J. Nutr.

Sci.

Vitaminol.,

36, 423-430,

1990

Note

Effect

of Fish Diet

Oil and

on Human

Safflower Plasma

Oil in Common

Fatty

Acid

Japanese

Composition

Abiodon J. OGUNLEIYE,1 Akira MURAOKA,2 Shiro NIIZEKI,3 Hitomi TOJO,3Yu HOSOKAWA,3 Ikuo SATO,3 Noriko TASHIRO,4Gunpei URATA,4 and Kenji YAMAGUCHI5,* 1

Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria 2Division of Digestive Internal Medicine of National Medical

Center Hospital, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162, Japan (Research Fellow of Japan Health Sciences Foundation) 3Division of Maternal & Child Nutrition , The National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162, Japan 4Department of Nutrition , School of Home Economics, Jissen Women University, Osakaue, Hino, Tokyo 191, Japan 5Department of Nutritional Biochemistry , School of Home Economics, Tokyo Kasei University, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173, Japan (Received March 13, 1990)

Summary The influence of fish oil and safflower oil contained in the common Japanese diet as the main dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid source on plasma fatty acids in ten female student volunteers (21-22 years old) was investigated. The subjects were divided into two groups and fed the experimental diets for five days. The total daily fat intake in the fish diet and safflower oil diet was 54.4g and 56.2g, respectively, and the fat derived from fish and safflower oil was 16g and 23g, respectively. The proportion of linoleic acid was reduced in the plasma of subjects fed the fish diet and increased in the plasma of subjects fed the safflower oil diet. The plasma levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were significantly elevated in the fish diet group. The ratio of EPA/arachidonic acid (AA) was higher, and those of n-6/n-3 and n-9/n-3 were lower in the plasma of subjects fed the fish diet when compared to the results obtained from plasma of subjects fed the safflower oil diet. From these results, it seems likely that fish oil in the common Japanese diet is a favorable source of plasma EPA and DHA even in such short term supplementation and with such a small amount of daily consumption. 1 代 典 子,

ア ビ オ ド ンJ .オ 4

浦 田 郡 平,

* Correspondence

5

グ ン レ イ エ,

2

村 岡

晃,

3

新 関 嗣 郎,

3

東 條 仁 美,

山口賢次

and requests

should

be addressed 423

to this author

.

3

佐 藤 郁 雄,

4

田

424

A. J. OGUNLEIYE

Key Words

Humans from

are

carboxyl

(C18: oil,

2n-6),

when

acid

principal is essential

and contain

aenoic

acid

source

of

ƒ¿-linolenic only

the

(C22: and

acid

from

metabolic

of

fat

diets

urated metabolism

diets

fatty

is not fish

and

acids. of

occur

to of

acids yet

fully

This

a linolenic

oil

work

in

is also

acid

in

and

acid

We, common prerequisite

yield

has acid,

therefore,

acid

and

soybean

phytoplankton

are,

for

well

our

are

docosahex a

good

desaturation humans,

defined; and

DHA

on

plasma

compared diets

and

therefore,

. In

EPA,

in

and

acids and

further

been

Japanese

acids.

rapeseed,

EPA)

(6)

prosta

fatty

5n-3,

DHA

arachidonic

fatty

Fish

corn

synthesized

fatty

and

acid

essential

Marine

(C20:

EPA

linoleic

clarified.

safflower

acid.

animals.

including ƒ¿-linolenic

be

including

an

distal

plants(e.g.,

cannot to

perilla,

elongation

yield

from It

polyunsaturated

acid marine

linoleic

eicosanoids

is

(e.g.

n-3

animals,

more

Thus

polyunsaturated

oils

longer

in In

importance fatty

from

DHA)

DHA.

of

(18:3:n-3)

eicosapentaenoic 6n-3,

EPA

the

oil

desaturation

of ƒ¿-linolenic

of

in

oil

bonds

atom.

(1, 2).

20-carbon

plant

amounts

acid

humans

synthesis

acid Some

sources

abundant

polyunsaturated Japanese

of

double

carbon

and

the

products

with

ninth

elongation

(3-5).

rich

acids

the

and

for

oil, fish oil, safflower

fatty

animals

undergo

appreciable

of

than

acid, ƒ¿-linolenic

are

source

to

precursor

humans

zooplankton

fatty

acid

polyunsaturated

oxygenated

linoleic

animals

the

can a

dietary

synthesize

fatty

the

the

Like

to

the

oil)

4n-6),

glandins,

oils)

of

ingested

(C20:

acid composition,

unable

end

safflower

but

fatty

et al.

the

subsequent

of

however, that in

dietary

of

n-3

common effects

polyunsat studies

on

the

humans.

MATERIALS

AND

METHODS

Ten female student volunteers (21-22 years old) were divided into two groups of five each and were fed the fish diet or the safflower oil diet, respectively, containing fish and safflower oil in the common Japanese diet as the main dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid source for five days. The diets, composition shown in Table 1, were prepared in the human experimental house of the Institute. Break fast, lunch and dinner were provided for the subjects and each subject was also allowed to drink three cans of Chinese-type tea (350ml) daily. All subjects remained in the experimental house throughout the study and were allowed to carry out light physical activities (maximum energy consumption of 1,800kcal/day, estimated from time study of energy consumption). The study was approved by the Committee of the Institute on Human Experiments and performed according to the principles laid down in the Helsinki Declaration as updated in Tokyo, Japan in 1975. An aliquot (5ml) of venous blood samples was drawn in heparinized tubes, after an overnight fast, at the beginning (0-time), third, and fifth days of the experiment. Plasma was separated and freeze-dried. The daily dietary intakes were J. Nutr.

Sci

Vitaminol.

EFFECT

Table

1.

Composition

* Butter contains

OF

FISH

OIL

AND

SAFFLOWER

OIL

425

of diets.

25 .5% oleic acid and 31% palmitic acid. ** Margarine is specially made from safflower oil containing 14.0% oleic acid and 78.2% of linoleic acid.

Vol.

36, No.

4, 1990

426

A. J. OGUNLEIYE

also

freeze-dried

were

and

methylated

methylesters

were

Fatty ograph 4A

on

ULBON flame

Data

ionization 240•Ž

identified

by

celona).

Percentage

computer

from

column

140•Ž. their

(NEC

of

PC-9801VW

of

Split

composition

results

2).

fatty

study

are

fatty

acid

linoleic

in acid

in

substantial Table groups

at

in the

group

the in

the

the

0 and

Table

2.

50:1.

t-test

250•Ž

used

was i.d.;

and

raised

3•Ž/min

Fatty

acid

detector to peaks

using

to

final were

(Supelco,

calculated

was

chromat

a Shimadzu

methylesters

standards

was

gas to

25m•~0.25mm

of

known

samples

level

oil

Bar

a personal

determine

statistical

than

acid

composition

diet.

no

with

(18:

difference This

of fish diets

n-3

The

fact

and

the

safflower

was

groups that

two

oil diets

a diet.

dietary

decreased observed was

the

of

oil

significantly

suggests

this

contained

safflower in

both

in

proportion diet

increase in

used

polyunsaturated

fish the

2n-6)

significant

diet

a higher

polyunsaturates acid

but

acid.

and

compared

linoleic

oil of

diet

fish

plasma

significant

safflower

proportion

the

when

diet

of ƒ¿-linolenic

and

oil

in

of

fish

No

diet

safflower

results

group.

fish

DHA

the

DISCUSSION

a higher

the

Plasma

fed

the

diet

and

5.

AND

shows in

mean

day

diet

Fatty

This

than

EPA

subjects

oil

to

Student's

of

safflower

3 shows

safflower

2.

diet

of

of

plasma

Table

fish

amount

day

the

compositions

in

the

was

acid

(8).

acid

shown

ratio

a

the

Ltd.;

was

times the

RESULTS The

Co. temperature

temperature

retention

of

plasma

fatty

analysis.

attached

analysis

and

and

using

50)

(Shinwakoko injector

diets

(7) until

estimated

acid

the

al.

atmosphere and

fatty

of et

(INCOS

The

with

and

comparing

significance

separated

acids

Stoffel

a nitrogen

column

250•Ž

Fatty of

spectrograph

3000B),

at

in

System.

capillary

Thermon

temperature

20•Ž

mass

analysis.

procedure

were

with

FFS

HR

the

at

methylesters 3500)

chromatopac

performed

for to

stored

acid (Varian

C-R

homogenized

according

et al.

in

observed

content

excluding

of ƒ¿-

bread

and rice.

The

values

Specific of

the

represent unsaturated

first

double

mean fatty bond

(mol% acids

relative

are to

of

total

designated the

terminal

fatty by

acid) n

methyl

of

triplicate

notation, end

indicating

analyses•}SD. the

position

group.

J. Nutr.

Sci.

Vitaminol.

1

unsaturated

group.

end

The

number=10; 2

number=5.

designated

difference (p