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British Poultry Science Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cbps20
Energy and nitrogen metabolism of chickens subjected to infection and reinfection with Eimeria acervulina B. S. Takhar
a b
& D. J. Farrell
a
a
Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition , University of New England , Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia b
Red Comb Co‐operative Society Ltd , PO Box 2, Dry Creek, 5094, South Australia Published online: 08 Nov 2007.
To cite this article: B. S. Takhar & D. J. Farrell (1979) Energy and nitrogen metabolism of chickens subjected to infection and reinfection with Eimeria acervulina , British Poultry Science, 20:2, 213-224, DOI: 10.1080/00071667908416570 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071667908416570
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/ page/terms-and-conditions
Br. Poult. Sci., 20: 213-224. 1979
Longman: printed in Great Britain
ENERGY AND NITROGEN METABOLISM OF CHICKENS SUBJECTED TO INFECTION AND REINFECTION WITH EIMERIA ACERVULINA B. S. TAKHAR 1 AND D. J. FARRELL Downloaded by [University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign] at 08:51 06 October 2014
Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia Received for publication 20th June 1978
1. The effects of E. acervulina on energy and nitrogen metabolism were studied in respiration chambers on four groups of four broilers aged 16 d: group C was infected with 1.1 × 106 oocysts/bird on day 1 and fed ad libitum, while groups A, B and D were pair-fed to group C to day 16 of the experiment. On day 17, groups A and C were given 5.0 x 106 oocysts/ bird and fed ad libitum, while group B was pair-fed to group A and group D was pair-fed to group C to the end of experiment on day 32. 2. Dietary ME as a proportion of gross energy (0.68) and N retention (42 g/100 g N intake) were reduced in the infected group G compared with pair-fed controls (0.75 and 49 g, respectively) for the period 1 to 16 d. Subsequent challenge of group C saw no effects on the two variables, but metabolisability (0.65) and N retention (33 g) were significantly reduced in group A when infected for the first time on day 17. 3. The daily heat production and food intake of group A, infected for the first time with E. acervulina on day 17, and group B, their pair-fed controls, were reduced during days 20 to 25 but no such reductions were observed in group C, receiving a challenge dose of E. acervulina, and group D, non-infected pair-fed to group C. The efficiency of utilisation of ME for growth of groups C and D was 0.60 over the 17 to 32 d period. 4. Challenge of immune birds did not affect the apparent digestibility of total minerals, calcium and phosphorus.
INTRODUCTION
The continuous inclusion of a coccidiostat in diets to prevent coccidiosis is expensive and may have some adverse effects (Takhar and Farrell, 1978). An alternative is to expose the chickens to the disease to stimulate immunity. Various programmes of infection have been suggested in order to control this disease (Reid et al., 1968). Irrespective of the method used, or until they can be substituted by using attenuated rather than pathogenic strains (Long, 1973; Jeffers, 1974, 1975), chickens have to experience coccidiosis before they become resistant to all forms of 1
Present address: Red Comb Co-operative Society Ltd, PO Box 2, Dry Creek, South Australia 5094. 20/2—F* 213
214
B. S. TAKHAR AND D. J. FARRELL
the disease. We have determined the effects of primary infection on energy and nitrogen metabolism (Takhar and Farrell, 1979) and now present data on the effects of reinfection with E. acervulina. Body composition and apparent retention of minerals, particularly calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) were also examined.
Downloaded by [University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign] at 08:51 06 October 2014
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A replicated experiment of the design shown in Table 1 was conducted. The experimental procedures were as described by Takhar and Farrell (1979) but with the following changes: the total experimental period of 32 d was divided into two periods, 1 to 16 d, and 17 to 32 d. Furthermore each 16-d period was subdivided into stages, each of 4 d giving a total of eight stages for the experiment. Four groups (A, B, C and D) each of four chickens of the same strain, age and sex as used previously (Takhar and Farrell, 1979) were housed in four respiration chambers. On day 1 of the first period all groups now aged 16 d were fed ad libitum. Thereafter only the infected group (C) was fed ad libitum while others were pair-fed to group C. On day 17 (second period), groups A and C were infected and fed TABLE 1
Experimental design showing the infecting dose {oocystsjbird) and feeding regimen of groups of four chickens when in respiration chambers
Period 1 (1 to 16 d) Group A B C D
Period 2 (17 to 32 d)
Infecting dose Feeding Infecting dose Feeding (xlO~ 6 ) regimen (xlO" 8 ) regimen 0 Pair-fed to C 5-0 Ad libitum 0 Pair-fed to C 0 Pair-fed to A 1-1 0
Ad libitum Pair-fed to G
5-0 0
Ad libitum Pair-fed to G
TABLE 2
Mean values obtained for the whole 32-d experimental period {see Table lfor experimental details)
Variable Weight gain (g/4 d) Food intake (g/kgWd) Metabolisability of the diet* ME intake (kJ/kgWM) Heat production (kJ/kgWd) Energy retention (kJ/kgWd) N intake (g/kgWd) N retention (g/kgWd) N retention (g/100 g N intake) Water intake (g/kgWd) Total mineral retention (g/100 g intake) Ca retention (g/100 g Ca intake) P retention (g/100 g P intake) 1
A2
B
C3
al
393 456* 452" 112a 105 a 113" 0-711 a 0-752" 0-702* 1357a 1377a 1359a 937" 1029" 963» 397ab 425" 348» 4-29 a 4-05* 4.34a a l-86 a 1-86" l-94 41.7a 47-3» 43-5 a 178» 177a 191" 32-8a 41.4a 37-2 a
37-1" 49'3» 42-5"
35-2 a " 45-2 a 39-5»"
D 44 2 ab 106" 0-747" 1367* 977" 39 l a " 4-09 a l-94 a 46-8" 175* 36-9" 48-6» 41.7b
Means within a row with different superscript are significantly different (P< 0-05). Infected on day 17. * Infected on day 1 and day 17. 4 ME of diet as a proportion of gross energy content. a
SE
19-6
2-9 0-003 33-8 16-0 25-9 0-11 0-06
0-9 6-8 0-89 2-96
1-4
1 to 16 d Variable Weight gain (g/4 d) Food intake (g/kgWd) Metabolisability of the diet4 ME intake (kJ/kgWd) Heat production (kJ/kgWd) Energy retention (kJ/kgWd) N intake (g/kgWd) N retention (g/kgWd) N retention (g/100 g N intake) Water intake (g/kgWd) Total mineral retention (g/100 g intake) Ca retention (g/lOOg Ca intake) P retention (g/100 g P intake)
B 351* 122= 0-750=* 1583" 1152= 430"= 4-72= 2-33=* 49-2 W
S
0
[-1
S
w W
CTIO
3 4
17 t o 3 2 d t
A2 346ai 125= 0-755* 1631* 1226* 404*= 4-83= 2-401 50-2" 211= 49-1" 42-9*
COCC
Downloaded by [University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign] at 08:51 06 October 2014
TABLE 3
Mean values obtained for the periods 1 to 16 d andfor 17 to 32 d (see Table 1 for experimental details)
to
216
B. S. TAKHAR AND D. J. FARRELL
ad libitum to the end of the experiment with appropriate pair-fed controls (groups B and D, respectively). RESULTS
Results from both experiments were pooled for analysis of variance, since there was no difference (P
British Poultry Science Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cbps20
Energy and nitrogen metabolism of chickens subjected to infection and reinfection with Eimeria acervulina B. S. Takhar
a b
& D. J. Farrell
a
a
Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition , University of New England , Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia b
Red Comb Co‐operative Society Ltd , PO Box 2, Dry Creek, 5094, South Australia Published online: 08 Nov 2007.
To cite this article: B. S. Takhar & D. J. Farrell (1979) Energy and nitrogen metabolism of chickens subjected to infection and reinfection with Eimeria acervulina , British Poultry Science, 20:2, 213-224, DOI: 10.1080/00071667908416570 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071667908416570
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/ page/terms-and-conditions
Br. Poult. Sci., 20: 213-224. 1979
Longman: printed in Great Britain
ENERGY AND NITROGEN METABOLISM OF CHICKENS SUBJECTED TO INFECTION AND REINFECTION WITH EIMERIA ACERVULINA B. S. TAKHAR 1 AND D. J. FARRELL Downloaded by [University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign] at 08:51 06 October 2014
Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia Received for publication 20th June 1978
1. The effects of E. acervulina on energy and nitrogen metabolism were studied in respiration chambers on four groups of four broilers aged 16 d: group C was infected with 1.1 × 106 oocysts/bird on day 1 and fed ad libitum, while groups A, B and D were pair-fed to group C to day 16 of the experiment. On day 17, groups A and C were given 5.0 x 106 oocysts/ bird and fed ad libitum, while group B was pair-fed to group A and group D was pair-fed to group C to the end of experiment on day 32. 2. Dietary ME as a proportion of gross energy (0.68) and N retention (42 g/100 g N intake) were reduced in the infected group G compared with pair-fed controls (0.75 and 49 g, respectively) for the period 1 to 16 d. Subsequent challenge of group C saw no effects on the two variables, but metabolisability (0.65) and N retention (33 g) were significantly reduced in group A when infected for the first time on day 17. 3. The daily heat production and food intake of group A, infected for the first time with E. acervulina on day 17, and group B, their pair-fed controls, were reduced during days 20 to 25 but no such reductions were observed in group C, receiving a challenge dose of E. acervulina, and group D, non-infected pair-fed to group C. The efficiency of utilisation of ME for growth of groups C and D was 0.60 over the 17 to 32 d period. 4. Challenge of immune birds did not affect the apparent digestibility of total minerals, calcium and phosphorus.
INTRODUCTION
The continuous inclusion of a coccidiostat in diets to prevent coccidiosis is expensive and may have some adverse effects (Takhar and Farrell, 1978). An alternative is to expose the chickens to the disease to stimulate immunity. Various programmes of infection have been suggested in order to control this disease (Reid et al., 1968). Irrespective of the method used, or until they can be substituted by using attenuated rather than pathogenic strains (Long, 1973; Jeffers, 1974, 1975), chickens have to experience coccidiosis before they become resistant to all forms of 1
Present address: Red Comb Co-operative Society Ltd, PO Box 2, Dry Creek, South Australia 5094. 20/2—F* 213
214
B. S. TAKHAR AND D. J. FARRELL
the disease. We have determined the effects of primary infection on energy and nitrogen metabolism (Takhar and Farrell, 1979) and now present data on the effects of reinfection with E. acervulina. Body composition and apparent retention of minerals, particularly calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) were also examined.
Downloaded by [University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign] at 08:51 06 October 2014
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A replicated experiment of the design shown in Table 1 was conducted. The experimental procedures were as described by Takhar and Farrell (1979) but with the following changes: the total experimental period of 32 d was divided into two periods, 1 to 16 d, and 17 to 32 d. Furthermore each 16-d period was subdivided into stages, each of 4 d giving a total of eight stages for the experiment. Four groups (A, B, C and D) each of four chickens of the same strain, age and sex as used previously (Takhar and Farrell, 1979) were housed in four respiration chambers. On day 1 of the first period all groups now aged 16 d were fed ad libitum. Thereafter only the infected group (C) was fed ad libitum while others were pair-fed to group C. On day 17 (second period), groups A and C were infected and fed TABLE 1
Experimental design showing the infecting dose {oocystsjbird) and feeding regimen of groups of four chickens when in respiration chambers
Period 1 (1 to 16 d) Group A B C D
Period 2 (17 to 32 d)
Infecting dose Feeding Infecting dose Feeding (xlO~ 6 ) regimen (xlO" 8 ) regimen 0 Pair-fed to C 5-0 Ad libitum 0 Pair-fed to C 0 Pair-fed to A 1-1 0
Ad libitum Pair-fed to G
5-0 0
Ad libitum Pair-fed to G
TABLE 2
Mean values obtained for the whole 32-d experimental period {see Table lfor experimental details)
Variable Weight gain (g/4 d) Food intake (g/kgWd) Metabolisability of the diet* ME intake (kJ/kgWM) Heat production (kJ/kgWd) Energy retention (kJ/kgWd) N intake (g/kgWd) N retention (g/kgWd) N retention (g/100 g N intake) Water intake (g/kgWd) Total mineral retention (g/100 g intake) Ca retention (g/100 g Ca intake) P retention (g/100 g P intake) 1
A2
B
C3
al
393 456* 452" 112a 105 a 113" 0-711 a 0-752" 0-702* 1357a 1377a 1359a 937" 1029" 963» 397ab 425" 348» 4-29 a 4-05* 4.34a a l-86 a 1-86" l-94 41.7a 47-3» 43-5 a 178» 177a 191" 32-8a 41.4a 37-2 a
37-1" 49'3» 42-5"
35-2 a " 45-2 a 39-5»"
D 44 2 ab 106" 0-747" 1367* 977" 39 l a " 4-09 a l-94 a 46-8" 175* 36-9" 48-6» 41.7b
Means within a row with different superscript are significantly different (P< 0-05). Infected on day 17. * Infected on day 1 and day 17. 4 ME of diet as a proportion of gross energy content. a
SE
19-6
2-9 0-003 33-8 16-0 25-9 0-11 0-06
0-9 6-8 0-89 2-96
1-4
1 to 16 d Variable Weight gain (g/4 d) Food intake (g/kgWd) Metabolisability of the diet4 ME intake (kJ/kgWd) Heat production (kJ/kgWd) Energy retention (kJ/kgWd) N intake (g/kgWd) N retention (g/kgWd) N retention (g/100 g N intake) Water intake (g/kgWd) Total mineral retention (g/100 g intake) Ca retention (g/lOOg Ca intake) P retention (g/100 g P intake)
B 351* 122= 0-750=* 1583" 1152= 430"= 4-72= 2-33=* 49-2 W
S
0
[-1
S
w W
CTIO
3 4
17 t o 3 2 d t
A2 346ai 125= 0-755* 1631* 1226* 404*= 4-83= 2-401 50-2" 211= 49-1" 42-9*
COCC
Downloaded by [University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign] at 08:51 06 October 2014
TABLE 3
Mean values obtained for the periods 1 to 16 d andfor 17 to 32 d (see Table 1 for experimental details)
to
216
B. S. TAKHAR AND D. J. FARRELL
ad libitum to the end of the experiment with appropriate pair-fed controls (groups B and D, respectively). RESULTS
Results from both experiments were pooled for analysis of variance, since there was no difference (P
