Original Article
Estimation of serum superoxide dismutase and serum malondialdehyde in oral submucous fibrosis: A clinical and biochemical study ABSTRACT Background: To estimate the level of lipid peroxidation product (MDA) and the activities of antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the correlation of these parameters in Oral Submucous fibrosis (OSF). Aims: Estimation of MDA and SOD levels in OSF patients and controls. Settings and Design: Patients above 15 years of age, who were diagnosed as OSF based upon thorough history, clinical examination and histopathological examination without any underlying systemic diseases, were included in the present study. Equal number of healthy subjects without any deleterious habits and without any clinically obvious oral lesions or systemic diseases were selected as the control group. Materials and Methods: The estimation of MDA in serum was done by thiobarbituric acid reactive species method. SOD was assayed by inhibition and autoxidation of adrenaline method. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were analyzed with Student’s t‑test. Results: Comparison of MDA, SOD among the OSF group and control group showed statistically significant increased levels of malondialdehyde and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase among the OSF groups. Significant changes were not seen in MDA and SOD levels between the different grades of OSF. Conclusions: From the present study, estimation of lipid peroxidation like MDA was done, which showed increased levels in the OSF group compared to the control group and antioxidant enzyme levels like SOD showed decreased levels in the OSF group compared to the control group. These can be considered as a subject of interest for their possible role in many of the precancerous and cancerous conditions. KEY WORDS: Antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde, oral submucous fibrosis, reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase
INTRODUCTION Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is the most common precancerous condition affecting the oral cavity. It was first described by Schwartz in the year of 1952 as a condition of the oral mucosa including the palate and pillars of the fauces, which he called “Atrophia Idiopathica (Tropica) Mucosae Oris”. Later it was termed oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF).[1] The etiology of OSMF is multifactorial which includes the consumption of chilies, nutritional deficiencies, chewing of areca nut, genetic susceptibility, altered salivary constituents, autoimmunity and collagen disorders.[2] Among all these, areca nut is considered as the most common etiological factor associated with the generation of free radicals. The cytotoxic effects of the chewing tobacco including the pan 722
masala are mediated through the production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS).[3] Free radicals, primarily the reactive oxygen species are highly reactive. As free radicals are potentially toxic, they are usually inactivated or scavenged by antioxidants before they can inflict damage to lipids, proteins or nucleic acids. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), primarily an antioxidant present in the body, acts in the defense mechanism mainly by blocking the initiation of free radical chain reactions.[4]
M. L. Avinash Tejasvi, Balaji Babu Bangi, P. Geetha, C. K. Anulekha Avinash1, B. Chittaranjan1, Harsha Bhayya, Pavani Donempudi Departments of Oral Medicine and Radiology, 1 Prosthodontics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, Andhra Pradesh, India For correspondence: Dr. Avinash Tejasvi M. L, Department of Oral, Medicine and Radiology, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, Andhra Pradesh, India. E-mail: avinash_ [email protected]
Access this article online Website: www.cancerjournal.net DOI: 10.4103/0973-1482.139160 PMID: *** Quick Response Code:
At early stage, superoxide dismutase inactivates the superoxide ion by transforming it into hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2). The latter is then quickly catabolized by catalase and peroxidases Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics - July-September 2014 - Volume 10 - Issue 3
Tejasvi, et al.: Estimation of Serum SOD and MDA in OSF patients
into dioxygen (O2) and water (H2O). The production of H2O2 under the action of SOD is the triggering factor in the natural antioxidant defense mechanisms. Therefore, SOD seems to be the key enzyme in the natural defense against free radicals.[5] When free radicals are generated in excess or when the cellular antioxidant defense system is defective, they can stimulate the chain reactions by interacting with proteins, lipids and nucleic acids causing cellular dysfunction and even death.[6] Malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation is a toxic compound that reacts with the DNA to form covalently‑bonded adducts with deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine, an event that can cause a mutagenic transformation within the DNA. Malondialdehyde can interact with several functional groups on proteins and lipoproteins, altering their chemical behavior and possibly contributing to carcinogenesis and mutagenesis.[7] Since the chronic OSMF patients are under oxidative stress which has exhausted the ability of their antioxidative capacity to adapt to the elevated levels of circulating peroxides, we decided to estimate the level of lipid peroxidation product (MDA) and the activities of antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the correlation of these parameters in OSMF. MATERIALS AND METHODS The patients reported to the Department of Oral Medicine And Radiology, diagnosed as oral submucous fibrosis based upon the history, clinical examination and histopathological examination were selected. Inclusion criteria Patients above 15 years of age, who were diagnosed as oral submucous fibrous based upon thorough history, clinical examination and histopathological examination without any underlying systemic disease, were included in the present study. Equal number of healthy subjects without any deleterious habits and without any clinically obvious oral lesions or systemic diseases were selected as the control group. The subjects for the study were grouped as follows: Group 1 (OSF): 40 patients having OSF Group 2 (Control): 40 healthy subjects.
The estimation of MDA in the serum was done by thiobarbituric acid reactive species method. SOD was assayed by inhibition and auto oxidation of adrenaline method. Statistical analysis The data were analyzed with Student’s t‑test. All statistical analyses were performed with the program Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS 8.0 windows, version 8.0) and P
Estimation of serum superoxide dismutase and serum malondialdehyde in oral submucous fibrosis: A clinical and biochemical study ABSTRACT Background: To estimate the level of lipid peroxidation product (MDA) and the activities of antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the correlation of these parameters in Oral Submucous fibrosis (OSF). Aims: Estimation of MDA and SOD levels in OSF patients and controls. Settings and Design: Patients above 15 years of age, who were diagnosed as OSF based upon thorough history, clinical examination and histopathological examination without any underlying systemic diseases, were included in the present study. Equal number of healthy subjects without any deleterious habits and without any clinically obvious oral lesions or systemic diseases were selected as the control group. Materials and Methods: The estimation of MDA in serum was done by thiobarbituric acid reactive species method. SOD was assayed by inhibition and autoxidation of adrenaline method. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were analyzed with Student’s t‑test. Results: Comparison of MDA, SOD among the OSF group and control group showed statistically significant increased levels of malondialdehyde and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase among the OSF groups. Significant changes were not seen in MDA and SOD levels between the different grades of OSF. Conclusions: From the present study, estimation of lipid peroxidation like MDA was done, which showed increased levels in the OSF group compared to the control group and antioxidant enzyme levels like SOD showed decreased levels in the OSF group compared to the control group. These can be considered as a subject of interest for their possible role in many of the precancerous and cancerous conditions. KEY WORDS: Antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde, oral submucous fibrosis, reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase
INTRODUCTION Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is the most common precancerous condition affecting the oral cavity. It was first described by Schwartz in the year of 1952 as a condition of the oral mucosa including the palate and pillars of the fauces, which he called “Atrophia Idiopathica (Tropica) Mucosae Oris”. Later it was termed oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF).[1] The etiology of OSMF is multifactorial which includes the consumption of chilies, nutritional deficiencies, chewing of areca nut, genetic susceptibility, altered salivary constituents, autoimmunity and collagen disorders.[2] Among all these, areca nut is considered as the most common etiological factor associated with the generation of free radicals. The cytotoxic effects of the chewing tobacco including the pan 722
masala are mediated through the production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS).[3] Free radicals, primarily the reactive oxygen species are highly reactive. As free radicals are potentially toxic, they are usually inactivated or scavenged by antioxidants before they can inflict damage to lipids, proteins or nucleic acids. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), primarily an antioxidant present in the body, acts in the defense mechanism mainly by blocking the initiation of free radical chain reactions.[4]
M. L. Avinash Tejasvi, Balaji Babu Bangi, P. Geetha, C. K. Anulekha Avinash1, B. Chittaranjan1, Harsha Bhayya, Pavani Donempudi Departments of Oral Medicine and Radiology, 1 Prosthodontics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, Andhra Pradesh, India For correspondence: Dr. Avinash Tejasvi M. L, Department of Oral, Medicine and Radiology, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, Andhra Pradesh, India. E-mail: avinash_ [email protected]
Access this article online Website: www.cancerjournal.net DOI: 10.4103/0973-1482.139160 PMID: *** Quick Response Code:
At early stage, superoxide dismutase inactivates the superoxide ion by transforming it into hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2). The latter is then quickly catabolized by catalase and peroxidases Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics - July-September 2014 - Volume 10 - Issue 3
Tejasvi, et al.: Estimation of Serum SOD and MDA in OSF patients
into dioxygen (O2) and water (H2O). The production of H2O2 under the action of SOD is the triggering factor in the natural antioxidant defense mechanisms. Therefore, SOD seems to be the key enzyme in the natural defense against free radicals.[5] When free radicals are generated in excess or when the cellular antioxidant defense system is defective, they can stimulate the chain reactions by interacting with proteins, lipids and nucleic acids causing cellular dysfunction and even death.[6] Malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation is a toxic compound that reacts with the DNA to form covalently‑bonded adducts with deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine, an event that can cause a mutagenic transformation within the DNA. Malondialdehyde can interact with several functional groups on proteins and lipoproteins, altering their chemical behavior and possibly contributing to carcinogenesis and mutagenesis.[7] Since the chronic OSMF patients are under oxidative stress which has exhausted the ability of their antioxidative capacity to adapt to the elevated levels of circulating peroxides, we decided to estimate the level of lipid peroxidation product (MDA) and the activities of antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the correlation of these parameters in OSMF. MATERIALS AND METHODS The patients reported to the Department of Oral Medicine And Radiology, diagnosed as oral submucous fibrosis based upon the history, clinical examination and histopathological examination were selected. Inclusion criteria Patients above 15 years of age, who were diagnosed as oral submucous fibrous based upon thorough history, clinical examination and histopathological examination without any underlying systemic disease, were included in the present study. Equal number of healthy subjects without any deleterious habits and without any clinically obvious oral lesions or systemic diseases were selected as the control group. The subjects for the study were grouped as follows: Group 1 (OSF): 40 patients having OSF Group 2 (Control): 40 healthy subjects.
The estimation of MDA in the serum was done by thiobarbituric acid reactive species method. SOD was assayed by inhibition and auto oxidation of adrenaline method. Statistical analysis The data were analyzed with Student’s t‑test. All statistical analyses were performed with the program Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS 8.0 windows, version 8.0) and P
