WJ C
World Journal of Cardiology World J Cardiol 2015 September 26; 7(9): 579-582 ISSN 1949-8462 (online)
Submit a Manuscript: http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/ Help Desk: http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/helpdesk.aspx DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i9.579
© 2015 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
CASE REPORT
Eggshell calcification of the heart in constrictive pericarditis Rajesh Vijayvergiya, Ramalingam Vadivelu, Sachin Mahajan, Sandeep S Rana, Manphool Singhal Rajesh Vijayvergiya, Ramalingam Vadivelu, Department of Cardiology, Advanced Cardiac Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
First decision: May 14, 2015 Revised: June 27, 2015 Accepted: July 21, 2015 Article in press: July 23, 2015 Published online: September 26, 2015
Sachin Mahajan, Sandeep S Rana, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Advanced Cardiac Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India Manphool Singhal, Department of Radiology, Advanced Cardiac Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
Abstract Constrictive pericarditis (CP) is an inflammatory disease of pericardium. Pericardial calcification in X-ray provides a clue for the diagnosis of CP. An extensive “eggshell” type of calcification is rarely seen in CP. We hereby report a case of CP with eggshell calcification of pericardium, encircling whole of the heart. A need for multimodality imaging and hemodynamic assessment followed by surgical pericardiectomy is discussed.
Author contributions: All authors were actively involved in management of the index case. Institutional review board statement: The enclosed manu script is a case report, which does not require institute ethics committee approval. Informed consent statement: It is not required as the manuscript is about a case report. There is no personal information about the patient in the figures enclosed.
Key words: Contrictive pericarditis; Calcification; Pericar diectomy; Right heart failure
Conflict-of-interest statement: On the behalf of all the authors of the manuscript, I the first and corresponding author of the manuscript make the statement that there is no conflict of interest of any of the authors for the present manuscript.
© The Author(s) 2015. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
Core tip: Idiopathic contrictive pericarditis (CP) with extensive pericardial calcification is rarely seen. We hereby report a case of CP with extensive “eggshell” calcification of heart, who presented with right heart failure. A need for multimodality imaging and hemody namic assessment is discussed in the article.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Vijayvergiya R, Vadivelu R, Mahajan S, Rana SS, Singhal M. Eggshell calcification of the heart in constrictive pericarditis. World J Cardiol 2015; 7(9): 579-582 Available from: URL: http://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8462/full/v7/i9/579.htm DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v7.i9.579
Correspondence to: Dr. Rajesh Vijayvergiya, MD, DM, FSCAI, FISES, FACC, Professor, Department of Cardiology,Advanced Cardiac Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India. [email protected] Telephone: +91-172-2756512 Fax: +91-172-2744401
INTRODUCTION Constrictive pericarditis (CP) is an inflammatory disease of pericardium. Its etiology includes infection,
Received: April 28, 2015 Peer-review started: April 29, 2015
WJC|www.wjgnet.com
579
September 26, 2015|Volume 7|Issue 9|
Vijayvergiya R et al . Eggshell calcification in pericarditis
A
B
C
Figure 1 Fluoroscopy images in antero-posterior (A), lateral (B) and left anterior oblique 30º (C) views show circumferential pericardial calcification around the heart. Pre-operative CT images
A
B
Post-operative CT images
C
D
Figure 2 Computed tomography. Non-contrast computed tomography reconstructed images in coronal (A) and sagittal (B) planes show thick, calcified pericardium around the heart. A repeat CT following partial pericardiectomy in coronal (C) and sagittal (D) planes show residual calcified pericardium at right atrial and posterior surface of the heart. Calcified pericardium is absent along the antero-lateral surface of the heart. CT: Computed tomography.
connective tissue disorders, chest trauma, irradiation, [1] post-cardiac surgery and idiopathic-type . Extensive pericardial calcification is rarely seen in CP. We hereby report a case of CP presented with extensive “eggshell” like calcification of whole of pericardium.
venous pulse of 18 cm, prominent X and Y descents. Cardiac auscultation revealed a pericardial knock. Twodimensional echocardiogram showed 10-mm thick, calcified pericardium; about 25%-variation in mitral diastolic flow velocities with respiration and a dilated inferior vena cava of 24-mm dimension. Fluoroscopy revealed dense circumferential calcification all around the heart (Figure 1). A computed tomography (CT) scan confirmed the circumferential thick pericardial calcification like an eggshell, encircling the heart (Figures 2 and 3). Angiography revealed normal epicardial coronaries without any external compression.
CASE REPORT A 43-year-old male presented with shortness of breath, NYHA class-III of 6-mo duration. There was no history of fever, productive cough, joint pain, orthopnea and pedal edema. Clinical examination revealed a jugular
WJC|www.wjgnet.com
580
September 26, 2015|Volume 7|Issue 9|
Vijayvergiya R et al . Eggshell calcification in pericarditis
Figure 3 Pre-operative non-contrast computed tomography reconstructed volume rendered image shows pericardial “eggshell” calcification around the heart.
A
Figure 5 Surgical image shows resected thick and calcified pericardium (white arrow) from anterior surface of heart.
and fungal cultures of the excised pericardium were negative. He had uneventful recovery and was disch th arged on 7 post-operative day. A post–operative CT scan showed absence of calcified pericardium along antero-lateral surface of the heart (Figures 2C and D). He remained asymptomatic during 1-year follow-up.
B
Ⅱ10 mm/mV
Ⅱ10 mm/mV
Ⅲ 10 mm/mV
Ⅲ10 mm/mV LV
LV
DISCUSSION
aVL10 mm/mV
aVL 10 mm/mV
Constrictive pericarditis is a sequale of chronic inflam mation of pericardium. Among the various etiologies, [1,2] idiopathic type is a common cause for CP , which was present in index case. The clinical presentation is mostly of right heart failure. Any patient presented with dyspnea, raised jugular venous pulse, hepatic and systemic venous congestion should be evaluated for CP. Pericardial calcification in chest X-ray can suggest [3] CP, however it is present in only 5%-27% of cases . Extensive “eggshell” like calcification is rarely seen in [4] CP , as was present in index case. Echocardiography [5] is an initial imaging test for diagnosis of CP . In patients with equivocal echocardiography findings, CT or Cardiac Magnetic Resonance can confirm the [5] diagnosis . The extent of severe calcification and involvement of adjacent structures is clearly defined by CT, as demonstrated in index case. Cardiac catheterization is required for hemodynamic assessment and to rule out coronary compression by calcified [6] thickened pericardium . A multi-modality imaging and hemodynamic assessment is essential for proper [5] evaluation of CP . Surgical pericardiectomy is the definite treatment for CP. Those with calcified and firmly adherent pericardium, median thoracotomy is preferred [7] over antero-lateral thoracotomy . Calcified CP also has higher surgical risk, incomplete pericardial resection [7] and poor hemodynamic outcomes following surgery . However, index case had a successful outcome following partial antero-lateral pericardiectomy via median sternotomy approach. In conclusion, we present a case of idiopathic CP with extensive eggshell calcification of
RV 40 mmHg LV 40 mmHg
RA 40 mmHg LV 40 mmHg
RA
RA
Figure 4 Hemodynamic tracing during catheterization. A: Right atrial (RA) pressure tracing shows prominent X and Y descent; B: Ventricular pressure tracing shows typical “dip-and-plateau configuration” during diastole. RV: Right ventricle; LV: Left ventricle.
Hemodynamic data revealed elevated mean right atrial (RA) pressure of 20 mmHg. Right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle (LV) end-diastolic pressure was 23 and 28 mmHg, respectively. Pulmonary artery systolic and mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressures were 44 and 24 mmHg, respectively. There was near equalization of elevated RA, RV and LV end-diastolic pressures. Right atrial pressure tracing showed prominent X and Y descent (Figure 4A), and ventricular pressure tracing showed typical “dip-and-plateau configuration” (Figure 4B) suggestive of CP. He had surgical pericardiectomy for densely calcified CP. Following median thoracotomy, thickened, calcified, firmly adherent pericardium was resected and excised from anterior and left lateral aspect of the heart (Figure 5). The densely adherent pericardium from surface of right atrium and posterior wall was not resected. Histopathology of pericardium revealed dystrophic calcification without any evidence of granulomatous or giant cell inflammation. Mycobacterial
WJC|www.wjgnet.com
581
September 26, 2015|Volume 7|Issue 9|
Vijayvergiya R et al . Eggshell calcification in pericarditis nicely documented.
the heart, who had successful surgical pericardiectomy, and had a favourable long term outcome.
REFERENCES
COMMENTS COMMENTS
1
Case characteristics
A 43-years-old male presented with shortness of breath, New York Heart Association class-III of 6-mo duration.
2
Clinical diagnosis
3
Differential diagnosis
4
Clinical examination revealed a raised jugular venous pulse with prominent X and Y descents.
Cardiac auscultation revealed a pericardial knock. Two-dimensional echocar diogram showed 10-mm thick, calcified pericardium with significant trans-mitral diastolic flow velocities variation.
5
Imaging diagnosis
Fluoroscopy revealed dense circumferential calcification all around the heart. A computed tomography scan confirmed the circumferential thick pericardial calcification like an eggshell, encircling the heart. Cardiac catheterization revealed near equalization of elevated right atrial, right ventricle, and left ventricle end-diastolic pressures and ventricular pressure tracing showed typical “dip-andplateau” pattern suggestive of constrictive pericarditis.
6
Pathological diagnosis
He had surgical pericardiectomy for densely calcified CP. Histopathology of pericardium revealed dystrophic calcification without any evidence of granulomatous or giant cell inflammation. An importance of multi-modality imaging with hemodynamic assessment is discussed in management of constrictive pericarditis.
7
Peer-review
This is an interesting article on calcified constrictive pericarditis. The paper is
LeWinter MM, Hopkins WE. Pericardial diseases. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, editors. Braunwald’s heart disease. 10th Edition. WB: Saunders publications, 2015: 1636-1657 Cameron J, Oesterle SN, Baldwin JC, Hancock EW. The etiologic spectrum of constrictive pericarditis. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 354-360 [PMID: 3812191 DOI: 10.1016/0002-8703(87)90278-X] Ling LH, Oh JK, Breen JF, Schaff HV, Danielson GK, Mahoney DW, Seward JB, Tajik AJ. Calcific constrictive pericarditis: is it still with us? Ann Intern Med 2000; 132: 444-450 [PMID: 10733443 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-132-6-200003210-00004] Yetkin U, Ilhan G, Calli AO, Yesil M, Gurbuz A. Severe calcific chronic constrictive tuberculous pericarditis. Tex Heart Inst J 2008; 35: 224-225 [PMID: 18612441] Klein AL, Abbara S, Agler DA, Appleton CP, Asher CR, Hoit B, Hung J, Garcia MJ, Kronzon I, Oh JK, Rodriguez ER, Schaff HV, Schoenhagen P, Tan CD, White RD. American Society of Echocardiography clinical recommendations for multimodality cardiovascular imaging of patients with pericardial disease: endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013; 26: 965-1012.e15 [PMID: 23998693 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2013.06.023] Robb JF, Laham RJ, Moscucci M. Profile in pericardial disease. In: Moscucci M, editor. Grossman & Baim’s cardiac catheterization, angiography and intervention. 8th Edition. Lippincott Williams & WilkinsL: Wolters Kluwer publications, 2014: 1045-1059 Maisch B, Seferović PM, Ristić AD, Erbel R, Rienmüller R, Adler Y, Tomkowski WZ, Thiene G, Yacoub MH. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases executive summary; The Task force on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases of the European society of cardiology. Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 587-610 [PMID: 15120056 DOI: 10.1016/ j.ehj.2004.02.002] P- Reviewer: Durandy Y, Lymperopoulos A, Mehta JL S- Editor: Ji FF L- Editor: A E- Editor: Wu HL
WJC|www.wjgnet.com
582
September 26, 2015|Volume 7|Issue 9|
Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc 8226 Regency Drive, Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA Telephone: +1-925-223-8242 Fax: +1-925-223-8243 E-mail: [email protected] Help Desk: http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/helpdesk.aspx http://www.wjgnet.com
© 2015 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World Journal of Cardiology World J Cardiol 2015 September 26; 7(9): 579-582 ISSN 1949-8462 (online)
Submit a Manuscript: http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/ Help Desk: http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/helpdesk.aspx DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i9.579
© 2015 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
CASE REPORT
Eggshell calcification of the heart in constrictive pericarditis Rajesh Vijayvergiya, Ramalingam Vadivelu, Sachin Mahajan, Sandeep S Rana, Manphool Singhal Rajesh Vijayvergiya, Ramalingam Vadivelu, Department of Cardiology, Advanced Cardiac Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
First decision: May 14, 2015 Revised: June 27, 2015 Accepted: July 21, 2015 Article in press: July 23, 2015 Published online: September 26, 2015
Sachin Mahajan, Sandeep S Rana, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Advanced Cardiac Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India Manphool Singhal, Department of Radiology, Advanced Cardiac Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
Abstract Constrictive pericarditis (CP) is an inflammatory disease of pericardium. Pericardial calcification in X-ray provides a clue for the diagnosis of CP. An extensive “eggshell” type of calcification is rarely seen in CP. We hereby report a case of CP with eggshell calcification of pericardium, encircling whole of the heart. A need for multimodality imaging and hemodynamic assessment followed by surgical pericardiectomy is discussed.
Author contributions: All authors were actively involved in management of the index case. Institutional review board statement: The enclosed manu script is a case report, which does not require institute ethics committee approval. Informed consent statement: It is not required as the manuscript is about a case report. There is no personal information about the patient in the figures enclosed.
Key words: Contrictive pericarditis; Calcification; Pericar diectomy; Right heart failure
Conflict-of-interest statement: On the behalf of all the authors of the manuscript, I the first and corresponding author of the manuscript make the statement that there is no conflict of interest of any of the authors for the present manuscript.
© The Author(s) 2015. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
Core tip: Idiopathic contrictive pericarditis (CP) with extensive pericardial calcification is rarely seen. We hereby report a case of CP with extensive “eggshell” calcification of heart, who presented with right heart failure. A need for multimodality imaging and hemody namic assessment is discussed in the article.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Vijayvergiya R, Vadivelu R, Mahajan S, Rana SS, Singhal M. Eggshell calcification of the heart in constrictive pericarditis. World J Cardiol 2015; 7(9): 579-582 Available from: URL: http://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8462/full/v7/i9/579.htm DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v7.i9.579
Correspondence to: Dr. Rajesh Vijayvergiya, MD, DM, FSCAI, FISES, FACC, Professor, Department of Cardiology,Advanced Cardiac Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India. [email protected] Telephone: +91-172-2756512 Fax: +91-172-2744401
INTRODUCTION Constrictive pericarditis (CP) is an inflammatory disease of pericardium. Its etiology includes infection,
Received: April 28, 2015 Peer-review started: April 29, 2015
WJC|www.wjgnet.com
579
September 26, 2015|Volume 7|Issue 9|
Vijayvergiya R et al . Eggshell calcification in pericarditis
A
B
C
Figure 1 Fluoroscopy images in antero-posterior (A), lateral (B) and left anterior oblique 30º (C) views show circumferential pericardial calcification around the heart. Pre-operative CT images
A
B
Post-operative CT images
C
D
Figure 2 Computed tomography. Non-contrast computed tomography reconstructed images in coronal (A) and sagittal (B) planes show thick, calcified pericardium around the heart. A repeat CT following partial pericardiectomy in coronal (C) and sagittal (D) planes show residual calcified pericardium at right atrial and posterior surface of the heart. Calcified pericardium is absent along the antero-lateral surface of the heart. CT: Computed tomography.
connective tissue disorders, chest trauma, irradiation, [1] post-cardiac surgery and idiopathic-type . Extensive pericardial calcification is rarely seen in CP. We hereby report a case of CP presented with extensive “eggshell” like calcification of whole of pericardium.
venous pulse of 18 cm, prominent X and Y descents. Cardiac auscultation revealed a pericardial knock. Twodimensional echocardiogram showed 10-mm thick, calcified pericardium; about 25%-variation in mitral diastolic flow velocities with respiration and a dilated inferior vena cava of 24-mm dimension. Fluoroscopy revealed dense circumferential calcification all around the heart (Figure 1). A computed tomography (CT) scan confirmed the circumferential thick pericardial calcification like an eggshell, encircling the heart (Figures 2 and 3). Angiography revealed normal epicardial coronaries without any external compression.
CASE REPORT A 43-year-old male presented with shortness of breath, NYHA class-III of 6-mo duration. There was no history of fever, productive cough, joint pain, orthopnea and pedal edema. Clinical examination revealed a jugular
WJC|www.wjgnet.com
580
September 26, 2015|Volume 7|Issue 9|
Vijayvergiya R et al . Eggshell calcification in pericarditis
Figure 3 Pre-operative non-contrast computed tomography reconstructed volume rendered image shows pericardial “eggshell” calcification around the heart.
A
Figure 5 Surgical image shows resected thick and calcified pericardium (white arrow) from anterior surface of heart.
and fungal cultures of the excised pericardium were negative. He had uneventful recovery and was disch th arged on 7 post-operative day. A post–operative CT scan showed absence of calcified pericardium along antero-lateral surface of the heart (Figures 2C and D). He remained asymptomatic during 1-year follow-up.
B
Ⅱ10 mm/mV
Ⅱ10 mm/mV
Ⅲ 10 mm/mV
Ⅲ10 mm/mV LV
LV
DISCUSSION
aVL10 mm/mV
aVL 10 mm/mV
Constrictive pericarditis is a sequale of chronic inflam mation of pericardium. Among the various etiologies, [1,2] idiopathic type is a common cause for CP , which was present in index case. The clinical presentation is mostly of right heart failure. Any patient presented with dyspnea, raised jugular venous pulse, hepatic and systemic venous congestion should be evaluated for CP. Pericardial calcification in chest X-ray can suggest [3] CP, however it is present in only 5%-27% of cases . Extensive “eggshell” like calcification is rarely seen in [4] CP , as was present in index case. Echocardiography [5] is an initial imaging test for diagnosis of CP . In patients with equivocal echocardiography findings, CT or Cardiac Magnetic Resonance can confirm the [5] diagnosis . The extent of severe calcification and involvement of adjacent structures is clearly defined by CT, as demonstrated in index case. Cardiac catheterization is required for hemodynamic assessment and to rule out coronary compression by calcified [6] thickened pericardium . A multi-modality imaging and hemodynamic assessment is essential for proper [5] evaluation of CP . Surgical pericardiectomy is the definite treatment for CP. Those with calcified and firmly adherent pericardium, median thoracotomy is preferred [7] over antero-lateral thoracotomy . Calcified CP also has higher surgical risk, incomplete pericardial resection [7] and poor hemodynamic outcomes following surgery . However, index case had a successful outcome following partial antero-lateral pericardiectomy via median sternotomy approach. In conclusion, we present a case of idiopathic CP with extensive eggshell calcification of
RV 40 mmHg LV 40 mmHg
RA 40 mmHg LV 40 mmHg
RA
RA
Figure 4 Hemodynamic tracing during catheterization. A: Right atrial (RA) pressure tracing shows prominent X and Y descent; B: Ventricular pressure tracing shows typical “dip-and-plateau configuration” during diastole. RV: Right ventricle; LV: Left ventricle.
Hemodynamic data revealed elevated mean right atrial (RA) pressure of 20 mmHg. Right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle (LV) end-diastolic pressure was 23 and 28 mmHg, respectively. Pulmonary artery systolic and mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressures were 44 and 24 mmHg, respectively. There was near equalization of elevated RA, RV and LV end-diastolic pressures. Right atrial pressure tracing showed prominent X and Y descent (Figure 4A), and ventricular pressure tracing showed typical “dip-and-plateau configuration” (Figure 4B) suggestive of CP. He had surgical pericardiectomy for densely calcified CP. Following median thoracotomy, thickened, calcified, firmly adherent pericardium was resected and excised from anterior and left lateral aspect of the heart (Figure 5). The densely adherent pericardium from surface of right atrium and posterior wall was not resected. Histopathology of pericardium revealed dystrophic calcification without any evidence of granulomatous or giant cell inflammation. Mycobacterial
WJC|www.wjgnet.com
581
September 26, 2015|Volume 7|Issue 9|
Vijayvergiya R et al . Eggshell calcification in pericarditis nicely documented.
the heart, who had successful surgical pericardiectomy, and had a favourable long term outcome.
REFERENCES
COMMENTS COMMENTS
1
Case characteristics
A 43-years-old male presented with shortness of breath, New York Heart Association class-III of 6-mo duration.
2
Clinical diagnosis
3
Differential diagnosis
4
Clinical examination revealed a raised jugular venous pulse with prominent X and Y descents.
Cardiac auscultation revealed a pericardial knock. Two-dimensional echocar diogram showed 10-mm thick, calcified pericardium with significant trans-mitral diastolic flow velocities variation.
5
Imaging diagnosis
Fluoroscopy revealed dense circumferential calcification all around the heart. A computed tomography scan confirmed the circumferential thick pericardial calcification like an eggshell, encircling the heart. Cardiac catheterization revealed near equalization of elevated right atrial, right ventricle, and left ventricle end-diastolic pressures and ventricular pressure tracing showed typical “dip-andplateau” pattern suggestive of constrictive pericarditis.
6
Pathological diagnosis
He had surgical pericardiectomy for densely calcified CP. Histopathology of pericardium revealed dystrophic calcification without any evidence of granulomatous or giant cell inflammation. An importance of multi-modality imaging with hemodynamic assessment is discussed in management of constrictive pericarditis.
7
Peer-review
This is an interesting article on calcified constrictive pericarditis. The paper is
LeWinter MM, Hopkins WE. Pericardial diseases. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, editors. Braunwald’s heart disease. 10th Edition. WB: Saunders publications, 2015: 1636-1657 Cameron J, Oesterle SN, Baldwin JC, Hancock EW. The etiologic spectrum of constrictive pericarditis. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 354-360 [PMID: 3812191 DOI: 10.1016/0002-8703(87)90278-X] Ling LH, Oh JK, Breen JF, Schaff HV, Danielson GK, Mahoney DW, Seward JB, Tajik AJ. Calcific constrictive pericarditis: is it still with us? Ann Intern Med 2000; 132: 444-450 [PMID: 10733443 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-132-6-200003210-00004] Yetkin U, Ilhan G, Calli AO, Yesil M, Gurbuz A. Severe calcific chronic constrictive tuberculous pericarditis. Tex Heart Inst J 2008; 35: 224-225 [PMID: 18612441] Klein AL, Abbara S, Agler DA, Appleton CP, Asher CR, Hoit B, Hung J, Garcia MJ, Kronzon I, Oh JK, Rodriguez ER, Schaff HV, Schoenhagen P, Tan CD, White RD. American Society of Echocardiography clinical recommendations for multimodality cardiovascular imaging of patients with pericardial disease: endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013; 26: 965-1012.e15 [PMID: 23998693 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2013.06.023] Robb JF, Laham RJ, Moscucci M. Profile in pericardial disease. In: Moscucci M, editor. Grossman & Baim’s cardiac catheterization, angiography and intervention. 8th Edition. Lippincott Williams & WilkinsL: Wolters Kluwer publications, 2014: 1045-1059 Maisch B, Seferović PM, Ristić AD, Erbel R, Rienmüller R, Adler Y, Tomkowski WZ, Thiene G, Yacoub MH. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases executive summary; The Task force on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases of the European society of cardiology. Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 587-610 [PMID: 15120056 DOI: 10.1016/ j.ehj.2004.02.002] P- Reviewer: Durandy Y, Lymperopoulos A, Mehta JL S- Editor: Ji FF L- Editor: A E- Editor: Wu HL
WJC|www.wjgnet.com
582
September 26, 2015|Volume 7|Issue 9|
Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc 8226 Regency Drive, Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA Telephone: +1-925-223-8242 Fax: +1-925-223-8243 E-mail: [email protected] Help Desk: http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/helpdesk.aspx http://www.wjgnet.com
© 2015 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
