Theoretical and Applied Genetics 45, 192--196 (t 974) | b y Springer-Verlag 1974

Estimation of Genetic Parameters in Barley (HordeumvulgareL.) I. Full, H a l f a n d Quarter D i a l l e l A n a l y s i s * B. D. CHAUDHARY, R. K. SINGH and S. N. KAKAR H a r y a n a A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y , H i s s a r (India)

Summary. Four exotic and four indigenous strains of barley were used for making diallel crosses. The sets of parents and crosses making full, half and quarter diallel were analysed in a randomized block design for plant height, number of effective tillers, ear length, grain yield per plant, 100 grain weight and number of grains per ear. The three alternatives of diallel were similar with respect to the estimates of degree of dominance, general combining ability and specific combining ability, indicating t h a t all these three methods of diallel were equally efficient. However, as the number of entries are minimum in quarter diallel, it would be economical in terms of cost, time and labour to estimate genetic parameters b y this method. Average degree of dominance was found in the range of overdominance. The ranking of parents on the basis of their a r r a y mean was similar to the ranking based on gca effects. Similarly, the ranking of crosses on the basis of per se performance was similar to the ranking based on sca effects. This suggests t h a t the selection of best general combiner or best cross combinations m a y be easier and more effective through a r r a y mean for per se performance rather than through high gca and sca effects, respectively. F r o m among 56 crosses, IB-226 • • C-164 was the one which showed superiority for maximum number of characters followed by AB-I 2/59 • PTS-57. High sea effect for plant height, ear length, grain yield, 100 grain weight and number of grains per ear was the result of cross between parents having high • low general combining ability, indicating additive • dominance t y p e of gene interaction. For number of effective tillers, high sca was produced by low • low general combiners, indicating dominance • dominance gene interaction.

T h e a p p l i c a t i o n of d i a l l e l a n a l y s i s in p l a n t b r e e d i n g t o screen g o o d c o m b i n e r s for e x p l o i t i n g heterosis w a s s u g g e s t e d b y S p r a g u e a n d T a t u m (1942). Griffing (1956) p r o p o s e d t h e e x t e n s i o n of t h e diallel m o d e l to t h e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f gene a c t i o n c o n t r o l l i n g a q u a n t i t a t i v e t r a i t a n d s u g g e s t e d four possible w a y s for a n a l y s i n g t h e diallel, d e p e n d i n g on t h e m a t e r i a l s , s u c h as (t) p a r e n t s , F l ' s a n d r e c i p r o c a l s (2) p a r e n t s a n d F l ' s (3) Fl'S a n d r e c i p r o c a l s a n d (4) F1's. W a t k i n s et al. (1971) c o i n e d t h e t e r m s , full, half a n d q u a r t e r diallel, for t h e (1), (2) a n d (4) m e t h o d s , r e s p e c t i v e ly. T h e a i m of t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y was to c o m p a r e t h e efficiency of t h e s e t h r e e m e t h o d s for e s t i m a t i n g t h e gene a c t i o n a n d t o i d e n t i f y g o o d c o m b i n e r s in b a r l e y . I n a d d i t i o n , such a s t u d y w o u l d be useful in f o r m u l a t i n g efficient b r e e d i n g p l a n s for t h i s crop.

grains per ear, (v) 100-grain weight, and (vi) grain yield per plant. The combining ability analysis was done on the basis of plot means using the statistical genetic model proposed by Griffing (1956) as follows:

1 Y~j~ = ~ + gi + gj + sij + ~,.j + b2 ~ Z e~,',,, where, kth observation on i • jth genotype = population mean gi, gi = general combining ability effect of i, j parent sij = specific combining ability effect of i • jth cross rq = reciprocal effect (only in method 1) eqkl = random error associated with ijkl th observation b = number of blocks (4) and c = number of observations in each plot (5). The combining ability analysis and the interpretation of variance components due to gca and sca was done according to Griffing 0956) method I, 2 and 4, model 1. Yijk

~

m

Material and Method Eight diverse strains, four exotic (AB-12/59; EB-1556; PTS-57 and A-59) and four indigenous (BG-I, K-572/10; IB-266 and C-164), were used for making diallel crosses including reciprocals. The fifty-six crosses together with eight parents were sown in randomized block design with four replications at the experimental farm of the Department of Genetics, H a r y a n a Agricultural University, Hissar. Normal agronomic practices were followed. Observations were recorded on five randomly selected plants in each replication for (i) p l a n t height, (if) number of effective tillers per plant, (iii) ear length, (iv) number of * P a r t of a P h . D . thesis submitted b y senior author to H a r y a n a Agricultural University, Hissar.

Results T h e v a r i a n c e s due to g e n e r a l a n d specific c o m b i n i n g a b i l i t y (Table 1) were h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t for all t h e six c h a r a c t e r s u n d e r all t h e t h r e e m e t h o d s of diallel, i.e., full, half a n d q u a r t e r . The significance of b o t h g e n e r a l a n d specific c o m b i n i n g a b i l i t y m e a n s u m of s q u a r e s i n d i c a t e d t h e role of b o t h a d d i t i v e a n d n ~ n - a d d i t i v e t y p e s of gene a c t i o n in t h e p r e s e n t m a terial. I n t e r e s t i n g l y , t h e r e l a t i v e p r o p o r t i o n s of m e a n s u m of s q u a r e s due to g c a a n d sca were m o r e or less t h e s a m e in all t h e t h r e e a n a l y s e s of diallel.

B. D. C h a u d h a r y et al. : Estimation of Genetic Parameters in Barley

t97

Table t. Combining ability analysis in three sets ofdiallel experiments together with the degree of dominance Mean sum of squares* Types of diallel experiment

Source

D.F.

Plant height (cm)

Full diallel

gca sca error

7 28 189

151.50 82.68 2.28 5.t4

2.05 t.78 0.24 22.68

58.07 140.95 2.t8 7.15

787.87

a,/aa2

Ear length (cm)

Number of effective tillers

Grain yield (gin)

t00-grain weight (gin)

Number of grains per ear

543.64 5.32 t 5.60

0.33 0.15 0.03 3.23

206.89 108.66 0.99 4.88 t17.18 59.47 0.99 5.07

Half diallel

gca sca error ~r~/a~

7 28 105

87.I3 48'.34 2.28 5.94

t.13 1.1t 0.24 216.00

28.22 74.80 2.18 7.80

264.50 447.45 5.32 12.08

0.t9 0.08 0.03 2.41

Quarter diallel

gca sca error ~/~21

7 20 81

83.93 37.02 5.62 2.00

t .40 1.42 0.05 t46.67

33.61 t 52.61 4.44

206.27 468.59 5.38 5.57

0.t 7 0.08 0.01 2.14 9

3,67

96.40 44.93 0.93 2.90

* All mean sum of squares were significant at 5% level. T h e e s t i m a t e s of a v e r a g e degree of d o m i n a n c e ( @ / ~ ) i n d i c a t e d , in g e n e r a l , o v e r d o m i n a n c e for all t h e six c h a r a c t e r s . T h i s was t r u e for all t h r e e diallels. F u l l d i a l l e l a n a l y s i s , w h i c h p r o v i d e d a n e s t i m a t e of t h e r e c i p r o c a l effects, i n d i c a t e d n o n - s i g n i f i c a n t recip r o c a l differences for t 00-grain w e i g h t a n d n u m b e r of g r a i n s p e r ear. O t h e r c h a r a c t e r s showed, h o w e v e r , s i g n i f i c a n t r e c i p r o c a l effects. I n o r d e r t o f a c i l i t a t e c o m p a r i s o n , t h e p a r e n t s inv o l v e d in t h e diallel crosses were r a n k e d f i r s t l y on t h e b a s i s of g c a effects a n d s e c o n d l y on t h e b a s i s of a r r a y m e a n s for e a c h c h a r a c t e r s e p a r a t e l y . T h e h i g h e s t g c a effect for p l a n t h e i g h t (Table 2) in all t h e t h r e e a n a l y s e s of diallel was shown b y C-164, w h e r e a s t h e lowest g e a effect was r e c o r d e d for B G - t in full a n d half diallel. I n q u a r t e r diallel, t h e lowest gca

effect was shown b y PTS-57. C o m p a r a t i v e e s t i m a t e s for t h e t h r e e a n a l y s e s of d i a l l e l i n d i c a t e d t h a t all t h r e e were s i m i l a r w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e p a t t e r n of g c a effects. R a n k i n g of t h e p a r e n t s was f o u n d t o be i d e n t i c a l in full a n d half diallel. F o r n u m b e r of e f f e c t i v e tillers (Table 2), t h e l a r g e s t e s t i m a t e of g c a etfect was r e c o r d e d for B G - I in full a n d q u a r t e r diallel, w h e r e a s it was g r e a t e s t for I B - 2 2 6 in half diallel. S i m i l a r l y , t h e l o w e s t e s t i m a t e 0f gca effect in full a n d q u a r t e r d i a l l e l was for C-t64, b u t in half d i a l l e l i t was for t h e p a r e n t A-59. R a n k i n g of p a r e n t s in full a n d q u a r t e r d i a l l e l was m o r e or less similar, w h e r e a s in half diaUel t h e r e was c o n s i d e r a b l e variation. T h e h i g h e s t g c a effect w a s r e c o r d e d for I B - 2 2 6 a n d lowest for B G - t in all t h e t h r e e a n a l y s e s of d i a l l e l

Table 2. General combining ability effects in three sets of diallel experiments Character P l a n t height (cm)

Type of diallel AB-t2/59 experiments

Full Half Quarter E a r length Full (cm) Half Quarter Number of Full effective tillers Half Quarter Grain yield Full (gin) Half Quarter too-grain weight Full (gin) Half Quarter Number of grains Full per ear Half Quarter

--1.81 --3.03 -t.25 0.16 0.26 0.29 --0.59 --0.84 -1.o7 --0.06 --0.31 -0.66 --0.t6 --0.15 -o.16 2.07 2.25 2.25

Theoret. Appl. Geneti'cs, Vol. 45, No. 5

EB-1556

BG-t

PTS-57

A-59

K-572/10

IB-226

C-164

3.77 3.05 3.73 0.13 0.t3 0.21 --1.t2 --0.61 -1.15 0.47 2.38 0.48 --0.28 --0.28 -0.29 6.93 6.80 6.89

--3.60 --4.11 -3.29 --0.49 --0.56 -0.55 3.24 2.t6 4.20 9.03 5.93 to.74 --0.04 --0.06 -o.01 1.39 0.53 1.78

--2.91 --t.99 -3.32 --0.32 --0.30 -0.52 --1.41 --t.41 --1.72 --3.44 ~2.65 -5.29 0.04 0.O4 0.04 --t.52 --0.93 -2.23

--0.71 --0.41 -0.88 --0.06 0.2t 0.28 --0.99 --1.74 -0.34 --2.33 --4.71 -o.t8 0.06 0.05 0.08 --t.14 --t.66 -0.76

1.85 2.39 1.33 0.21 --0.14 -0.17 O.64 1.t9 -0.49 --1.94 --0.72 -4.40 0.09 0.10 0.1o --2.t0 --2.28 -2.3t

--1.26 --0.65 -1.42 0.68 0.48 0.60. 2.38 2.46 3.22 7.24 7.60 9.51 0.09 0.08 0.09 --0.33 --0.06 -o.15

4.67 3.93 5.09 --0.02 --0.07 -0.13 --1.95 --t.24 -2.66 --9.10 --7.53 -10.19 0.12 0.10 o.15 --5.30 --4.66 -5.15

]3. D . C h a u d h a r y

t94

e t al. : E s t i m a t i o n

of G e n e t i c P a r a m e t e r s in B a r l e y

for ear length (Table 2). Rankings in half and quarter diallel were identical, while in full diallel these ranks shifted by just one position. For grain yield (Table 2), the largest gca effect was observed for BG-t in full and quarter diallel, whereas in half diallel the best combiner wag found to be IB-226 followed by BG-I. Parent C-t64 w a s the poorest combiner in all the three analyses of diallel. The ranking pattern was almost the same for all three analyses. As evident from the data in Table 2, C-t64 had the highest effect for 100-grain weight. The lowest gca effect was recorded for EB-1556 in all the three cases of diallel. For number of grains per ear, the highest gca effect was noted for BG-I and the lowest for C-164 (Table 2). Ranking pattern of the parents was similar in all three diallels, both for 100-grain weight and number of grains per ear. To make an overall comparison of these three alternative methods of diallel, the ranks over all the characters were pooled for each of the strains under these analyses, separately. The rankings of parents in each diallel were then compared with the ranking based on the array means of the parents (Table 3).

9

Xxx?~

Full diallel

Half diallel

Quarter diallel

AB-~2/59 EB-1556 BG-I PTS-57 A-59

4 3 2 8 6

5 3 2 8 6

4 2 3 8 7

5 3 2 8 4

K-572-10

5

5

5

6

I]3-226 C-t 6 4

t

t

1

t

7

7

6

7

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u.5 ',0

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~'~ X "x" i

i

i

i

,

,

i

0'~00

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~1

x X ,'PTO

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x x X X X

o a ' , ~ ~~ v

,~,,~....~ v v A

s

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, u ' ~ ~.., b'~

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X~XX ~1

and gca effects in three diallel experiments Array mean

0

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T a b l e 3. Ranking of parents based on their array mean

Parents

0

v~ '

t'~

x u-~ tr

i

i

t'q i

i

0

-%

,

~XXxO

r-,

t'l

",.~ u . ~ r

'~Xxxx i

i

i

i

%~1

saa.a

rs (Array m e a n : Full diallel)

= 1.00 rs (Array mean: Half diallel) = 0.95 rs (Array m e a n : Q u a r t e r diallel) = 0.93

Pearson's product m o m e n t correlation coefficient (Spearman's formula) was used to estimate the rank correlation (Snedecor, t946). High rank correlation (r~) values in each case clearly indicated that the pattern of ranking based on gca effects was the same as the one based on array means and all the three alternatives of diallel were equally efficient in estimating the gca effects. The rank correlation was 1.00, 0.95 and 0.93 for full, half and quarter diallel, respectively. Specific combining ability (sca) effects were obtained for all the three analyses of diallel and the ranking patterns of crosses obtained on the basis of sca effects were compared with the ranking based on their per se performance, using rank correlation. The rank correlations between two parameters were 0.89, 0.91 and 0.87 for full, half and quarter diallel. These results indicate that all three analyses of diallel

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