Effect of Dimethyl Sulfoxide on Embryonic Survival and Subsequent Chick Performance ROGER D. WYATT AND BIRKETT HOWARTH, JR.
Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Received for publication June 5, 1975)
POULTRY SCIENCE 55: 579-582, 1976
was to determine the maximum dose of DMSO that can be injected into fertile eggs without an effect on hatchability and chick growth and to investigate the potential of DMSO as a teratogenic agent.
INTRODUCTION IMETHYL sulfoxide (DMSO) has received much attention as a possible theraputic compound for human and animal use. Jacob and Wood (1971) in a review discuss the action of DMSO as an antiinflammatory agent, analgesic, diuretic, antibacterial, vasodialator, and muscle relaxant. In poultry, DMSO has been investigated as a cryopreserative for fowl semen (Sexton, 1973) and a dietary additive for broilers (Arscott, 1965). DMSO is routinely used as a solvent for injection of various compounds into test animals (Jones et ai, 1967). Carew and Foss (1972) reported that Leghorn chicks could tolerate 1.25 ml. injections of DMSO per kg. body weight for 14 consecutive days without toxic effects. Morgan (1974) noted embryonic mortality with injections of 0.9% DMSO into three-day or four-day old embryos. Recently, using non-embryonated chicken eggs in a screening program for fungal metabolites using DMSO as the solvent, high embryonic mortality, reduced growth rates of hatched chicks and teratogenic effects were noted in the groups that were injected with DMSO only. The purpose of this study
D
MATERIALS AND METHODS Fertile White Leghorn chicken eggs were obtained from a commercial hatchery. All eggs were weighed, candled to determine interior quality and position of air cell and inspected to determine shell quality. One hundred and thirty-seven eggs weighing 55-60 g. and free of detectable blood and meat spots and shell malformations were used in this study. All eggs were fumigated for 30 minutes with a 2:1 (w./v.) ratio of potassium permanganate and formalin in a closed cabinet and divided into five groups. The control group received no DMSO; however, the eggs were drilled, a sterile needle inserted into the yolk, and the opening sealed. The remaining eggs received either 0.025, 0.05, 0.10 or 0.20 ml. DMSO (100%) per egg. The area of shell directly over the air cell was swabbed with 70% ethanol and an opening 1.0-1.5 mm. in diameter was drilled through the shell directly over the air cell with the aid of an electric 579
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on May 8, 2015
ABSTRACT Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was injected into the yolk of fertile White Leghorn chicken eggs at levels of 0.0,0.025,0.05,0.10 and 0.20 ml. /egg. Injection with 0.20 ml. DMSO/egg resulted in 100% mortality of chick embryos within six days of incubation. Injection with 0.10 ml. DMSO/egg resulted in 22.2% embryonic mortality by 14 days of incubation and 51.9% hatchability of fertile eggs compared to 84.6% for control eggs. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 0.10 ml. DMSO/egg exhibited a decreased growth rate and high mortality. Injection of 0.05 ml. DMSO/egg or less had no effect on embryonic survival, hatchability or chick performance. The embryos from eggs injected with higher levels of DMSO exhibited hemorrhagic areas of the brain and head region and a retarded vitelline and allantoic circulatory system and were characterized by anopthalmia and celosomia. DMSO had no effect on the packed cell volume of chicks from eggs injected with DMSO.
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R. D. WYATT AND B. HOWARTH, JR.
After hatching, all chicks were weighed and placed in electrically heated batteries with feed and water available ad libitum. Mortality was recorded daily and body weights taken weekly for two weeks. Four days after hatching, the packed cell volume was determined by the microhematocrit method. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The fertility in this experiment ranged from 88.9 to 100% (Table 1). The somewhat low fertility for the group injected with 0.20 ml. DMSO per egg may have been due to some mortality within a few hours of incubation. TABLE 1.—Effect DMSO (ml./egg) 0.00 0.025 0.05 0.10 0.20 'Eggs were determined
Since fertility was determined by development of visible circulatory vessels and not microscopic examination, one to two eggs may have been erroneously classified. By seven days incubation, no increase in embryonic mortality occurred based on the control value (Table 1), except in the group injected with0.20 ml. DMSO per egg where embryonic mortality was 100%. On the basis of embryonic weights, approximately 62% died within two to three days and 38% died between five and six days of incubation. Between 7 and 14 days of incubation the group injected with 0.10 ml. DMSO per egg exhibited embryonic mortality of 11.1% (22.2% from 0-14 days). There was no apparent difference in hatchability among the groups injected with 0.0, 0.025, and 0.05 ml. DMSO per egg; however, the group injected with 0.1 ml. showed 51.9% hatchability of fertile eggs. Examination of non-viable embryos from eggs injected with 0.2 ml. DMSO revealed extensive hemorrhage conditions which were most pronounced in the brain region of embryos dying between five and six days of incubation. A general retardation of the vitelline and allantoic circulatory systems characterized the majority of eggs examined at 7 and 14 days of incubation, suggesting a direct action of DMSO on the proliferating vascular system. The point at which the embryos were affected by DMSO corresponds with the proliferation of the yolk sac and allantois and their associated circulatory arcs which are essential in supporting the high metabolic rate
of egg injection with DMSO on embryonic mortality and hatchability Embryonic mortality Hatchability (% of fertile) (%of Fertility' fertile) 7 days 14 days (%) 28 11.5 0 92.8 84.6 0 85.2 27 100.0 0 85.2 28 0 96.4 11.1 51.9 27 100.0 11.1 11.1 0.0 27 100 0 88.9 to be fertile if visible embryonic development was noted upon breakage.
No. eggs set
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on May 8, 2015
etching too! (Burgess Vibro-Graver, A. H. Thomas Co., Philadelphia, Pa.). The eggs were tilted from vertical by approximately 10° to minimize puncture of the germinal disc during injection. DMSO (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Missouri 63178), sterilized by filtration (0.2 (Jim. pore size), was injected into the yolk by inserting a 25 gauge needle approximately 22 mm. into the egg along the long axis of the egg. After each egg was injected, the needle was wiped with a sterile gauze pad saturated with 70% ethanol. The opening was sealed with 1 drop of melted parafin. All eggs were placed in an incubator and candled after 7 and 14 days of incubation. Infertile eggs or eggs with dead embryos were removed, broken open, examined for abnormalities and the embryos weighed. Time of embryonic death was estimated by comparing embryo weight to embryo age according to Romanoff (1967).
DMSO AND EMBRYO SURVIVAL
TABLE 2.—Effect
581
of egg injection with DMSO on growth rate and mortality of young White Leghorn chicks
DMSO> #of Weekly body weight (gms.)2 Mortality3 (ml ./egg) chicks 0 1 2 (%) 0.000 22 33.9 ± 0.4a 59 ± 2a 107 ± 3a 0 0.025 23 34.4 ± 0.3a 61 ± la 108 ± 3a 0 0.050 23 35.5 ± 0.7a 63 ± 2a 111 ± 3a 0 0.100 14 35.0 ± 1.2a 53 ± 3b 96 ± 7a 35.7 'No chicks hatched from those eggs injected with 0.20 ml. DMSO per egg. 2 Values in a column (X ± SEM) with different letters differ significantly (P s 0.05). 3 Mortality is expressed as % mortality of hatched chicks during the first 7 days after hatching. No mortality occurred in any group during the second week.
Since retardation of the extra-embryonic circulatory system was one of the most obvious effects in embryos exposed to DMSO, and since DMSO has been reported to have a hemolytic action (Caujolle et al., 1967), a
blood sample was taken from each chick four days after hatching and the packed cell volume determined. There was no significant difference in packed cell volume among the treatments. Since the mortality in chicks hatching from eggs injected with 0.10 ml. DMSO per egg occurred within seven days post-hatching and the day-old body weights were normal, death might have resulted from absorption of residual DMSO in the yolk contents; however, death was apparently not due to DMSO-induced anemia. DMSO has been used as a solvent for various compounds because of its solvent properties, its miscibility with water and increased membrane permeability and absorption of the test compounds in the presence of DMSO. This study indicates that if DMSO is used as the solvent for test compounds in a chick embryo system, deleterious effects may result from the DMSO alone. Also, the biological activity of the test compounds may be accented due to increased membrane permeability, altered absorption and synergism with the solvent. REFERENCES Arscott, G. H., 1965. Addition of dimethyl sulfoxide to chick rations. Poultry Sci. 44: 1341-1342. Carew, L. B., Jr., and D. C. Foss, 1972. Tolerance of chicks for dimethyl sulfoxide. Poultry Sci. 51: 206-211. Caujolle, F. M. E., D. H. Caujolle, S. B. Cros and M. M. J. Calvet, 1967. Limits of toxic and teratogenic tolerance of dimethyl sulfoxide. Annals New York Acad. Sci. 141: 110-125.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on May 8, 2015
of the embryo during this critical period of development. Alteration of the functional integrity of either the intra- or extra-embryonic vascular systems would jeopardize embryonic development and survival. Manifestations of DMSO-induced malformations were apparent in three embryos (from eggs injected with 0.1 ml. DMSO) which were viable at 14 days of incubation but failed to hatch. One of the embryos had a malformed head and anopthalmia while the other two embryos exhibited celosomia. Similar responses were observed by Caujolle et al. (1967) when 72 or 96 hr. chick embryos were exposed to DMSO. Injection with DMSO did not alter day-old body weight of the chicks that hatched (Table 2). After one week there was a significant (P =s 0.05) depression in body weight in those chicks hatched from eggs injected with 0.10 ml. DMSO per egg. There was no significant difference in two week body weight even though the group hatching from eggs injected with 0.10 ml. DMSO per egg were about 10% less than control chicks. Within the first seven days after hatching, 35.7% of the chicks in the 0.10 ml. DMSO per egg group had died. No mortality occurred in any group after seven days. Prior to death, birds exhibited dehydration, emaciation, anorexiaand ataxia.
582
R.
D. WYATT AND B . HOWARTH, J R .
Jacob, S. W., and D. C. Wood, 1971. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)—A status report. Clin. Med. 35:21-31. Jones, R. C , T. G. B. Cochran and L. E. Lee, 1967. Effects of natural estrogen in oil or dimethyl sulfoxide on serum lipids in the cockerel. Poultry Sci. 46: 249-250. Morgan, W., 1974. Toxic effect on a radioprotectant
(DMSO) on young chicken embryos. Poultry Sci. 53: 1958. Romanoff, A. L., 1967. Biochemistry of the Avian Embryo. A Quantitative Analysis of Prenatal Development. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, New York. Sexton, T. J., 1973. Effect of various cryoprotective agents on the viability and reproductive efficiency of chicken spermatozoa. Poultry Sci. 52: 1353-1357.
DOUGLAS HAMM AND G. K.
Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, A.R.S., 30604
SEARCY
U.S.D.A.,
P. O. Box 5677, Athens, Ga.
(Received for publication June 5, 1975)
ABSTRACT Raw poultry blood was subjected to various methods of cooking and drying, to determine their effects on the available lysine content of the final blood meal. Raw blood was cooked at 85° C. for 10 min. or 126° C. (20 p.s.i.g.) for 60 min., then dried under various conditions at temperatures ranging from 23° C. to 193° C , with and without forced air movement. As the temperature and time of exposure increased, available lysine decreased. Air movement adversely affected available lysine, especially above 143° C. A batch processing method, similar to commercial rendering operations, produced a satisfactory blood meal (available lysine content 5% or greater). Such a meal might be produced for use in feedstuffs if processing temperatures did not exceed 135° C. POULTRY SCIENCE 55: 582-587,
INTRODUCTION
B
L O O D meal available in the feedstuffs market is considered by many poultry nutritionists to be a poor source of protein for poultry rations (Mussehl and A c k e r s o n , 1931; Titus et al, 1936). Grau and Almquist (1944) pointed out that the serum and fibrin fractions were much better protein sources than the blood cell fractions. Kratzer and Green (1957), studying the lysine availability as measured by chick and poult assay, found that vat dried blood contained 6 - 8 % available lysine while spray dried soluble blood meal contained 10-12%, whereas the same meals were found by microbiological assay to contain a total of 10-13% lysine and 13-16% lysine respectively. Those findings suggest that certain m e t h o d s of processing could have
1976
a very detrimental effect not only on total lysine in blood meal, but upon availability of the lysine. Recent reports (Waibel et al., 1974) indicate that some conventionally processed blood meals showing reduced levels of chemically available lysine may have zero available lysine based on chick a s s a y s ; also conventionally processed blood meals may be lower in both total and available lysine than spray-dried or mildly treated blood meals. T h e high cost of all protein feedstuffs coupled with the high requirement for lysine by growing chicks (1.0-1.25%) and the low level found in corn (0.2%) suggest that a feed source high in available lysine should find a favorable place in the market. Poultry blood from processing plants might be this p r o d u c t . Currently, to the a u t h o r s ' knowledge, n o poultry blood is being rendered separately.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on May 8, 2015
Some Factors Which Affect the Availability of Lysine in Blood Meals
Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Received for publication June 5, 1975)
POULTRY SCIENCE 55: 579-582, 1976
was to determine the maximum dose of DMSO that can be injected into fertile eggs without an effect on hatchability and chick growth and to investigate the potential of DMSO as a teratogenic agent.
INTRODUCTION IMETHYL sulfoxide (DMSO) has received much attention as a possible theraputic compound for human and animal use. Jacob and Wood (1971) in a review discuss the action of DMSO as an antiinflammatory agent, analgesic, diuretic, antibacterial, vasodialator, and muscle relaxant. In poultry, DMSO has been investigated as a cryopreserative for fowl semen (Sexton, 1973) and a dietary additive for broilers (Arscott, 1965). DMSO is routinely used as a solvent for injection of various compounds into test animals (Jones et ai, 1967). Carew and Foss (1972) reported that Leghorn chicks could tolerate 1.25 ml. injections of DMSO per kg. body weight for 14 consecutive days without toxic effects. Morgan (1974) noted embryonic mortality with injections of 0.9% DMSO into three-day or four-day old embryos. Recently, using non-embryonated chicken eggs in a screening program for fungal metabolites using DMSO as the solvent, high embryonic mortality, reduced growth rates of hatched chicks and teratogenic effects were noted in the groups that were injected with DMSO only. The purpose of this study
D
MATERIALS AND METHODS Fertile White Leghorn chicken eggs were obtained from a commercial hatchery. All eggs were weighed, candled to determine interior quality and position of air cell and inspected to determine shell quality. One hundred and thirty-seven eggs weighing 55-60 g. and free of detectable blood and meat spots and shell malformations were used in this study. All eggs were fumigated for 30 minutes with a 2:1 (w./v.) ratio of potassium permanganate and formalin in a closed cabinet and divided into five groups. The control group received no DMSO; however, the eggs were drilled, a sterile needle inserted into the yolk, and the opening sealed. The remaining eggs received either 0.025, 0.05, 0.10 or 0.20 ml. DMSO (100%) per egg. The area of shell directly over the air cell was swabbed with 70% ethanol and an opening 1.0-1.5 mm. in diameter was drilled through the shell directly over the air cell with the aid of an electric 579
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on May 8, 2015
ABSTRACT Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was injected into the yolk of fertile White Leghorn chicken eggs at levels of 0.0,0.025,0.05,0.10 and 0.20 ml. /egg. Injection with 0.20 ml. DMSO/egg resulted in 100% mortality of chick embryos within six days of incubation. Injection with 0.10 ml. DMSO/egg resulted in 22.2% embryonic mortality by 14 days of incubation and 51.9% hatchability of fertile eggs compared to 84.6% for control eggs. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 0.10 ml. DMSO/egg exhibited a decreased growth rate and high mortality. Injection of 0.05 ml. DMSO/egg or less had no effect on embryonic survival, hatchability or chick performance. The embryos from eggs injected with higher levels of DMSO exhibited hemorrhagic areas of the brain and head region and a retarded vitelline and allantoic circulatory system and were characterized by anopthalmia and celosomia. DMSO had no effect on the packed cell volume of chicks from eggs injected with DMSO.
580
R. D. WYATT AND B. HOWARTH, JR.
After hatching, all chicks were weighed and placed in electrically heated batteries with feed and water available ad libitum. Mortality was recorded daily and body weights taken weekly for two weeks. Four days after hatching, the packed cell volume was determined by the microhematocrit method. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The fertility in this experiment ranged from 88.9 to 100% (Table 1). The somewhat low fertility for the group injected with 0.20 ml. DMSO per egg may have been due to some mortality within a few hours of incubation. TABLE 1.—Effect DMSO (ml./egg) 0.00 0.025 0.05 0.10 0.20 'Eggs were determined
Since fertility was determined by development of visible circulatory vessels and not microscopic examination, one to two eggs may have been erroneously classified. By seven days incubation, no increase in embryonic mortality occurred based on the control value (Table 1), except in the group injected with0.20 ml. DMSO per egg where embryonic mortality was 100%. On the basis of embryonic weights, approximately 62% died within two to three days and 38% died between five and six days of incubation. Between 7 and 14 days of incubation the group injected with 0.10 ml. DMSO per egg exhibited embryonic mortality of 11.1% (22.2% from 0-14 days). There was no apparent difference in hatchability among the groups injected with 0.0, 0.025, and 0.05 ml. DMSO per egg; however, the group injected with 0.1 ml. showed 51.9% hatchability of fertile eggs. Examination of non-viable embryos from eggs injected with 0.2 ml. DMSO revealed extensive hemorrhage conditions which were most pronounced in the brain region of embryos dying between five and six days of incubation. A general retardation of the vitelline and allantoic circulatory systems characterized the majority of eggs examined at 7 and 14 days of incubation, suggesting a direct action of DMSO on the proliferating vascular system. The point at which the embryos were affected by DMSO corresponds with the proliferation of the yolk sac and allantois and their associated circulatory arcs which are essential in supporting the high metabolic rate
of egg injection with DMSO on embryonic mortality and hatchability Embryonic mortality Hatchability (% of fertile) (%of Fertility' fertile) 7 days 14 days (%) 28 11.5 0 92.8 84.6 0 85.2 27 100.0 0 85.2 28 0 96.4 11.1 51.9 27 100.0 11.1 11.1 0.0 27 100 0 88.9 to be fertile if visible embryonic development was noted upon breakage.
No. eggs set
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on May 8, 2015
etching too! (Burgess Vibro-Graver, A. H. Thomas Co., Philadelphia, Pa.). The eggs were tilted from vertical by approximately 10° to minimize puncture of the germinal disc during injection. DMSO (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Missouri 63178), sterilized by filtration (0.2 (Jim. pore size), was injected into the yolk by inserting a 25 gauge needle approximately 22 mm. into the egg along the long axis of the egg. After each egg was injected, the needle was wiped with a sterile gauze pad saturated with 70% ethanol. The opening was sealed with 1 drop of melted parafin. All eggs were placed in an incubator and candled after 7 and 14 days of incubation. Infertile eggs or eggs with dead embryos were removed, broken open, examined for abnormalities and the embryos weighed. Time of embryonic death was estimated by comparing embryo weight to embryo age according to Romanoff (1967).
DMSO AND EMBRYO SURVIVAL
TABLE 2.—Effect
581
of egg injection with DMSO on growth rate and mortality of young White Leghorn chicks
DMSO> #of Weekly body weight (gms.)2 Mortality3 (ml ./egg) chicks 0 1 2 (%) 0.000 22 33.9 ± 0.4a 59 ± 2a 107 ± 3a 0 0.025 23 34.4 ± 0.3a 61 ± la 108 ± 3a 0 0.050 23 35.5 ± 0.7a 63 ± 2a 111 ± 3a 0 0.100 14 35.0 ± 1.2a 53 ± 3b 96 ± 7a 35.7 'No chicks hatched from those eggs injected with 0.20 ml. DMSO per egg. 2 Values in a column (X ± SEM) with different letters differ significantly (P s 0.05). 3 Mortality is expressed as % mortality of hatched chicks during the first 7 days after hatching. No mortality occurred in any group during the second week.
Since retardation of the extra-embryonic circulatory system was one of the most obvious effects in embryos exposed to DMSO, and since DMSO has been reported to have a hemolytic action (Caujolle et al., 1967), a
blood sample was taken from each chick four days after hatching and the packed cell volume determined. There was no significant difference in packed cell volume among the treatments. Since the mortality in chicks hatching from eggs injected with 0.10 ml. DMSO per egg occurred within seven days post-hatching and the day-old body weights were normal, death might have resulted from absorption of residual DMSO in the yolk contents; however, death was apparently not due to DMSO-induced anemia. DMSO has been used as a solvent for various compounds because of its solvent properties, its miscibility with water and increased membrane permeability and absorption of the test compounds in the presence of DMSO. This study indicates that if DMSO is used as the solvent for test compounds in a chick embryo system, deleterious effects may result from the DMSO alone. Also, the biological activity of the test compounds may be accented due to increased membrane permeability, altered absorption and synergism with the solvent. REFERENCES Arscott, G. H., 1965. Addition of dimethyl sulfoxide to chick rations. Poultry Sci. 44: 1341-1342. Carew, L. B., Jr., and D. C. Foss, 1972. Tolerance of chicks for dimethyl sulfoxide. Poultry Sci. 51: 206-211. Caujolle, F. M. E., D. H. Caujolle, S. B. Cros and M. M. J. Calvet, 1967. Limits of toxic and teratogenic tolerance of dimethyl sulfoxide. Annals New York Acad. Sci. 141: 110-125.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on May 8, 2015
of the embryo during this critical period of development. Alteration of the functional integrity of either the intra- or extra-embryonic vascular systems would jeopardize embryonic development and survival. Manifestations of DMSO-induced malformations were apparent in three embryos (from eggs injected with 0.1 ml. DMSO) which were viable at 14 days of incubation but failed to hatch. One of the embryos had a malformed head and anopthalmia while the other two embryos exhibited celosomia. Similar responses were observed by Caujolle et al. (1967) when 72 or 96 hr. chick embryos were exposed to DMSO. Injection with DMSO did not alter day-old body weight of the chicks that hatched (Table 2). After one week there was a significant (P =s 0.05) depression in body weight in those chicks hatched from eggs injected with 0.10 ml. DMSO per egg. There was no significant difference in two week body weight even though the group hatching from eggs injected with 0.10 ml. DMSO per egg were about 10% less than control chicks. Within the first seven days after hatching, 35.7% of the chicks in the 0.10 ml. DMSO per egg group had died. No mortality occurred in any group after seven days. Prior to death, birds exhibited dehydration, emaciation, anorexiaand ataxia.
582
R.
D. WYATT AND B . HOWARTH, J R .
Jacob, S. W., and D. C. Wood, 1971. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)—A status report. Clin. Med. 35:21-31. Jones, R. C , T. G. B. Cochran and L. E. Lee, 1967. Effects of natural estrogen in oil or dimethyl sulfoxide on serum lipids in the cockerel. Poultry Sci. 46: 249-250. Morgan, W., 1974. Toxic effect on a radioprotectant
(DMSO) on young chicken embryos. Poultry Sci. 53: 1958. Romanoff, A. L., 1967. Biochemistry of the Avian Embryo. A Quantitative Analysis of Prenatal Development. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, New York. Sexton, T. J., 1973. Effect of various cryoprotective agents on the viability and reproductive efficiency of chicken spermatozoa. Poultry Sci. 52: 1353-1357.
DOUGLAS HAMM AND G. K.
Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, A.R.S., 30604
SEARCY
U.S.D.A.,
P. O. Box 5677, Athens, Ga.
(Received for publication June 5, 1975)
ABSTRACT Raw poultry blood was subjected to various methods of cooking and drying, to determine their effects on the available lysine content of the final blood meal. Raw blood was cooked at 85° C. for 10 min. or 126° C. (20 p.s.i.g.) for 60 min., then dried under various conditions at temperatures ranging from 23° C. to 193° C , with and without forced air movement. As the temperature and time of exposure increased, available lysine decreased. Air movement adversely affected available lysine, especially above 143° C. A batch processing method, similar to commercial rendering operations, produced a satisfactory blood meal (available lysine content 5% or greater). Such a meal might be produced for use in feedstuffs if processing temperatures did not exceed 135° C. POULTRY SCIENCE 55: 582-587,
INTRODUCTION
B
L O O D meal available in the feedstuffs market is considered by many poultry nutritionists to be a poor source of protein for poultry rations (Mussehl and A c k e r s o n , 1931; Titus et al, 1936). Grau and Almquist (1944) pointed out that the serum and fibrin fractions were much better protein sources than the blood cell fractions. Kratzer and Green (1957), studying the lysine availability as measured by chick and poult assay, found that vat dried blood contained 6 - 8 % available lysine while spray dried soluble blood meal contained 10-12%, whereas the same meals were found by microbiological assay to contain a total of 10-13% lysine and 13-16% lysine respectively. Those findings suggest that certain m e t h o d s of processing could have
1976
a very detrimental effect not only on total lysine in blood meal, but upon availability of the lysine. Recent reports (Waibel et al., 1974) indicate that some conventionally processed blood meals showing reduced levels of chemically available lysine may have zero available lysine based on chick a s s a y s ; also conventionally processed blood meals may be lower in both total and available lysine than spray-dried or mildly treated blood meals. T h e high cost of all protein feedstuffs coupled with the high requirement for lysine by growing chicks (1.0-1.25%) and the low level found in corn (0.2%) suggest that a feed source high in available lysine should find a favorable place in the market. Poultry blood from processing plants might be this p r o d u c t . Currently, to the a u t h o r s ' knowledge, n o poultry blood is being rendered separately.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on May 8, 2015
Some Factors Which Affect the Availability of Lysine in Blood Meals
