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Animal Science Journal (2015) 86, 174–180
doi: 10.1111/asj.12263
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effects of utilization of local food by-products as total mixed ration silage materials on fermentation quality and intake, digestibility, rumen condition and nitrogen availability in sheep Srita YANI,1 Kyohei ISHIDA,1 Shuzo GODA,2 Shigeyoshi AZUMAI,2 Tomoyuki MURAKAMI,2 Masayuki KITAGAWA,1 Kanji OKANO,3 Kazato OISHI,1 Hiroyuki HIROOKA1 and Hajime KUMAGAI1 1
Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Resources, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 2Kyoto Livestock Center, Kyoto Prefecture, Kyoto, and 3School of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
ABSTRACT Four wethers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate in vivo digestibility of total mixed ration (TMR) silage with food by-products for dairy cows, and the ruminal condition and nitrogen (N) balance were examined. Five by-products (i.e. potato waste, noodle waste, soybean curd residue, soy sauce cake and green tea waste) were obtained. Four types of TMR silage were used: control (C) containing roughage and commercial concentrate, T1:20% and T1:40% containing the five by-products replacing 20% and 40% of the commercial concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively, and T2:40% containing three by-products (potato waste, noodle waste and soybean curd residue) replacing 40% of the commercial concentrate on a DM basis. The ingredients were mixed and preserved in oil drum silos for 4 months. The TMR silages showed 4.02–4.44% and 1.75–2.19% for pH and lactic acid contents, respectively. The digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fiber, and total digestible nutrient content were higher (P < 0.05) for T2:40% feeding than for C feeding. Urinary nitrogen excretion tended to be lower (P = 0.07) for T2:40% than for C. The results suggested 40% replacing of commercial concentrate by using the three food by-products can be most suitable for TMR silage.
Key words: digestibility, food by-product, nitrogen balance, total mixed ration silage, wether.
INTRODUCTION Production of food industries comprises 10% of the total industrial production in Japan, with a value of US$437 billion a year (Kajikawa 1996). The food industries in Japan yield a huge amount of by-products which need to be disposed. Such food industrial by-products have been so far burned or used as compost, which leads to possible environmental problems. Recent growing interest in utilizing food industrial by-products as animal feed is due to enhanced environmental and economic concerns because most food by-products are environmental waste management problems. Total mixed ration (TMR) silage made by mixing the wet by-products with roughage is in practice at dairy farms in Japan (Imai 2001), because most food by-products have high moisture content. This also helps to omit the time of mixing before feeding, minimizes the risk of effluent © 2014 Japanese Society of Animal Science
production and avoids self-selection of feeds by animals (Wang & Nishino 2008). In addition, unpalatable by-products could possibly be incorporated into a TMR if their odors and flavors were altered by silage fermentation (Xu et al. 2007). In Kyoto Prefecture, it is known that potato waste and noodle waste, rich in starch, are produced in food processing plants as much as 570 000 and 252 000 t/year, respectively, and there are also large amounts of food waste, such as soybean curd residue, soy sauce cake and green tea waste in the area. Potato waste, a potato hash containing both skins and solids, is a
Correspondence: Hajime Kumagai, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan. (Email: [email protected]) Received 18 November 2013; accepted for publication 11 May 2014.
TMR SILAGE WITH FOOD BY-PRODUCTS
by-product from the production of snacks or potato starch. Noodle waste is a below-standard product of wheat noodles (udon) or buckwheat noodles (soba). The suitability of whole buckwheat silage or buckwheat grain as a diet ingredient has been demonstrated in dairy cows (Amelchanka et al. 2010). Soy sauce cake is a dried pomace derived from soy sauce production which is characterized by rich crude protein (CP), salt content and highly antioxidant fatsoluble vitamins. Soybean curd residue contains high CP and possesses protein characteristics similar to corn silage, and could be a good source for ruminant feed as reported by Chiou et al. (1995). Wet by-products, such as soybean curd residue, are often used as ingredients in TMR silage (Wang & Nishino 2009), especially in dairy cattle farming. The partial substitution of soybean curd residue for soybean meal (10% on a dry matter (DM) basis) in cattle feed resulted in better lactation performance (Chiou et al. 1998). In Japan, consumption of tea has been increasing remarkably, from 9000 t in 1995 to 49 340 t in 2007; therefore beverage companies manufacturing various readymade tea drinks produced about 100 000 t of tea waste annually, most of which is burned, dumped into landfills or used as compost. Tea waste becomes potential feedstuff for animals because of its high CP and vitamin contents, although it has high tannin content (Cao et al. 2009). In spite of the fact that nation-wide food industrial by-products (so-called eco-feed) is common in Japan, there are limited published reports and many by-products cannot be quantified because of nonstandard equivalents available in the literature. Furthermore, the nutrient values of food industrial by-products vary widely depending on regions. In particular, the nutrient characteristics of TMR silage made from food by-products are obscure. The objective of this study was to investigate the fermentation quality
Table 1
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of TMR silage from food by-products and to determine the intake, in vivo digestibility, rumen condition and nitrogen balance of TMR silage using sheep wethers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation of TMR silage Food industrial by-products were collected from food processing companies in the Nantan Districts (the cities of Nantan, Kameoka and Kyotamba) in Kyoto Prefecture. The chemical composition of the food by-products used for TMR silage analyzed by Institute of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokachi Agricultural Cooperative Association is shown in Table 1. The ingredients of TMR silage used in this study are shown in Table 2. Four treatments based on different TMR formulation for dairy cows were designed. The ingredients of the four TMR silages were: (i) C containing roughage and commercial concentrate; (ii) T1:20% containing roughage and the five food by-products (potato waste, noodle waste, soybean curd residue, soy sauce cake, soybean curd residue and green tea waste) replacing 20% of the commercial concentrate and calcium diphosphate; (iii) T1:40% containing roughage and the five food by-products (potato waste, noodle waste, soybean curd residue, soy sauce cake, soybean curd residue and green tea waste) replacing 40% of the commercial concentrate and calcium diphosphate; and (iv) T2:40% containing roughage and the three food by-products (potato waste, noodle waste and soybean curd residue) replacing 40% of the commercial concentrate and calcium diphosphate on a DM basis. The five kinds of food by-products were chosen to use all the five by-products in the region, whereas the three kinds of food by-products in T2:40% were to use the three largest amount of wastes in the five by-products in the region. The CP and total digestible nutrient (TDN) concentrations of commercial concentrate were 15.5% and 80.1% on a DM basis, respectively. The chemical composition of corn silage, alfalfa hay and timothy hay were quoted from Standard Tables of Feed Composition in Japan (National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) 2010). These treatments were aimed to provide 13.8% CP and 72.1% TDN and were formulated to meet the TDN, CP, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P),
Chemical composition of food by-products (%)
Component
Potato waste
Noodle waste‡
Soybean curd residue
Soy sauce cake
Green tea waste
DM CP† DIP† UIP† EE† aNDFom† ADFom† Crude ash† TDN† Ca† P† VA† (IU/kg) Starch
15.9 6.9 3.4 3.5 5.7 19.7 17.4 3.2 71.3 0.19 0.13 5.0 64.6
25.2 13.1 11.1 2.0 1.2 1.1 0.8 1.2 80.9 0.00 0.08 2.4 83.4
29.3 37.1 27.0 10.1 15.4 23.3 15.3 4.4 96.1 0.34 0.44 32.9 45.8
66.3 26.0 11.7 14.4 32.1 24.9 23.6 13.1 99.8 0.23 0.18 32.8 3.7
20.0 21.0 2.4 18.6 5.5 59.6 43.5 4.0 46.4 0.80 0.25 12552.1 9.9
†On a dry matter (DM) basis. ‡Contains udon noodle mainly. EE, ether extract; CP, crude protein; DIP, degradable intake protein; UIP, undegradable intake protein; TDN, total digestible nutrients; ADFom, acid detergent fiber expressed exclusive of residual ash; aNDFom, neutral detergent fiber, assayed with a heat stable amylase and expressed exclusive residual ash; Ca, calcium; P, phosphorus; VA, vitamin A.
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176 S. YANI et al.
Table 2 Ingredient proportion of TMR silage (% on a DM basis)
Ingredient
Corn silage Alfalfa hay Timothy hay Commercial concentrate† By-products: Potato waste Noodle waste Soybean curd residue Soy sauce cake Green tea waste Calcium diphosphates
Treatment C
T1:20% T1:40% T2:40%
20.7 10.9 11.2 57.3
20.7 10.9 11.2 45.8 11.5 2.5 5.5 1.5 1.4 0.22 0.19
20.7 10.9 11.2 34.4 22.9 5.1 11.1 3.1 2.9 0.43 0.38
20.7 10.9 11.2 34.4 22.9 11.5 3.3 7.9 – – 0.23
†Contains (% as dry matter (DM) basis) 7.7 alfalfa hay cube, 20.6 beat pulp, 31.0 maize, 10.4 barley grains, 10.4 soybean meal, 15.5 cotton seed, 15.5 wheat bran and 2.9 vitamins and minerals. TMR, total mixed ration; C, control containing roughage and commercial concentrate; T1:20%, containing roughage and the five food by-products (potato waste, noodle waste, soy sauce cake, soybean curd residue and green tea waste) replacing 20% of the commercial concentrate and calcium diphosphate; T1:40%, containing roughage and the five food by-products (potato waste, noodle waste, soy sauce cake, soybean curd residue and green tea waste) replacing 40% of the commercial concentrate and calcium diphosphate; T2:40%, containing roughage and the three food by-products (potato waste, noodle waste and soybean curd residue) replacing 40% of the commercial concentrate and calcium diphosphate.
degradable intake protein and undegradable intake protein requirements for dairy cows according to the Japanese Feeding Standard for Dairy Cows (NARO 2007). Fifteen liters of water were added to 160 kg of ingredients of C to adjust moisture content for treatment T1:40% and T2:40%. The ingredients were mixed and put in oil drums (200 L capacity), and then stored outdoors for 4 months from August to December, 2009.
Animals, treatments and experimental design Four ruminal cannulated sheep wethers with initial body weight (BW) of 43.4 ± 7.1 kg were used for the in vivo digestibility and nitrogen balance experiments. The wethers were housed individually in metabolic cages for total feces and urine collections. The wethers were assigned in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to evaluate the apparent digestibility of the TMR silage, and ruminal condition and nitrogen (N) balance of the wethers. An adaptation period (9 days) was followed by a sampling period (6 days). The wethers used in the experiment were managed according to the guidelines of the Kyoto University Animal Ethics Committee. The wethers were given the experimental feeds at 2% of BW on a DM basis in two equal portions fed at 09.30 and 16.30 hours. The amounts of the feeds offered to and refused by the wethers were recorded daily. The wethers had ad libitum access to water and mineral blocks throughout the experiment. Body weight was measured on the last day in each experimental period. Feed samples were obtained in each sampling period. Feces, urine and orts were collected and weighed daily during the sampling period before the morning feeding. The © 2014 Japanese Society of Animal Science
samples were respectively mixed per wether in each treatment. The collected samples, orts and feces were dried in the oven at 60°C for 48 h and ground with a Willey mill to pass a 1 mm screen for chemical analyses. The urine was collected into vessels daily in the sampling period. Ten milliliters of 20% sulfuric acid solution had been added into the vessels to prevent N losses during storage. The volume of urine was measured daily and 50 mL representative samples were collected. The urine samples were mixed per wether per treatment according to original excretion ratio and stored at −20°C until analysis. Before analysis the composite samples were mixed together and analyzed for N contents. Rumen fluid was collected (100 mL) from the ruminal cannulae before the morning feeding and at 1, 4 and 7 h after feeding on the last day of each sampling period. The ruminal pH was measured immediately after separation of feed particles by filtering through four layers of gauze using a glass electrode pH meter (Horiba Ltd, Kyoto, Japan).
Chemical analyses The samples of feeds and residues were analyzed for DM, CP, ether extract (EE) and crude ash (methods 930.15, 925.04, 920.39 and 942.05, respectively) according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC 2000). The organic matter (OM) was calculated as weight loss through ashing. Neutral detergent fiber was assayed with a heat stable amylase and expessed exclusive of residual ash (aNDFom) and acid detergent fiber was expessed exclusive of residual ash (ADFom) according to Van Soest et al. (1991). The Ca and P contents in food by-products were determined by atomic absorbtion analysis (Price 1979) and the calorimetric method of Gomori (1942), respectively. The samples of feces were analyzed for DM, CP, aNDFom and ADFom. Urine samples were analyzed for urinary nitrogen using the Kjeldahl procedure described by AOAC (2000). Wet TMR silage (45 g) was homogenized with 140 mL of distilled water and the pH was measured using a glass electode pH meter (Horiba Ltd, Kyoto, Japan). Lactic acid was determined according to Barnett (1951). Ammonia-N was determined by the microdifussion method (Conway 1962). The intakes of CP, aNDFom and ADFom, NH3-N/TN, and intake, fecal, urinary and retained nitrogen were calculated. The TDN (%) was estimated according to Heaney and Pigden (1963) as the following equation: TDN (%) = 5.81 + 0.869 × DDM (%), where DDM is digestible DM.
Statistical analyses Data on intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS (1998) with diet, period and animal included in the model. The mathematical model was Yijkl = μ + Ti + Pj + Ak + eijkl, where Yijk = observation, μ = the overall means, Ti = the fixed effect treatment feed, Pj = the fixed effect of period, Ak = the random effect of animal and eijkl = residual error. Ruminal pH was analyzed by the MIXED procedure of SAS (1998) for repeated measures according to the method of Atkinson et al. (2007). The model included treatment, period, sampling time, animal and the treatment × sampling time interaction. The three-way interaction of treatment × period × animal was used to specify variation among animals using the RANDOM statement of SAS (1998). An autoregressive covariance structure (AR1) was determined to be most appropriate based on Akaike’s Animal Science Journal (2015) 86, 174–180
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criterion (Akaike 1974). The Tukey-Kramer test was used to detect the differences between the means for each data analysis (Kramer 1956).
RESULTS The chemical composition and fermentation characteristics of TMR silage The chemical composition of the food by-products and of the TMR silage is shown in Table 3. DM, CP and EE contents of TMR silage were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by feed ingredients composition. The DM content was lower for T1:20% followed with higher of
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CP content than for other treatments. The EE content of T1:40% was higher than T1:20%. There was no significant difference for OM, NFC, aNDFom and ADFom contents among the silage treatments. The pH, lactic acid concentration and NH3–N/TN were ranged 4.02–4.44, 1.75–2.19% and 5.21–6.81%, respectively. The TMR silage of T2:40% had higher NH3-N/TN than that of C treatment (P < 0.05).
Feed intake and apparent digestibility The effects of feeding experimental diets on intake and apparent digestibility are shown in Table 4. There were no significant differences between the treatment diets in DM, CP, aNDFom and ADFom intakes. DDM was
Table 3 Chemical composition of the experimental diets and fermentation quality of TMR silage
Nutrient
Chemical composition (%) DM CP† OM† EE† NFC† aNDFom† ADFom† Crude ash† Ca† P† Fermentation quality pH Lactic acid (%)‡ NH3-N/TN (%)‡
Treatment
SEM
C
T1:20%
T1:40%
T2:40%
43.2b 15.0ab 93.6 3.6ab 30.4 44.6 26.1 6.5 0.75 0.38
48.7 c 14.2a 93.7 3.2a 30.5 45.8 27.7 6.3 0.74 0.38
38.1a 15.4b 93.9 4.1b 31.7 42.5 25.9 6.1 0.76 0.38
41.2ab 14.9ab 94.0 3.7ab 30.0 45.5 27.3 5.9 0.65 0.37
0.49 0.23 0.26 0.18 0.82 0.91 0.75 0.29 –
4.44 1.75 6.81b
0.01 0.06 0.34
4.37 2.19 5.21a
4.29 2.18 6.29ab
4.02 2.14 6.46ab
Means in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05). †On a DM basis. ‡On a FM basis. ADFom, acid detergent fiber expressed exclusive of residual ash; aNDFom, neutral detergent fiber assayed with a heat stable amylase and expressed exclusive residual ash; CP, crude protein; DM, dry matter; EE, ether extract; FM, fresh matter; N, nitrogen; NFC, nonfibrous carbohydrate (100 – CP – EE – aNDFom – crude ash); OM, organic matter; SEM, standard error of means; C, T1:20%, T1:40% and T2:40%, treatments of TMR silage (Table 2).
Table 4 Effect of feeding the experimental diets on intake and apparent digestibility in wethers
Parameter
BW (kg) Intake (g/day/BW0.75) DM CP aNDFom ADFom Apparent digestibility (%) DM CP aNDFom ADFom TDN
Treatment
SEM
C
T1:20%
T1:40%
T2:40%
47.1
49.0
47.9
48.0
0.65
43.8 7.0 20.5 11.9
45.4 6.9 22.2 13.4
45.0 6.9 22.2 13.4
45.1 7.2 22.1 13.3
1.35 0.25 0.59 0.87
66.6a 72.9 54.9a 33.3 63.7a
70.9ab 74.7 61.5ab 49.0 67.4ab
73.0ab 75.4 62.0ab 43.2 68.1ab
73.7b 77.5 66.2b 53.4 69.8b
1.27 1.28 1.64 4.79 1.10
Means in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05). ADFom, acid detergent fiber expressed exclusive of residual ash; aNDFom, neutral detergent fiber assayed with a heat stable amylase and expressed exclusive of residual ash; BW, body weight; C, control; DM, dry matter; CP, crude protein; EE, ether extract; SEM, standard error of means; TDN, total digestible nutrients. C, T1:20%, T1:40% and T2:40%, treatments of TMR silage (Table 2).
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Table 5 Effect of feeding the experimental diets on ruminal pH
Treatment
Time after feeding (h) 0
Ruminal pH
C T1:20% T1:40% T2:40%
1 b
7.37 7.39c 7.46b 7.39b
4 a
6.65 6.34a 6.54a 6.41a
SEM
Treatment
P value time
Treatment × time
0.09
NS
**
NS
7 a
6.73 6.58ab 6.61a 6.50a
6.92ab 6.84b 7.08ab 6.86a
Means in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05). **P < 0.01. NS, non-significant; SEM, standard error of means; C, T1:20%, T1:40% and T2:40%, treatments of TMR silage (Table 2).
Table 6 Effect of feeding the experimental diets on nitrogen balance in wethers
Parameter
Treatment
SEM
C
T1:20%
T1:40%
T2:40%
20.25 5.32 12.09 2.86 10.34
20.08 5.08 8.85 6.15 31.26
21.15 5.15 8.74 7.26 31.26
21.26 4.85 7.42 8.99 42.36
0.75
N balance (g/day/BW ) Intake N Fecal N Urinary N Retention N Proportion of N retention to N intake (%)
0.95 0.15 0.96 1.71 9.40
BW, body weight; N, nitrogen; SEM, standard error of means; C, T1:20%, T1:40% and T2:40%, treatments of TMR silage (Table 2).
significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the T2:40% diet compared to the C diet. Furthermore, aNDFom digestibility was higher (P < 0.05) in T2:40% than in the C diet. Although CP and ADFom digestibility was numerically higher in T2:40% than C, no significant differences were observed among the treatment groups. The TDN was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for T2:40% than for C.
Ruminal pH The ruminal pH values at 0, 1, 4 and 7 h after feeding are shown in Table 5. There was significant effect of sampling time (P < 0.01), highest at 0 h and lowest at 1 h after feeding. The value of ruminal pH was not affected by any treatments and no interaction was detected.
The N balance The effect of feeding experimental diets on N balance is shown in Table 6. The N intake and fecal N excretion were not affected by any experimental diets. Urinary N tended to be decreased in the T2:40% than C diet (P = 0.07). The proportion of N retention to N intake of T2:40% was numerically higher than that of C diet.
DISCUSSION The DM concentrations of four TMR silages varied from 38.1 to 48.7; lower for T1:40% and T2:40% than T1:20% (Table 3). The lower DM concentrations of T1:40% and T2:40% were attributed to the higher amount of the food industrial by-products of noodle © 2014 Japanese Society of Animal Science
waste and potato waste with high moisture contents. Onwubuemeli et al. (1985) reported that the DM content of the ration decreased with the increase in the proportion of potato pulp silage of which moisture content tended to be high. The CP concentrations of TMR silage ranged from 14.2% to 15.4% which were higher than the aimed CP content, 13.8%, calculated from the chemical compositions of ingredients and proportions of TMR silage. This might have been due to relatively lower loss of N than other nutrients, that is energy sources for fermentation during the silage preservation. The EE concentrations T1:40% and T2:40% were higher than C and T1:20%. This might be attributable to the ingredients of T1:40% and T2:40% containing much soybean curd residue and soy sauce cake which are by-products with relatively high EE contents (Table 1). As for the fermentation characteristics, the TMR silage was well-fermented, as indicated by the low pH values and NH3-N/TN, and high lactic acid contents. As reported by McDonald and Whittenbury (1973), the pH value ≦ 4.2 was well-preserved, 4.3–4.5 was intermediate range and for volatile basic nitrogen (VBN)/TN concentration ≦ 12.5% was well preserved. The higher NH3N/TN of TMR silage from food by-products, especially in T2:40%, might have been due to more degraded protein from the by-products. Ishida et al. (2012) reported that TMR silage containing potato waste and soybean curd residue produced much NH3-N/TN. The wethers completely ingested the diets offered in a short time and the DM intake was similar among the treatments (Table 4), implying that the palatability of the TMR silages for the wethers was satisfactory. Thus, replacing the conventional concentrate by local food Animal Science Journal (2015) 86, 174–180
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by-products as TMR silage on the treatment diets had the same effects on intake of CP, aNDFom and ADFom in wethers. No difference of ruminal pH among the treatments was observed at 1 and 4 h after feeding (Table 5) and the level was within in a normal range from 6.4 to 6.8 as reported by Van Soest (1994). High aNDFom digestibility in T2:40% was related to the feed ingredients in each treatment diet as shown in Table 2, where T2:40% consisted of higher amount of by-products from potato waste and soybean curd residue. Sugimoto et al. (2006) reported NDF digestibility was higher for steers fed potato pulp silage compared to those fed corn and barley because starch in the grain-based supplement decreased NDF digestibility. As reported by Cao et al. (2009), the apparent digestibility of NDF from dry tofu cake silage was higher than rice bran silage. The food by-products from potato waste and soybean curd might have resulted in higher aNDFom digestibility in T2:40%, which reflected upon the higher DM digestibility and TDN than the other treatment diets. The trend of lower CP digestibility in T1:20% and T1:40% than T2:40% might have been due to the inclusion of green tea waste. Xu et al. (2007) reported decreasing of CP digestibility due to addition of wet green tea waste with high concentration of condensed tannins. High levels of tannin bind with protein to produce complexes (i.e. polyvinyl polypyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol) and animals fed with tannin-rich diets increase fecal N excretion (Nunez-Hernandez et al. 1991) as well as reduce their digestibility and ruminal degradability of protein (Tolera et al. 1997; Woodward & Reed 1997). Regarding nitrogen balance, urinary N tended to be higher in C than T2:40% (P = 0.07), which resulted in the trend of lower N retention in C. The tendency of improvement of N utilization when fed T2:40% was possibly due to a higher proportion of potato waste and soybean curd residue because the aNDFom digestibility and TDN content of these feedstuffs were high as shown in Table 4. The variation in NDF digestibility between TMR silage, including food by-products was significant (Ishida et al. 2012). The high content of digestible fiber means that there is more energy available in the rumen for microbial growth and this increased energy actually increases N efficiency, allowing the ruminant to make better utilization of the N of protein in the diet. This reduces losses in the form of ammonia gas and excretions in the urine. Additionally, this increased energy drives additional milk production or animal growth. The high aNDFom digestibility and TDN content probably lead to better utilization of energy for ruminal microbial N synthesis by N degradation. The high N retention in the by-products can partly adduced an increased supply of nonammonium N to the abomasum and small intestine. This could have resulted from a higher level of microAnimal Science Journal (2015) 86, 174–180
bial protein production, due to a synchronous supply of readily fermentable energy and rapidly degradable protein to the rumen from the starch and protein in the by-products, which are both rapidly degraded in the rumen. Santoso and Hariadi (2009) reported that the higher CP degradability of soybean curd waste could be due to high CP content, possibly resulting in increased activity and microbe population.
Conclusion The TMR silages, including potato waste, noodle waste and soybean curd residue mainly for replacing conventional concentrate, were well preserved with high fermentation quality and the intake of wethers was similar to conventional TMR silage without any food by-products. The apparent digestibility of DM and aNDFom, and TDN increased when the wethers were fed the T2:40% using three food by-products, that is potato waste, noodle waste and soybean curd residue compared to C, which might have been due to higher aNDFom digestibility related to high amounts of potato waste and soybean curd residue. There were preferable effects on nitrogen balance of all treatments of TMR silages mixed with the food by-products. It is suggested from the results that T2:40%, including potato waste, noodle waste and soybean curd residue, can be most suitable for replacing conventional concentrate as TMR silage for dairy cows. Further studies will be needed to evaluate an availability of the TMR silage for dairy cows, milk yield and composition.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT This study was financially supported by the Research and Development Projects for Utilization of Un-used Resources for Feed from Japan Livestock Industry Association.
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Nunez-Hernandez G, Wallace JD, Holechek JL, Galyean ML, Cardenas M. 1991. Condensed tannins and nutrient utilization by lambs and goats fed low quality diets. Journal of Animal Science 69, 1167–l177. Onwubuemeli C, Huber JT, King KJ, Johnson COLE. 1985. Nutritive value of potato processing wastes in total mixed rations for dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 68, 1207– 1214. Price WJ. 1979. Spectrochemical Analysis by Atomic Absorbtion. pp. 248–278. Pye Unicam Ltd., Cambridge. Santoso B, Hariadi BT. 2009. Evaluation of nutritive value and in vitro methane production of feedstuffs from agricultural and food industry by-products. Journal of Indonesian Tropic Animal Agricultural 34, 189–195. Statistical Analysis System (SAS). 1998. SAS/STAT User’s Guide Version 6. SAS Institute, Cary, NC. Sugimoto M, Saito W, Ooi M, Sato Y, Saito T, Mori K. 2006. The effects of potato pulp and feeding level of supplements on digestibility, in situ forage degradation and ruminal fermentation in beef steers. Animal Science Journal 77, 587–594. Tolera A, Khazaal K, Ørskov ER. 1997. Nutritive evaluation of some browse species. Animal Feed Science and Technology 67, 181–195. Van Soest PJ. 1994. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant 2nd edn. Comstock Publication Associates, Ithaca, NY. Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA. 1991. Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3583–3597. Wang F, Nishino N. 2008. Ensiling of soybean curd residue and wet brewers grains with or without others feeds as a total mixed ration. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 2380– 2387. Wang F, Nishino N. 2009. Association of Lactobacillus buchneri with aerobic stability of total mixed ration containing wet brewers grains preserved as a silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology 149, 265–274. Woodward A, Reed JD. 1997. Nitrogen metabolism of sheep and goats consuming Acacia brevispica and Sesbania sesban. Journal of Animal Science 75, 1130–1139. Xu C, Cai Y, Moriya N, Ogawa M. 2007. Nutritive value for ruminants of green tea grounds as a replacement of brewers’ grains in totally mixed ration silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology 138, 228–238.
Animal Science Journal (2015) 86, 174–180
Animal Science Journal (2015) 86, 174–180
doi: 10.1111/asj.12263
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effects of utilization of local food by-products as total mixed ration silage materials on fermentation quality and intake, digestibility, rumen condition and nitrogen availability in sheep Srita YANI,1 Kyohei ISHIDA,1 Shuzo GODA,2 Shigeyoshi AZUMAI,2 Tomoyuki MURAKAMI,2 Masayuki KITAGAWA,1 Kanji OKANO,3 Kazato OISHI,1 Hiroyuki HIROOKA1 and Hajime KUMAGAI1 1
Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Resources, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 2Kyoto Livestock Center, Kyoto Prefecture, Kyoto, and 3School of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
ABSTRACT Four wethers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate in vivo digestibility of total mixed ration (TMR) silage with food by-products for dairy cows, and the ruminal condition and nitrogen (N) balance were examined. Five by-products (i.e. potato waste, noodle waste, soybean curd residue, soy sauce cake and green tea waste) were obtained. Four types of TMR silage were used: control (C) containing roughage and commercial concentrate, T1:20% and T1:40% containing the five by-products replacing 20% and 40% of the commercial concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively, and T2:40% containing three by-products (potato waste, noodle waste and soybean curd residue) replacing 40% of the commercial concentrate on a DM basis. The ingredients were mixed and preserved in oil drum silos for 4 months. The TMR silages showed 4.02–4.44% and 1.75–2.19% for pH and lactic acid contents, respectively. The digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fiber, and total digestible nutrient content were higher (P < 0.05) for T2:40% feeding than for C feeding. Urinary nitrogen excretion tended to be lower (P = 0.07) for T2:40% than for C. The results suggested 40% replacing of commercial concentrate by using the three food by-products can be most suitable for TMR silage.
Key words: digestibility, food by-product, nitrogen balance, total mixed ration silage, wether.
INTRODUCTION Production of food industries comprises 10% of the total industrial production in Japan, with a value of US$437 billion a year (Kajikawa 1996). The food industries in Japan yield a huge amount of by-products which need to be disposed. Such food industrial by-products have been so far burned or used as compost, which leads to possible environmental problems. Recent growing interest in utilizing food industrial by-products as animal feed is due to enhanced environmental and economic concerns because most food by-products are environmental waste management problems. Total mixed ration (TMR) silage made by mixing the wet by-products with roughage is in practice at dairy farms in Japan (Imai 2001), because most food by-products have high moisture content. This also helps to omit the time of mixing before feeding, minimizes the risk of effluent © 2014 Japanese Society of Animal Science
production and avoids self-selection of feeds by animals (Wang & Nishino 2008). In addition, unpalatable by-products could possibly be incorporated into a TMR if their odors and flavors were altered by silage fermentation (Xu et al. 2007). In Kyoto Prefecture, it is known that potato waste and noodle waste, rich in starch, are produced in food processing plants as much as 570 000 and 252 000 t/year, respectively, and there are also large amounts of food waste, such as soybean curd residue, soy sauce cake and green tea waste in the area. Potato waste, a potato hash containing both skins and solids, is a
Correspondence: Hajime Kumagai, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan. (Email: [email protected]) Received 18 November 2013; accepted for publication 11 May 2014.
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by-product from the production of snacks or potato starch. Noodle waste is a below-standard product of wheat noodles (udon) or buckwheat noodles (soba). The suitability of whole buckwheat silage or buckwheat grain as a diet ingredient has been demonstrated in dairy cows (Amelchanka et al. 2010). Soy sauce cake is a dried pomace derived from soy sauce production which is characterized by rich crude protein (CP), salt content and highly antioxidant fatsoluble vitamins. Soybean curd residue contains high CP and possesses protein characteristics similar to corn silage, and could be a good source for ruminant feed as reported by Chiou et al. (1995). Wet by-products, such as soybean curd residue, are often used as ingredients in TMR silage (Wang & Nishino 2009), especially in dairy cattle farming. The partial substitution of soybean curd residue for soybean meal (10% on a dry matter (DM) basis) in cattle feed resulted in better lactation performance (Chiou et al. 1998). In Japan, consumption of tea has been increasing remarkably, from 9000 t in 1995 to 49 340 t in 2007; therefore beverage companies manufacturing various readymade tea drinks produced about 100 000 t of tea waste annually, most of which is burned, dumped into landfills or used as compost. Tea waste becomes potential feedstuff for animals because of its high CP and vitamin contents, although it has high tannin content (Cao et al. 2009). In spite of the fact that nation-wide food industrial by-products (so-called eco-feed) is common in Japan, there are limited published reports and many by-products cannot be quantified because of nonstandard equivalents available in the literature. Furthermore, the nutrient values of food industrial by-products vary widely depending on regions. In particular, the nutrient characteristics of TMR silage made from food by-products are obscure. The objective of this study was to investigate the fermentation quality
Table 1
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of TMR silage from food by-products and to determine the intake, in vivo digestibility, rumen condition and nitrogen balance of TMR silage using sheep wethers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation of TMR silage Food industrial by-products were collected from food processing companies in the Nantan Districts (the cities of Nantan, Kameoka and Kyotamba) in Kyoto Prefecture. The chemical composition of the food by-products used for TMR silage analyzed by Institute of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokachi Agricultural Cooperative Association is shown in Table 1. The ingredients of TMR silage used in this study are shown in Table 2. Four treatments based on different TMR formulation for dairy cows were designed. The ingredients of the four TMR silages were: (i) C containing roughage and commercial concentrate; (ii) T1:20% containing roughage and the five food by-products (potato waste, noodle waste, soybean curd residue, soy sauce cake, soybean curd residue and green tea waste) replacing 20% of the commercial concentrate and calcium diphosphate; (iii) T1:40% containing roughage and the five food by-products (potato waste, noodle waste, soybean curd residue, soy sauce cake, soybean curd residue and green tea waste) replacing 40% of the commercial concentrate and calcium diphosphate; and (iv) T2:40% containing roughage and the three food by-products (potato waste, noodle waste and soybean curd residue) replacing 40% of the commercial concentrate and calcium diphosphate on a DM basis. The five kinds of food by-products were chosen to use all the five by-products in the region, whereas the three kinds of food by-products in T2:40% were to use the three largest amount of wastes in the five by-products in the region. The CP and total digestible nutrient (TDN) concentrations of commercial concentrate were 15.5% and 80.1% on a DM basis, respectively. The chemical composition of corn silage, alfalfa hay and timothy hay were quoted from Standard Tables of Feed Composition in Japan (National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) 2010). These treatments were aimed to provide 13.8% CP and 72.1% TDN and were formulated to meet the TDN, CP, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P),
Chemical composition of food by-products (%)
Component
Potato waste
Noodle waste‡
Soybean curd residue
Soy sauce cake
Green tea waste
DM CP† DIP† UIP† EE† aNDFom† ADFom† Crude ash† TDN† Ca† P† VA† (IU/kg) Starch
15.9 6.9 3.4 3.5 5.7 19.7 17.4 3.2 71.3 0.19 0.13 5.0 64.6
25.2 13.1 11.1 2.0 1.2 1.1 0.8 1.2 80.9 0.00 0.08 2.4 83.4
29.3 37.1 27.0 10.1 15.4 23.3 15.3 4.4 96.1 0.34 0.44 32.9 45.8
66.3 26.0 11.7 14.4 32.1 24.9 23.6 13.1 99.8 0.23 0.18 32.8 3.7
20.0 21.0 2.4 18.6 5.5 59.6 43.5 4.0 46.4 0.80 0.25 12552.1 9.9
†On a dry matter (DM) basis. ‡Contains udon noodle mainly. EE, ether extract; CP, crude protein; DIP, degradable intake protein; UIP, undegradable intake protein; TDN, total digestible nutrients; ADFom, acid detergent fiber expressed exclusive of residual ash; aNDFom, neutral detergent fiber, assayed with a heat stable amylase and expressed exclusive residual ash; Ca, calcium; P, phosphorus; VA, vitamin A.
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176 S. YANI et al.
Table 2 Ingredient proportion of TMR silage (% on a DM basis)
Ingredient
Corn silage Alfalfa hay Timothy hay Commercial concentrate† By-products: Potato waste Noodle waste Soybean curd residue Soy sauce cake Green tea waste Calcium diphosphates
Treatment C
T1:20% T1:40% T2:40%
20.7 10.9 11.2 57.3
20.7 10.9 11.2 45.8 11.5 2.5 5.5 1.5 1.4 0.22 0.19
20.7 10.9 11.2 34.4 22.9 5.1 11.1 3.1 2.9 0.43 0.38
20.7 10.9 11.2 34.4 22.9 11.5 3.3 7.9 – – 0.23
†Contains (% as dry matter (DM) basis) 7.7 alfalfa hay cube, 20.6 beat pulp, 31.0 maize, 10.4 barley grains, 10.4 soybean meal, 15.5 cotton seed, 15.5 wheat bran and 2.9 vitamins and minerals. TMR, total mixed ration; C, control containing roughage and commercial concentrate; T1:20%, containing roughage and the five food by-products (potato waste, noodle waste, soy sauce cake, soybean curd residue and green tea waste) replacing 20% of the commercial concentrate and calcium diphosphate; T1:40%, containing roughage and the five food by-products (potato waste, noodle waste, soy sauce cake, soybean curd residue and green tea waste) replacing 40% of the commercial concentrate and calcium diphosphate; T2:40%, containing roughage and the three food by-products (potato waste, noodle waste and soybean curd residue) replacing 40% of the commercial concentrate and calcium diphosphate.
degradable intake protein and undegradable intake protein requirements for dairy cows according to the Japanese Feeding Standard for Dairy Cows (NARO 2007). Fifteen liters of water were added to 160 kg of ingredients of C to adjust moisture content for treatment T1:40% and T2:40%. The ingredients were mixed and put in oil drums (200 L capacity), and then stored outdoors for 4 months from August to December, 2009.
Animals, treatments and experimental design Four ruminal cannulated sheep wethers with initial body weight (BW) of 43.4 ± 7.1 kg were used for the in vivo digestibility and nitrogen balance experiments. The wethers were housed individually in metabolic cages for total feces and urine collections. The wethers were assigned in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to evaluate the apparent digestibility of the TMR silage, and ruminal condition and nitrogen (N) balance of the wethers. An adaptation period (9 days) was followed by a sampling period (6 days). The wethers used in the experiment were managed according to the guidelines of the Kyoto University Animal Ethics Committee. The wethers were given the experimental feeds at 2% of BW on a DM basis in two equal portions fed at 09.30 and 16.30 hours. The amounts of the feeds offered to and refused by the wethers were recorded daily. The wethers had ad libitum access to water and mineral blocks throughout the experiment. Body weight was measured on the last day in each experimental period. Feed samples were obtained in each sampling period. Feces, urine and orts were collected and weighed daily during the sampling period before the morning feeding. The © 2014 Japanese Society of Animal Science
samples were respectively mixed per wether in each treatment. The collected samples, orts and feces were dried in the oven at 60°C for 48 h and ground with a Willey mill to pass a 1 mm screen for chemical analyses. The urine was collected into vessels daily in the sampling period. Ten milliliters of 20% sulfuric acid solution had been added into the vessels to prevent N losses during storage. The volume of urine was measured daily and 50 mL representative samples were collected. The urine samples were mixed per wether per treatment according to original excretion ratio and stored at −20°C until analysis. Before analysis the composite samples were mixed together and analyzed for N contents. Rumen fluid was collected (100 mL) from the ruminal cannulae before the morning feeding and at 1, 4 and 7 h after feeding on the last day of each sampling period. The ruminal pH was measured immediately after separation of feed particles by filtering through four layers of gauze using a glass electrode pH meter (Horiba Ltd, Kyoto, Japan).
Chemical analyses The samples of feeds and residues were analyzed for DM, CP, ether extract (EE) and crude ash (methods 930.15, 925.04, 920.39 and 942.05, respectively) according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC 2000). The organic matter (OM) was calculated as weight loss through ashing. Neutral detergent fiber was assayed with a heat stable amylase and expessed exclusive of residual ash (aNDFom) and acid detergent fiber was expessed exclusive of residual ash (ADFom) according to Van Soest et al. (1991). The Ca and P contents in food by-products were determined by atomic absorbtion analysis (Price 1979) and the calorimetric method of Gomori (1942), respectively. The samples of feces were analyzed for DM, CP, aNDFom and ADFom. Urine samples were analyzed for urinary nitrogen using the Kjeldahl procedure described by AOAC (2000). Wet TMR silage (45 g) was homogenized with 140 mL of distilled water and the pH was measured using a glass electode pH meter (Horiba Ltd, Kyoto, Japan). Lactic acid was determined according to Barnett (1951). Ammonia-N was determined by the microdifussion method (Conway 1962). The intakes of CP, aNDFom and ADFom, NH3-N/TN, and intake, fecal, urinary and retained nitrogen were calculated. The TDN (%) was estimated according to Heaney and Pigden (1963) as the following equation: TDN (%) = 5.81 + 0.869 × DDM (%), where DDM is digestible DM.
Statistical analyses Data on intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS (1998) with diet, period and animal included in the model. The mathematical model was Yijkl = μ + Ti + Pj + Ak + eijkl, where Yijk = observation, μ = the overall means, Ti = the fixed effect treatment feed, Pj = the fixed effect of period, Ak = the random effect of animal and eijkl = residual error. Ruminal pH was analyzed by the MIXED procedure of SAS (1998) for repeated measures according to the method of Atkinson et al. (2007). The model included treatment, period, sampling time, animal and the treatment × sampling time interaction. The three-way interaction of treatment × period × animal was used to specify variation among animals using the RANDOM statement of SAS (1998). An autoregressive covariance structure (AR1) was determined to be most appropriate based on Akaike’s Animal Science Journal (2015) 86, 174–180
TMR SILAGE WITH FOOD BY-PRODUCTS
criterion (Akaike 1974). The Tukey-Kramer test was used to detect the differences between the means for each data analysis (Kramer 1956).
RESULTS The chemical composition and fermentation characteristics of TMR silage The chemical composition of the food by-products and of the TMR silage is shown in Table 3. DM, CP and EE contents of TMR silage were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by feed ingredients composition. The DM content was lower for T1:20% followed with higher of
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CP content than for other treatments. The EE content of T1:40% was higher than T1:20%. There was no significant difference for OM, NFC, aNDFom and ADFom contents among the silage treatments. The pH, lactic acid concentration and NH3–N/TN were ranged 4.02–4.44, 1.75–2.19% and 5.21–6.81%, respectively. The TMR silage of T2:40% had higher NH3-N/TN than that of C treatment (P < 0.05).
Feed intake and apparent digestibility The effects of feeding experimental diets on intake and apparent digestibility are shown in Table 4. There were no significant differences between the treatment diets in DM, CP, aNDFom and ADFom intakes. DDM was
Table 3 Chemical composition of the experimental diets and fermentation quality of TMR silage
Nutrient
Chemical composition (%) DM CP† OM† EE† NFC† aNDFom† ADFom† Crude ash† Ca† P† Fermentation quality pH Lactic acid (%)‡ NH3-N/TN (%)‡
Treatment
SEM
C
T1:20%
T1:40%
T2:40%
43.2b 15.0ab 93.6 3.6ab 30.4 44.6 26.1 6.5 0.75 0.38
48.7 c 14.2a 93.7 3.2a 30.5 45.8 27.7 6.3 0.74 0.38
38.1a 15.4b 93.9 4.1b 31.7 42.5 25.9 6.1 0.76 0.38
41.2ab 14.9ab 94.0 3.7ab 30.0 45.5 27.3 5.9 0.65 0.37
0.49 0.23 0.26 0.18 0.82 0.91 0.75 0.29 –
4.44 1.75 6.81b
0.01 0.06 0.34
4.37 2.19 5.21a
4.29 2.18 6.29ab
4.02 2.14 6.46ab
Means in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05). †On a DM basis. ‡On a FM basis. ADFom, acid detergent fiber expressed exclusive of residual ash; aNDFom, neutral detergent fiber assayed with a heat stable amylase and expressed exclusive residual ash; CP, crude protein; DM, dry matter; EE, ether extract; FM, fresh matter; N, nitrogen; NFC, nonfibrous carbohydrate (100 – CP – EE – aNDFom – crude ash); OM, organic matter; SEM, standard error of means; C, T1:20%, T1:40% and T2:40%, treatments of TMR silage (Table 2).
Table 4 Effect of feeding the experimental diets on intake and apparent digestibility in wethers
Parameter
BW (kg) Intake (g/day/BW0.75) DM CP aNDFom ADFom Apparent digestibility (%) DM CP aNDFom ADFom TDN
Treatment
SEM
C
T1:20%
T1:40%
T2:40%
47.1
49.0
47.9
48.0
0.65
43.8 7.0 20.5 11.9
45.4 6.9 22.2 13.4
45.0 6.9 22.2 13.4
45.1 7.2 22.1 13.3
1.35 0.25 0.59 0.87
66.6a 72.9 54.9a 33.3 63.7a
70.9ab 74.7 61.5ab 49.0 67.4ab
73.0ab 75.4 62.0ab 43.2 68.1ab
73.7b 77.5 66.2b 53.4 69.8b
1.27 1.28 1.64 4.79 1.10
Means in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05). ADFom, acid detergent fiber expressed exclusive of residual ash; aNDFom, neutral detergent fiber assayed with a heat stable amylase and expressed exclusive of residual ash; BW, body weight; C, control; DM, dry matter; CP, crude protein; EE, ether extract; SEM, standard error of means; TDN, total digestible nutrients. C, T1:20%, T1:40% and T2:40%, treatments of TMR silage (Table 2).
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178 S. YANI et al.
Table 5 Effect of feeding the experimental diets on ruminal pH
Treatment
Time after feeding (h) 0
Ruminal pH
C T1:20% T1:40% T2:40%
1 b
7.37 7.39c 7.46b 7.39b
4 a
6.65 6.34a 6.54a 6.41a
SEM
Treatment
P value time
Treatment × time
0.09
NS
**
NS
7 a
6.73 6.58ab 6.61a 6.50a
6.92ab 6.84b 7.08ab 6.86a
Means in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05). **P < 0.01. NS, non-significant; SEM, standard error of means; C, T1:20%, T1:40% and T2:40%, treatments of TMR silage (Table 2).
Table 6 Effect of feeding the experimental diets on nitrogen balance in wethers
Parameter
Treatment
SEM
C
T1:20%
T1:40%
T2:40%
20.25 5.32 12.09 2.86 10.34
20.08 5.08 8.85 6.15 31.26
21.15 5.15 8.74 7.26 31.26
21.26 4.85 7.42 8.99 42.36
0.75
N balance (g/day/BW ) Intake N Fecal N Urinary N Retention N Proportion of N retention to N intake (%)
0.95 0.15 0.96 1.71 9.40
BW, body weight; N, nitrogen; SEM, standard error of means; C, T1:20%, T1:40% and T2:40%, treatments of TMR silage (Table 2).
significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the T2:40% diet compared to the C diet. Furthermore, aNDFom digestibility was higher (P < 0.05) in T2:40% than in the C diet. Although CP and ADFom digestibility was numerically higher in T2:40% than C, no significant differences were observed among the treatment groups. The TDN was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for T2:40% than for C.
Ruminal pH The ruminal pH values at 0, 1, 4 and 7 h after feeding are shown in Table 5. There was significant effect of sampling time (P < 0.01), highest at 0 h and lowest at 1 h after feeding. The value of ruminal pH was not affected by any treatments and no interaction was detected.
The N balance The effect of feeding experimental diets on N balance is shown in Table 6. The N intake and fecal N excretion were not affected by any experimental diets. Urinary N tended to be decreased in the T2:40% than C diet (P = 0.07). The proportion of N retention to N intake of T2:40% was numerically higher than that of C diet.
DISCUSSION The DM concentrations of four TMR silages varied from 38.1 to 48.7; lower for T1:40% and T2:40% than T1:20% (Table 3). The lower DM concentrations of T1:40% and T2:40% were attributed to the higher amount of the food industrial by-products of noodle © 2014 Japanese Society of Animal Science
waste and potato waste with high moisture contents. Onwubuemeli et al. (1985) reported that the DM content of the ration decreased with the increase in the proportion of potato pulp silage of which moisture content tended to be high. The CP concentrations of TMR silage ranged from 14.2% to 15.4% which were higher than the aimed CP content, 13.8%, calculated from the chemical compositions of ingredients and proportions of TMR silage. This might have been due to relatively lower loss of N than other nutrients, that is energy sources for fermentation during the silage preservation. The EE concentrations T1:40% and T2:40% were higher than C and T1:20%. This might be attributable to the ingredients of T1:40% and T2:40% containing much soybean curd residue and soy sauce cake which are by-products with relatively high EE contents (Table 1). As for the fermentation characteristics, the TMR silage was well-fermented, as indicated by the low pH values and NH3-N/TN, and high lactic acid contents. As reported by McDonald and Whittenbury (1973), the pH value ≦ 4.2 was well-preserved, 4.3–4.5 was intermediate range and for volatile basic nitrogen (VBN)/TN concentration ≦ 12.5% was well preserved. The higher NH3N/TN of TMR silage from food by-products, especially in T2:40%, might have been due to more degraded protein from the by-products. Ishida et al. (2012) reported that TMR silage containing potato waste and soybean curd residue produced much NH3-N/TN. The wethers completely ingested the diets offered in a short time and the DM intake was similar among the treatments (Table 4), implying that the palatability of the TMR silages for the wethers was satisfactory. Thus, replacing the conventional concentrate by local food Animal Science Journal (2015) 86, 174–180
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by-products as TMR silage on the treatment diets had the same effects on intake of CP, aNDFom and ADFom in wethers. No difference of ruminal pH among the treatments was observed at 1 and 4 h after feeding (Table 5) and the level was within in a normal range from 6.4 to 6.8 as reported by Van Soest (1994). High aNDFom digestibility in T2:40% was related to the feed ingredients in each treatment diet as shown in Table 2, where T2:40% consisted of higher amount of by-products from potato waste and soybean curd residue. Sugimoto et al. (2006) reported NDF digestibility was higher for steers fed potato pulp silage compared to those fed corn and barley because starch in the grain-based supplement decreased NDF digestibility. As reported by Cao et al. (2009), the apparent digestibility of NDF from dry tofu cake silage was higher than rice bran silage. The food by-products from potato waste and soybean curd might have resulted in higher aNDFom digestibility in T2:40%, which reflected upon the higher DM digestibility and TDN than the other treatment diets. The trend of lower CP digestibility in T1:20% and T1:40% than T2:40% might have been due to the inclusion of green tea waste. Xu et al. (2007) reported decreasing of CP digestibility due to addition of wet green tea waste with high concentration of condensed tannins. High levels of tannin bind with protein to produce complexes (i.e. polyvinyl polypyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol) and animals fed with tannin-rich diets increase fecal N excretion (Nunez-Hernandez et al. 1991) as well as reduce their digestibility and ruminal degradability of protein (Tolera et al. 1997; Woodward & Reed 1997). Regarding nitrogen balance, urinary N tended to be higher in C than T2:40% (P = 0.07), which resulted in the trend of lower N retention in C. The tendency of improvement of N utilization when fed T2:40% was possibly due to a higher proportion of potato waste and soybean curd residue because the aNDFom digestibility and TDN content of these feedstuffs were high as shown in Table 4. The variation in NDF digestibility between TMR silage, including food by-products was significant (Ishida et al. 2012). The high content of digestible fiber means that there is more energy available in the rumen for microbial growth and this increased energy actually increases N efficiency, allowing the ruminant to make better utilization of the N of protein in the diet. This reduces losses in the form of ammonia gas and excretions in the urine. Additionally, this increased energy drives additional milk production or animal growth. The high aNDFom digestibility and TDN content probably lead to better utilization of energy for ruminal microbial N synthesis by N degradation. The high N retention in the by-products can partly adduced an increased supply of nonammonium N to the abomasum and small intestine. This could have resulted from a higher level of microAnimal Science Journal (2015) 86, 174–180
bial protein production, due to a synchronous supply of readily fermentable energy and rapidly degradable protein to the rumen from the starch and protein in the by-products, which are both rapidly degraded in the rumen. Santoso and Hariadi (2009) reported that the higher CP degradability of soybean curd waste could be due to high CP content, possibly resulting in increased activity and microbe population.
Conclusion The TMR silages, including potato waste, noodle waste and soybean curd residue mainly for replacing conventional concentrate, were well preserved with high fermentation quality and the intake of wethers was similar to conventional TMR silage without any food by-products. The apparent digestibility of DM and aNDFom, and TDN increased when the wethers were fed the T2:40% using three food by-products, that is potato waste, noodle waste and soybean curd residue compared to C, which might have been due to higher aNDFom digestibility related to high amounts of potato waste and soybean curd residue. There were preferable effects on nitrogen balance of all treatments of TMR silages mixed with the food by-products. It is suggested from the results that T2:40%, including potato waste, noodle waste and soybean curd residue, can be most suitable for replacing conventional concentrate as TMR silage for dairy cows. Further studies will be needed to evaluate an availability of the TMR silage for dairy cows, milk yield and composition.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT This study was financially supported by the Research and Development Projects for Utilization of Un-used Resources for Feed from Japan Livestock Industry Association.
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