
0.24
S
The decoction of the whole plant meets urine complaint usually in camel. Powder of the flower is worm expeller; the young shoot helps in ruminating, which is stopped due to some causes Used for healing of bone. The coal of wood is used as astringents
Balanza
S
0.43
Wp
The ash is used as pain killer and astringents
Jangli sreen
H
0.14
Wp & Sd
Cucurbitaceae
Maragheeran H
0.21
Fr & Sd
The decoction and seeds are helpful in stomach complaints, also used as vermicides Seeds are carminative and can remove gastro complaints
Orobanchaceae
Herbeeta
H
0.17
Wp
The plant powder is helpful in relieving of cough in cattle and cows
Boraginaceae Convolvulaceae
Lasora Prewattay
T H
0.25 0.56
L & Fr Wp
Cusutaceae
Chanbal
Pp
0.29
Wp
Poaceae
H
0.16
Wp
H
0.44
Wp
Fruit are used for irritation and leaves for lactation in goats Powder of root cause healing of wound, dissolves hematoma produced due to bone fracture Powder is used as astringent and diaphoretic for lamb and calf, also used as anti fertility agent The paste of crushed leaves is used for blood stoppage, dry the wound and also control dysentery in livestock Used as sex tonic for bull, solve urine complaint, remove debris after birth in cows
Acacia lebbeck (L.) Willd. Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Astragallus bakaliensis Bunge. Boerhavia diffusa L.
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Hook.f. Cordia myxa L. Convolvulus arvensis Linn. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.
Mimosaceae
Juice of bark is used for lice repelling, the latex removes eye complaints in birds The viscous juice is used to burst open the hypodermal blister in camel Tonic is used for domestic birds, increase lactation in cattle
Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jone) Schultes. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.
Poaceae
Kabal or Barawa Sargorrah
Papilionaceae
Shawa
T
0.28
L&S
Datura metel L.
Solanaceae
Berbaka
S
0.66
L & Fr
Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Echinops echinatus Roxb. Euphorbia dracunculoides L. Euphorbia prostrata Aiton Fagonia arabica L.
Sapindaceae
Zairavannay
S
0.72
S&L
Asteraceae
Kattasora
H
0.26
Euphorbiaceae
Morabbaye
H
0.58
Whole plant except roots Wp
Used for lactation in goat
Euphorbiaceae
Vangai
Pp
0.42
Wp
Decoction remove the problems of urinary tract in male goat
Zygophyllaceae
Sapileghazai
H
0.58
Wp
Launaea fragilis Assoau Launaea Procumbens L. Medicago laciniota Linn. Melia azedarach L.
Asteraceae Asteraceae Zygophyllaceae Meliaceae
Piamora Tareeza Spaishtarrah Bakanra
H H H T
0.31 0.23 0.58 0.78
L L Wp F
Olea ferruginea Royle Peganum harmala Linn. Periploca aphylla Decne. Plantago depressa Willd. Rhazyia stricta Decne. Ricinus communis L. Salvadora oleoides Decne. Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. Silene villosa Forssk. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. Tecomella undulata D. Don. Trigonella monantha C. A. Meyer. Viola stocksii Boiss.
Oleaceae Zygophyllaceae Periploaceae Plantaginaceae Apocynaceae Euphorbiaceaee Salvadoraceae
Shween Sponda Bararrah Aspaghole Ghandeeraye Arind Plainah,pelu
T H S H S S T
0.81 0.32 0.71 0.61 0.19 0.58 0.48
L Sd & Wp S Sd S Sd R
The decoction is used as cooling agent for stomach of horse, donkey. Also used as a vermicides Used as a tonic for birds Used as a tonic for birds Increase lactation in cattle Roasted fruits are used as anti metrics, stop irritation in the respiratory tract of dogs Nervine tonic for goats Smock for killing of pathogen, healing of wound and reduce pain The decoction is used for birds flu and also for cough in goats Used as laxative Smock is applied as anti allergic and astringents The powder of the seed coat is used for sterility in horse and donkey The filtered juice of root help in expelling of placenta in cows
Lamiaceae
H
0.36
Pp
Caryophyllaceae Poaceae
Zarshal, Papra Ghairanaye Deedam
H T
0.58 0.45
Wp Pp
Leaves are highly toxic for cattle. Poultice of the leaves are used for external skin itching Make the muscle stout and prolong lactation in cattle Root decoction used on cattle teats to cure mastitis
Tamaricaceae
Ghaz
H
0.76
L
The smock is pain killer for open wounds, also helpful in bird flu
Bignoniaceae
Ravdeen
T
0.26
R, S & B
Papilionaceae
Spaishtarrah
H
0.17
Wp
Used for burst opening of hypodermal blisters and also for urinary complaints Activate and increase lactation
Violaceae
Mukhan Boota
S
0.28
Wp
Heavy and loamy dose stop dysentery
Green leaves act as cooling agent in summer for camel. Decoction stops diarrhea The juice is vermicide in nature; roasted fruits are used for cold and coughs in cows Sex tonic for goat, start heat cycle in them Used as a tonic for camels
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Table 2 (continued ) Botanical name
Family name
Local name
Habit Used value (UVi)
Part used
Ethno veterinary uses
Vitex negundo L. Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Ziziphus jujuba Mill.
Verbenaceae Solanaceae
Marmandai Shopyangha
S S
0.42 0.76
Wp Fr
The juice of leaves is used for flatulence Fruits are carminative and removes gas trouble
Solanaceae
Koteelala
S
0.78
Wp
Powder of roots stop diarrhea
Rhamnaceae
Baira
T
0.51
L & Fr
The green leave in winter increase lactation in goat. The decoction of leaves stops dysentery, the fruit is laxative
Abbreviations of plant habit: H—Herb, S—Shrub, T—Tree, Pp—Parasitic plant. Abbreviations of plant parts: L—Leaves, R—Root, Wp—Whole Plant, Fl—Flower, Fr—Fruit, Sd— Seeds, S—Stem, B—Bark, Pp—Parasitic plant.
Fig. 6. Plants used for various diseases of livestock. Fig. 3. Life form of plants used for ethno veterinary practices.
Fig. 4. Plants parts used in traditional treatment.
have started enthusiastic efforts to document the traditional knowledge of old villagers, shepherd and farmers in the form of published literature (Farooq et al., 2008), it is obligatory to legalized and document the EVM knowledge before it become diminish (Basu, 2002). The use of whole plant, leaves, fruit and roots were the most commonly reported plant parts used. These results are in comparison to those found by Monteiro et al. (2011) in a survey conducted in eastern Amazon. Hundreds of interviews were conducted but only those were used for the documentation which were mostly accurate and showed authenticity with the published literature because all the informants did not reported standard doses or their exact mode or route of administrations. Such findings were also observed in other ethno veterinary surveys (Hussain et al., 2008; Giday et al., 2009; Monteiro et al., 2011). The lack of precision is common in ethno veterinary medicine (McCorkle, 1986; Mathias, 2001) and is the main reason for skepticism by veterinarians using allopathic veterinary medicine (Farooq et al., 2008).
5. Conclusion
Fig. 5. Routes through which plants are administered.
programs or project should be launched to produce awareness in them about the value of traditional knowledge and to share and document it for the future use. As many researchers from Pakistan
Present study documented the traditional use of 46 plant species of 42 genera belonging to 31 families of medicinal plants by indigenous people. The most frequently used plants of the study area in the animal health care practices were O. ferruginea Royle, M. azedarach L. T. aphylla L. and W. coagulans Stocks. W. somnifera L. D. viscosa L. and P. aphylla Decne. Their improper collection and usage, disturbance of their habitat and overgrazing have created noteable problems of extinction of some species like Calligonum poligonoides, Cassia angustifolia, O. ferruginea and T. aphylla from the flora of this District. The traditional knowledge of local plants of ethno veterinary values is mainly possessed by elder family members and transmitted from generation to generation. The chance of elimination of such traditional knowledge from the human community is always present due to depletion of natural
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resources and modernization of the society. The main focus of the study was to document and to release this knowledge from the custody of old members of the family and share with community.
Acknowledgments We are thankful to all the local people, hakims and veterinary doctors for sharing their ethno veterinary related traditional knowledge with us. We are also thankful to Dr. Lal Badshah, Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Pakistan for plants identification and Dr. Shumaila Noreen, Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan for her help in animals/birds nomenclature and various disease identifications.
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