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Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/urqe20

Energy Costs of Self-Paced Walking with Handheld Weights a

a

Susan K. Morrow , Philip A. Bishop & Catherine A. Teare Ketter a

b

Health and Human Performance Studies , University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , AL , USA

b

Department of Biology , University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , AL , USA Published online: 26 Feb 2013.

To cite this article: Susan K. Morrow , Philip A. Bishop & Catherine A. Teare Ketter (1992) Energy Costs of Self-Paced Walking with Handheld Weights, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 63:4, 435-437, DOI: 10.1080/02701367.1992.10608766 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1992.10608766

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Resaercll QUl1llrly for Exen:I...... SPOI! e 1992 by theAmerican Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance

Vol. 63, No. 4, pp.435-437

Energy Costs of Self-Paced Walking With Handheld Weights

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Susan K. Morrow, Philip A Bishop, andCatherine A Teare Ketter

Key UJPTds: exercise intensity, walking speed, physical fitness, handheld weights

A

number of studies (Abadie, 1990; Auble, Schwartz, & Robertson, 1987; Makalous, Arujo, & Thomas, 1988; Soule & Goldman, 1969) indicate that the addition of handheld weights (HHW) to walking significantly increases energy cost, thus creating the expectation that people who walk while pumping weights could expect benefits in addition to those found in people who walk without weights. Previous studies dealing with walking while carrying HHW have not considered the importance of subject-selected pace. Typically, most adult exercisers choose their own walking pace. The following question arises: Do people exercise ata higher metabolic rate with the addition of HHW, or do they adjust their pace to compensate for the extra weight, thereby stabilizing or even lowering the metabolic cost of the workout? The purpose of this study was to test the effect of pumping light HHW on the physiological response of participants walking on a treadmill at a self-selected pace.

Method Subjects were 18 physically active female volunteers who provided written informed consent. Their mean (SD) age was 21.9 (H.8) years, weight was 61.2 (±8.9) kg, and height was 166 (±5.8) cm. Subjects reported to the lab on four occasions. On their first visit in which self-selected walking speeds were determined, subjects walked on a calibrated Quinton model 18-60 treadmill at a self-selected speed for 3 min,

Submitted: May 24, 1991 Revision accepted: May 14, 1992 Susan K. Morrow isa graduate assistant andPhilip A.Bishop is anassociate professor inHealth andHuman Performance Studies at theUniversity ofAlabama, Tuscaloosa, AL. Catherine A. Teare Ketter is a graduate assistant intheDepartment of Biology at theUniversity ofAlabama, Tuscaloosa, AL

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pumping one of three possible weight sizes, 0, 0.5, and 1.4 kg, to a level of approximately 0.3 m, These weights and pump heights are those utilized in other, similar studies (Miller & Stamford, 1987; Zarandona, Nelson, Conlee, & Fisher, 1986). The speed was that which the subjects thought they could maintain for 20 min. Because the reproducibility ofself-selected walking pace was crucial to the study, subjects were instructed both orally and in writing regarding pace until a consistent speed was attained for each HHWcondition. The starting speed was varied by the investigators so as not to bias the subjects; however, subjects were permitted to direct the investigators to adjust the speed faster or slower as they deemed appropriate. There was a 3-min rest period between speed determination trials. Throughout each practice and measurement session the subjects' arm motionswere compared against a visual reference to make sure the proper arm pump height was attained. Speed was recorded but remained unknown to the subject. Subjects, of necessity, pumped the weights in synchrony with their strides. From these trials, a speed for walking under each weighted condition was determined. No physiological data were taken at these practice sessions. Order of trials for both self-paced speed determination and physiological measurements was randomized. Following establishment ofself-paced walking speed for each HHW condition, subjects reported to the lab on three separate occasions, at least 48 hours apart. During each session, the subject walked for 20 min at the predetermined self-selected walking speed for that particular HHW; however, the subject was permitted to slow down or speed up the treadmill speed at any time as desired. Measurements of oxygen uptake (VO z) with a SensorMedics MMCI and heartrate (HR) with a Quinton 630 ECG were taken during the last 5 min of each walk session and then averaged. Additionally, subjects were asked to give their rating of perceived exertion (RPE) using a IS-point scale with values from 6 to 20 (Borg & Linderholm, 1967) every 2 min during testing. A repeated measures ANOVA was used for data analysis. A Tukey's post hoc procedure was used to contrast means. The Greenhouse-Geisser adjustment to the degrees of freedom (Stevens, 1990) was used to compute adjusted ps to account for sphericity violation.

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Results and Discussion The present study examined the effects of pumping 0, 0.5, and 1.4 kg HHW to a height of 0.3 m on the physiological response ofparticipantswalking on a treadmill at a self-selected pace. The pump height and the weights used were consistent with general public use. Additionally, to better simulate public practice, we deliberately chose not to externally regulate walking speed. Group means (±SO) and a statistical test summary ofVOz' HR, RPE, and walking speed for each weight condition are shown in Table 1. Analysis of the data indicated that the three weight levels studied (0,0.5, 1.4 kg) produced differences in walking speed, RPE, and HR, but not in VO z' The univariate overall ANOVA yielded the following: for VO z' F (2, 34) = 0.25, P < .742; for HR, F (2,34) = 6.47, P < .008; for RPE, F (2,34) = 8.38, p « .002;forspeed,F(2, 34) = 7.48,p< .003. All univariate ps were adjusted for sphericity using the Greenhouse and Geiser adjustment to the degrees of freedom (Stevens, 1990). Statistically significant differences were observed in walking speed between the 1.4 and the 0 and 0.5 kg conditions. If it is assumed that the energy costs of walking with handheld weights increase when arm range of motion is adequate (Auble & Schwartz, 1991), our subjects must have partiallyadjusted for the l.4-kg condition by slowing their walking pace. Because VOzs were not significantly different among the three conditions and because the external work by the arms must have increased with the addition ofweight, the total work must be redistributed between the arms and the legs. Blessing, Wtlson, Puckett, and Ford (1987) observed similar HRs whether or not HHW were used in aerobic dance and speculated that less arm and leg movement occurred. Though VOz did not rise with the addition of this arm work, the redistribution to the arms would be useful when more arm training is desired. However, the significant decline in walking speed was accompanied by an increase in RPE for the heaviest weight. In contrast, Graves, Martin, Miltenberger, and Pollock (1988), using externally controlled walking speeds, reported similar RPEs for walking with and without HHW even though VO z was 14% higher for the HHW walking. Differences between the present and the Graves et al. (1988) study

can be attributed to speed regulation method and subjects. There were statistically significant differences in the heart rates of the individuals walking with 1.4-kg HHW compared to ~ and O.5-kg HHW. This finding supports reports of the HR response to HHW with externally paced walking (Auble et al., 1987; Graves, Pollock, Montain, Jackson, & O'Keefe, 1987; Zarandona et al., 1986) and is in agreement with findings that oxygen pulse is lower in arm exercise relative to leg exercise (Astrand, Ekblom, Messin, Saltin, & Stenberg, 1965; Bevegard, Freyschuss, & Strandell, 1966; Davies & Sargeant, 1974; Sawka, 1986; Stenberg, Astrand, Ekblom, Royce, & Saltin, 1967; Toner, Glickman, & McArdle, 1990). Allowing subjects to choose the speed at which they walked was a crucial factor in this study because most adult exercisers control their own walking speed. Statistically significant differences were observed between the three levels of HHW and self-selected walking speed. Observation of similar VOzs across conditions suggests no increased intensity, hence no benefit in terms of cardiovascular conditioning or caloric expenditure. It is possible that these subjects selected slower speeds because of their inexperience with HHW. With more experience, the subjects' walking styles could have changed, causing energy costs to rise and RPEs to fall; however, in most normal exercise situations, energy costs tend to drop, with the increased efficiencyaccompanying greater experience. Whether a differential chronic response to HHW versus nonweighted walking would occur over time has not been demonstrated. However, until a differential response is established, beginning exercisers should be advised with regard to the initial benefits of walking withHHW. Several previous studies have reported no significant increase in energy costs when HHW were added to walking (Francis & Hoobler, 1986; Zarandona et al., 1986). In general these studies did not ensure theweights were pumped but allowed subjects to merely carry the weights. In the presentstudy, we attempted to ensure that arm pump height was maintained in the presence of uncontrolled walking pace. From the preceding and the present study, both arm pump height and walking pace appear to be important.

Tablet Group means (±SO) ofphysiological variables and walking speed with O. 0.5. and 1.4 kg handweights (N= 18)

Handweight (kg)

VOz (ml.kgBW·I)

0.0 0.5 1.4

19.4" (4.6) 19.5" (5.5) 19.9" (3.7)

H

RPE

Speed (m·s·l )

13.9" (3.0) 13.2" (2.8) 14.JC (3.1)

1.78" (0.19)

[b-mirr']

149.0" (14.7) 154.3b (14.5) 163.5' (19.9)

l.W (0.20) 1.700 (0.20)

""Matching superscripted letters indicate no significant difference (p > .05) between any two HHW conditions in that column. Varying superscripted lettersindicate significant difference between HHW conditions in that column.

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Exercisers who intend to increase the rate of caloric expenditure or increase exercise intensity through the use of HHW with walking may not be successful in accomplishing these aims without strict attention to both walking speed and arm swing. Despite the lack of increases in VOz' the significant increase in RPE that occurred only at the lA-kg condition suggests that exercisers perceive greater relative strain without a corresponding increase in caloric expenditure or exercise training effect. Exercisers who must limit HR due to ischemic or heart rate-controlling medications might be particularly wary of the use ofHHW of 104 kg or more.

References Abadie, B. R (1990). Physiological responses to grade walking with wrist and hand-held weights. Research Q)J,arterly for Exercise and Sport, 61, 93-95. Astrand, P.O., Ekblom, B., Messin, R, Saltin, B., &Stenberg,]. (1965). In tra-arterial blood pressure during exercise with different muscle groups. Journal of AppliedPhysiology, 20, 253-256. Auble, T. E., & Schwartz, L. (1991). Physiological effects of exercising with handweights. Sports Medicine, 11, 244-256. Auble, T. E., Schwartz, L., & Robertson, R.]. (1987). Aerobic requirements for moving handweights through various ranges of motion while walking. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 15(6),133-140. Bevegard, S., Freyschuss, U., &Strandell, T. (1966). Circulatory adaptation to arm and leg exercise in supine and sitting position. Journal ofApplied Physiology, 21,37-46. Blessing, D. L., Wilson, G. D., Puckett,]. R, & Ford, H. T. (1987). The physiologic effects of eight weeks of aerobic dance with and without hand-held weights. AmericanJournal ofSports Medicine, 15,508-510. Borg, G., & Linderholm, H. (1967). Perceived exertion and pulse rate during graded exercise in various age groups. Acta MedicaScandanavica (Suppl. 472),194-206. Davies, C. T. M., & Sargeant, A.]. (1974). Physiological responses to standardized arm work. Ergrmomics, 17,41-49.

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Francis, K.,&Hoobler, T. (1986). Changes in oxygen consumption associated with treadmill walking and running with light hand-carried weights. Ergonomics, 29,999-1004. Graves,]. E., Martin, A. D., Miltenberger,]. L., & Pollock, M. L. (1988). Physiological responses to walking with hand weights, wrist weights, and ankle weights. Medicine and Scima in Sports and Exercise, 20, 265-271. Graves,]. E., Pollock, M. L., Montain, S.J.,Jackson, AS., & O'Keefe,J. M. (1987). The effect of hand-held weights on the physiological responses to walking exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 19, 260-265. Makalous, S. L., Arujo,]., & Thomas, T. R. (1988). Energy expenditure during walking with hand weights. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 16(4),139-148. Miller,]. F., &Stamford, B.A. (1987). Intensity and energy cost of weighted walking vs. running for men and women. Journal of Applied Physiology, 62, 1497-1501. Sawka,M. N. (1986). Physiology ofupper body exercise. Exercise and SportScimas &views, 14, 175-211. Soule, R. G., & Goldman R F. (1969). Energy cost of load carried on the head, hands, or feet, Journal of Applied Physiology, 27,687-690. Stenberg,]., Astrand, P.O., Ekblom, B., Royce,]., &Saltin, B. (1967). Hemodynamic response to work with different muscle groups, sitting and supine. Journal of AppliedPhysiology, 22,61-70. SteVens,]. P. (1990). Intermediate statistics: A modem approach. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Toner, M. M., Glickman, E. L., & McArdle, W. D. (1990). Cardiovascular adjustments to exercise distributed between the upper and lower body. Medicine and Scima in Sports and Exercise, 22, 773-778. Zarandona,]., Nelson, A. G., Conlee, R. K., & Fisher, A. G. (1986). Physiological responses to hand-carried weights. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 14(10),113-120.

Authors' Note Address correspondence to Susan Morrow, 1607 Quail Run Drive, Tuscaloosa, AL 35406.

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Energy costs of self-paced walking with handheld weights.

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