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J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2013;--(-):--e--
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies journal homepage: www.jams-kpi.com
- RESEARCH
ARTICLE
-
Effect of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Pimpinella anisum L. Seeds on Milk Production in Rats Hossein Hosseinzadeh 1,*, Mohsen Tafaghodi 2, Shirin Abedzadeh 3, Elahe Taghiabadi 3 1
Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2 Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Department, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 3 Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Available online - - Received: May 29, 2013 Accepted: Sep 4, 2013 KEYWORDS galactagogue; lactogenic; milk production; Pimpinella anisum
Abstract Pimpinella anisum L. (P. anisum) is used as a galactagogue in traditional medicine; hence, the effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. anisum seeds on milk production in rats was evaluated. The milk production was assessed by measuring the pups’ weights during the suckling period. The intraperitoneal LD50 values of P. anisum aqueous and ethanolic extracts were 4.93 and 3.77 g/kg, respectively. The aqueous (1 g/kg) and ethanolic extracts (1 g/kg) increased the milk production significantly (p < 0.001), with about 68.1% and 81% more milk being produced, respectively, than in the control group. The pups gained weight during the study period with the aqueous (0.5 and 1 g/kg, p < 0.05) and ethanolic (0.5 and 1 g/kg, p < 0.01) extracts. Thus, P. anisum aqueous and ethanolic extracts can increase milk production in rats.
* Corresponding author. Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] (H. Hosseinzadeh). Copyright ª 2013, International Pharmacopuncture Institute pISSN 2005-2901 eISSN 2093-8152 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2013.10.004
Please cite this article in press as: Hosseinzadeh H, et al., Effect of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Pimpinella anisum L. Seeds on Milk Production in Rats, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2013.10.004
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1. Introduction Breastfeeding is essential for the survival of newborns. Numerous women with deficient milk production use traditional plants to enhance milk production or yield. The useful activity of some herbs on milk production has been revealed in many reports. It was demonstrated that some plants increase the milk production because of the induction of the lactogenic hormones (prolactin), growth hormone, and casein accumulation in the mammary gland. Prolactin as a lactogenic hormone has a significant role in lactogenesis. In fact, prolactin induces the production of milk proteins in the epithelial cells and secretory tissue proliferation [1]. The milk production assessment in animals such as rats is hard. In several reports, the measurement of pup weight and weight gain is used to determine the milk yield and production. The pup weight and weight gain are usually utilized as indirect items for milk secretion. However, the direct determination of milk yield can be obtained by measuring pup weight during the suckling period that followed the separation time of dams and pups [2]. It was revealed that some plants increase the prolactin liberation, milk production, or growth of mammary gland [1]. P. anisum is one of the herbs is used in folk medicine for many beneficial effects, especially during the lactation time [3]. P. anisum (Umbelliferae family) is an annual plant with white flowers and small seeds, which is cultivated in Iraq, Turkey, Iran, India, and Egypt [4] and it is also a plant rich in volatile oils [5,6]. The seeds of the P. anisum fruit are commercially available and used for flavoring [7]. This plant is cultivated for its aromatic seeds, which is used in medicine as a mild expectorant [8]. Some beneficial and therapeutic activities including those on digestive disorders, gynecologic, and also anticonvulsant, antiasthma, and dyspnea have been shown for P. anisum in Iranian ancient medical books [9]. Many studies have been described that P. anisum or its constituents demonstrated some pharmacological effects such as fungicidal [10,11], antibacterial [12,13], anticonvulsant [4], antioxidant [7], and relaxant effects on the isolated tracheal muscles of guinea pig [14,15], antispasmodic and relaxant effects on rat anococcygeus smooth muscle [16], and anesthetic and hypothermic activities [17]. P. anisum seeds consist of several types of compounds, and the effects of this herb are related to these components. Some reports have shown that this plant contains anethole, estragole, methyl chavicol and anisaldehyde, coumarins, scopoletin, umbelliferone, sterols, and terpene hydrocarbons [7,18e20]. Owing to the application of P. anisum as a galactagogue in traditional medicine, and the lack of any report of its effect on milk production, the present study investigated the acute toxicity and effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. anisum seeds on milk production in rats.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Animals The study was performed on male and female albino mice, 25 2 g for the acute toxicity study, and lactating rats, weighing 250 25 g and suckling four to six pups each, for the evaluation of milk production. Animals were housed in a
H. Hosseinzadeh et al. ventilated room under a 12/12 hour light/dark cycle at 24 2 C and had free access to water and food. All animal experiments were carried out in accordance with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Ethical Committee Acts.
2.2. Preparation of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. anisum P. anisum seeds, obtained from Razavi Khorasan, were purchased from a local market in Mashhad, Iran. Seeds were identified by Botanists in the Herbarium of Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran, and the voucher sample of the plant is 7701 that was preserved for reference in the herbarium of Mashhad Pharmacy School, Mashhad university of Medical Sciences, Iran. P. anisum seeds were cleaned and dried in shadow and powdered by a mechanical grinder. For the aqueous extract, the seed powder (100 g) was added to 1000 mL of hot water, boiled for 15 minutes and filtered using a cloth. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to afford a viscous residue. The residue was suspended in normal saline. For the ethanolic extract, the seeds powders (100 g) were defatted with petroleum ether (40e60 C) using the Soxhlet apparatus. Then, the powder was macerated in 800-mL ethanol (80%, v/v) for 72 hours, and the mixture was subsequently filtered and concentrated in vacuum at 40 C. The residue was suspended in saline.
2.3. Acute toxicity Different doses of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. anisum were administered orally and intraperitoneally into groups of six mice. The number of deaths was counted at 48 hours after treatment. LD50 values and corresponding confidence limits were determined by the Litchfield and Wilcoxon method (PHARM/PCS Version 4).
2.4. The effect of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. anisum extract on milk production The method is based on Lompo-Ouedraogo et al modification [1]. In brief, 30 lactating dams (250 25 g) at the start of lactation and suckling four to six pups were used for this experiment. Females were divided into five groups of six animals each. Group 1 was given orally 0.5 mL of saline as a control group and Groups 2e5 received orally 0.5 and 1 g/kg of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts per 0.5 mL saline. All female rats were treated daily at 2:30 PM. The production of milk was measured 23 hours after gavage. The milk production was estimated from Day 3 to Day 15 of lactation. Milk yield and dams’ weight, and the weight gain of pups were measured every day. During the test period, the pups were weighed daily at 8:30 AM (w1) and then separated from their mothers for 4 hours. At 12:30 PM, the pups were weighed (w2), returned to their mother, and permitted to feed for 1 hour. Then, they were weighed (w3) at 1:30 PM. The milk yield 23 hours after the gavage was estimated as w3 w2. The daily milk yield was corrected for loss of weight because of the metabolic processes occurring in the pup throughout suckling. The value used was (w2 w1)/4. Next, this value was multiplied by the amount of suckling hours per day and added to the daily
Please cite this article in press as: Hosseinzadeh H, et al., Effect of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Pimpinella anisum L. Seeds on Milk Production in Rats, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2013.10.004
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Effect of Pimpinella anisum on milk production in rats
3
suckling gain. The daily weight gain of pups was measured from the weight of pups at w2.
The mean SEM were determined for each study group and tested with analysis of variance followed by the multiple comparison test of TukeyeKramer. Discrepancies with p values 5.0 g/kg), this study shows that P. anisum is practically nontoxic in acute oral treatment. The i.p. LD50 values of both extracts were in the range of 1e5 g/kg; thus, P. anisum should be considered practically low toxic in acute intraperitoneal administration, and data showed that the toxicity of the ethanolic extract is more than that of the aqueous extract.
A Pup weight (g/pup)
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10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Day of Lactation
B Weight (g/pup)
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Normal saline Aqueous extract 0.5 g/kg Aqueous extract 1 g/kg 30 ***
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Figure 3 (A) The effect of aqueous extract of P. anisum at doses 0.5 and 1 mg/kg on pup weight 23 hours after gavage. Values are mean SEM. Statistically significant differences are given in comparison to the control group (ANOVA followed by TukeyeKramer). (B) Mean weight gain of the pup. Values are mean SEM. Statistically significant differences are given in comparison to the control group (ANOVA followed by TukeyeKramer). )p < 0.05. ))p < 0.01. )))p < 0.001. ANOVA Z analysis of variance; SEM Z standard error of the mean.
Please cite this article in press as: Hosseinzadeh H, et al., Effect of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Pimpinella anisum L. Seeds on Milk Production in Rats, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2013.10.004
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Effect of Pimpinella anisum on milk production in rats Normal saline
5
References
Ethanolic extract 0.5 g/kg
Pup weight (g/pup)
A
Ethanolic extract 1 g/kg 30
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25 20
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Day of lactation Normal Saline Ethanolic extract 0.5 g/kg
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Ethanolic extract 1 g/kg 30
20
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Figure 4 (A) The effect of ethanolic extract of P. anisum at doses 0.5 and 1 mg/kg on pup weight 23 hours after gavage. Values are mean SEM. Statistically significant differences are given in comparison to the control group (ANOVA followed by TukeyeKramer). (B) Mean weight gain of pup. Values are mean SEM. Statistically significant differences are given in comparison to the control group (ANOVA followed by TukeyeKramer). )p < 0.05. ))p < 0.01. )))p < 0.001. ANOVA Z analysis of variance; SEM Z standard error of the mean.
study indicated that the beneficial activity of P. anisum ethanolic extract on milk production was more than that of aqueous extract, and it is related to the existence of active constituents such as anethole in the ethanolic extract. It is concluded that P. anisum aqueous and ethanolic extracts increase milk production. This research confirms the traditional use of P. anisum seeds as a lactogenic agent.
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful for the financial support of School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. This study was part of PharmD thesis.
1. Lompo-Ouedraogo Z, van der Heide D, van der Beek EM, Swarts HJ, Mattheij JA, Sawadogo L. Effect of aqueous extract of Acacia nilotica ssp adansonii on milk production and prolactin release in the rat. J Endocrinol. 2004;182: 257e266. 2. Sampson DA, Jansen GR. Measurement of milk yield in lactating rat from pup weight and weight gain. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1984;3:613e617. 3. Albert$Puleo M. Fennel and Anis as estrogenic agents. J Ethnopharmacol. 1980;2:337e344. 4. Pourgholami MH, Majzoob S, Javadi M, Kamalinejad M, Fanaee GHR, Sayyah M. The seeds essential oil of Pimpinella anisum exerts anticonvulsant effects in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;66:211e215. 5. Janahmadia M, Sahar Farajnia S, Vatanparast J, Abbasipour H, Kamalinejad M. The fruit essential oil of Pimpinella anisum L. (Umblliferae) induces neuronal hyperexcitability in snail partly through attenuation of after-hyperpolarization. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;120:360e365. 6. Shokri A, Hatami T, Khamforoush M. Near critical carbon dioxide extraction of Anise (Pimpinella Anisum L.) seed: mathematical and artificial neural network modeling. J Supercrit Fluids. 2011;58:49e57. 7. Gulcin I, Oktay M, Kıreccıc E, Kufrevıoglu OI. Screening of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) seed extracts. Food Chem. 2003;83: 371e382. 8. Fujimatu E, Ishikawa T, Kitajima J. Aromatic compound glucosides, alkyl glucoside and glucide from the fruit of anise. Phytochemistry. 2003;63:609e616. 9. Aboabrahim Z. Zakhirah Kharazmshahi. Teheran: National Works Publications; 1970. 10. Soliman KM, Badeaa RI. Effect of oil extracted from some medicinal plants on different mycotoxigenic fungi. Food Chem Toxicol. 2002;40:1669e1675. 11. Passone MA, Girardi NS, Ferrand CA, Etcheverry M. Invitro evaluation of five essential oils as botanical fungitoxicants for the protection of stored peanuts from Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus contamination. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation. 2012;70:82e88. 12. Al-Bayati FA. Synergistic antibacterial activity between Thymus vulgaris and Pimpinella anisum essential oils and methanol extracts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;116:403e406. 13. Singh G, Kapoor IPS, Pandey SK, Singh UK, Singh RK. Studies of essential oils. Part 10. Antibacterial activity of volatile oils of some spices. Phytother Res. 2002;16:680e682. 14. Boskabady MH, Ramazani-Assari M. Relaxant effect of Pimpinella anisum on isolated guinea pig tracheal chains and its possible mechanism(s). J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;74:83e88. 15. Reiter M, Brandt W. Relaxant effects on tracheal and ileal smooth muscles of the guinea pig. Drug Res. 1985;35:408e414. 16. Tirapelli CR, de Andrade CR, Cassano AO, De Souza FA, Ambrosio SR, da Costa FB, et al. Antispasmodic and relaxant effects of the hidroalcoholic extract of Pimpinella anisum (Apiaceae) on rat anococcygeus smooth muscle. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;110:23e29. 17. Dallmeier K, Carlini EA. Anaesthetic, hypothermic, myorelaxant and anticonvulsant effects of synthetic eugenol derivatives and natural analogues. Pharmacology. 1981;22:113e127. 18. Chandler RF, Hawkes D. Aniseed: spice, flavour, drug. J Canadian Pharmacol. 1984;117:28e29. 19. Kartnig T, Moeckel H, Mauns B. Occurrence of coumarins and sterols in tissue cultures of roots of Anethum graveolens and Pimpinella anisum. Planta Med. 1975;27:1e4. 20. Zargari A. Medicinal plants. Tehran: Tehran University; 1989.
Please cite this article in press as: Hosseinzadeh H, et al., Effect of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Pimpinella anisum L. Seeds on Milk Production in Rats, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2013.10.004
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6 21. Loomis T. Essential of toxicology. Philladelphia: Lea and Febiger; 1968. 22. Kamani HT, Karunanayake EH, Mahindartna MPD. Evaluation of galactoguic activity of Asparagus falcatus. Ceylon J Med Sci. 1987;30:63e67. 23. Kim SH, Moon YS, Keller WL, Park CS. Compensatory nutritiondirected mammary cell proliferation and lactation in rats. Br J Nutr. 1998;79:177e183.
H. Hosseinzadeh et al. 24. Morag M, Popliker F, Yagil R. Effect of litter size on milk yield in the rat. Lab Anim. 1975;9:43e47. 25. Patel AB, Kanitkar UK. Asparagus racemosus willdeform bordi, as a galactogogue, in buffaloes. Indian Vet J. 1969;46: 718e721. 26. Lis-Balchin M. Aromatherapy science: a guide for healthcare professionals. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2006.
Please cite this article in press as: Hosseinzadeh H, et al., Effect of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Pimpinella anisum L. Seeds on Milk Production in Rats, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2013.10.004
MODEL
J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2013;--(-):--e--
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies journal homepage: www.jams-kpi.com
- RESEARCH
ARTICLE
-
Effect of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Pimpinella anisum L. Seeds on Milk Production in Rats Hossein Hosseinzadeh 1,*, Mohsen Tafaghodi 2, Shirin Abedzadeh 3, Elahe Taghiabadi 3 1
Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2 Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Department, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 3 Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Available online - - Received: May 29, 2013 Accepted: Sep 4, 2013 KEYWORDS galactagogue; lactogenic; milk production; Pimpinella anisum
Abstract Pimpinella anisum L. (P. anisum) is used as a galactagogue in traditional medicine; hence, the effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. anisum seeds on milk production in rats was evaluated. The milk production was assessed by measuring the pups’ weights during the suckling period. The intraperitoneal LD50 values of P. anisum aqueous and ethanolic extracts were 4.93 and 3.77 g/kg, respectively. The aqueous (1 g/kg) and ethanolic extracts (1 g/kg) increased the milk production significantly (p < 0.001), with about 68.1% and 81% more milk being produced, respectively, than in the control group. The pups gained weight during the study period with the aqueous (0.5 and 1 g/kg, p < 0.05) and ethanolic (0.5 and 1 g/kg, p < 0.01) extracts. Thus, P. anisum aqueous and ethanolic extracts can increase milk production in rats.
* Corresponding author. Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] (H. Hosseinzadeh). Copyright ª 2013, International Pharmacopuncture Institute pISSN 2005-2901 eISSN 2093-8152 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2013.10.004
Please cite this article in press as: Hosseinzadeh H, et al., Effect of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Pimpinella anisum L. Seeds on Milk Production in Rats, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2013.10.004
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MODEL
2
1. Introduction Breastfeeding is essential for the survival of newborns. Numerous women with deficient milk production use traditional plants to enhance milk production or yield. The useful activity of some herbs on milk production has been revealed in many reports. It was demonstrated that some plants increase the milk production because of the induction of the lactogenic hormones (prolactin), growth hormone, and casein accumulation in the mammary gland. Prolactin as a lactogenic hormone has a significant role in lactogenesis. In fact, prolactin induces the production of milk proteins in the epithelial cells and secretory tissue proliferation [1]. The milk production assessment in animals such as rats is hard. In several reports, the measurement of pup weight and weight gain is used to determine the milk yield and production. The pup weight and weight gain are usually utilized as indirect items for milk secretion. However, the direct determination of milk yield can be obtained by measuring pup weight during the suckling period that followed the separation time of dams and pups [2]. It was revealed that some plants increase the prolactin liberation, milk production, or growth of mammary gland [1]. P. anisum is one of the herbs is used in folk medicine for many beneficial effects, especially during the lactation time [3]. P. anisum (Umbelliferae family) is an annual plant with white flowers and small seeds, which is cultivated in Iraq, Turkey, Iran, India, and Egypt [4] and it is also a plant rich in volatile oils [5,6]. The seeds of the P. anisum fruit are commercially available and used for flavoring [7]. This plant is cultivated for its aromatic seeds, which is used in medicine as a mild expectorant [8]. Some beneficial and therapeutic activities including those on digestive disorders, gynecologic, and also anticonvulsant, antiasthma, and dyspnea have been shown for P. anisum in Iranian ancient medical books [9]. Many studies have been described that P. anisum or its constituents demonstrated some pharmacological effects such as fungicidal [10,11], antibacterial [12,13], anticonvulsant [4], antioxidant [7], and relaxant effects on the isolated tracheal muscles of guinea pig [14,15], antispasmodic and relaxant effects on rat anococcygeus smooth muscle [16], and anesthetic and hypothermic activities [17]. P. anisum seeds consist of several types of compounds, and the effects of this herb are related to these components. Some reports have shown that this plant contains anethole, estragole, methyl chavicol and anisaldehyde, coumarins, scopoletin, umbelliferone, sterols, and terpene hydrocarbons [7,18e20]. Owing to the application of P. anisum as a galactagogue in traditional medicine, and the lack of any report of its effect on milk production, the present study investigated the acute toxicity and effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. anisum seeds on milk production in rats.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Animals The study was performed on male and female albino mice, 25 2 g for the acute toxicity study, and lactating rats, weighing 250 25 g and suckling four to six pups each, for the evaluation of milk production. Animals were housed in a
H. Hosseinzadeh et al. ventilated room under a 12/12 hour light/dark cycle at 24 2 C and had free access to water and food. All animal experiments were carried out in accordance with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Ethical Committee Acts.
2.2. Preparation of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. anisum P. anisum seeds, obtained from Razavi Khorasan, were purchased from a local market in Mashhad, Iran. Seeds were identified by Botanists in the Herbarium of Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran, and the voucher sample of the plant is 7701 that was preserved for reference in the herbarium of Mashhad Pharmacy School, Mashhad university of Medical Sciences, Iran. P. anisum seeds were cleaned and dried in shadow and powdered by a mechanical grinder. For the aqueous extract, the seed powder (100 g) was added to 1000 mL of hot water, boiled for 15 minutes and filtered using a cloth. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to afford a viscous residue. The residue was suspended in normal saline. For the ethanolic extract, the seeds powders (100 g) were defatted with petroleum ether (40e60 C) using the Soxhlet apparatus. Then, the powder was macerated in 800-mL ethanol (80%, v/v) for 72 hours, and the mixture was subsequently filtered and concentrated in vacuum at 40 C. The residue was suspended in saline.
2.3. Acute toxicity Different doses of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. anisum were administered orally and intraperitoneally into groups of six mice. The number of deaths was counted at 48 hours after treatment. LD50 values and corresponding confidence limits were determined by the Litchfield and Wilcoxon method (PHARM/PCS Version 4).
2.4. The effect of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. anisum extract on milk production The method is based on Lompo-Ouedraogo et al modification [1]. In brief, 30 lactating dams (250 25 g) at the start of lactation and suckling four to six pups were used for this experiment. Females were divided into five groups of six animals each. Group 1 was given orally 0.5 mL of saline as a control group and Groups 2e5 received orally 0.5 and 1 g/kg of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts per 0.5 mL saline. All female rats were treated daily at 2:30 PM. The production of milk was measured 23 hours after gavage. The milk production was estimated from Day 3 to Day 15 of lactation. Milk yield and dams’ weight, and the weight gain of pups were measured every day. During the test period, the pups were weighed daily at 8:30 AM (w1) and then separated from their mothers for 4 hours. At 12:30 PM, the pups were weighed (w2), returned to their mother, and permitted to feed for 1 hour. Then, they were weighed (w3) at 1:30 PM. The milk yield 23 hours after the gavage was estimated as w3 w2. The daily milk yield was corrected for loss of weight because of the metabolic processes occurring in the pup throughout suckling. The value used was (w2 w1)/4. Next, this value was multiplied by the amount of suckling hours per day and added to the daily
Please cite this article in press as: Hosseinzadeh H, et al., Effect of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Pimpinella anisum L. Seeds on Milk Production in Rats, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2013.10.004
+
MODEL
Effect of Pimpinella anisum on milk production in rats
3
suckling gain. The daily weight gain of pups was measured from the weight of pups at w2.
The mean SEM were determined for each study group and tested with analysis of variance followed by the multiple comparison test of TukeyeKramer. Discrepancies with p values 5.0 g/kg), this study shows that P. anisum is practically nontoxic in acute oral treatment. The i.p. LD50 values of both extracts were in the range of 1e5 g/kg; thus, P. anisum should be considered practically low toxic in acute intraperitoneal administration, and data showed that the toxicity of the ethanolic extract is more than that of the aqueous extract.
A Pup weight (g/pup)
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25 20 15
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10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Day of Lactation
B Weight (g/pup)
Milk Yield (g/pup)
B
Normal saline Aqueous extract 0.5 g/kg Aqueous extract 1 g/kg 30 ***
***
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Figure 3 (A) The effect of aqueous extract of P. anisum at doses 0.5 and 1 mg/kg on pup weight 23 hours after gavage. Values are mean SEM. Statistically significant differences are given in comparison to the control group (ANOVA followed by TukeyeKramer). (B) Mean weight gain of the pup. Values are mean SEM. Statistically significant differences are given in comparison to the control group (ANOVA followed by TukeyeKramer). )p < 0.05. ))p < 0.01. )))p < 0.001. ANOVA Z analysis of variance; SEM Z standard error of the mean.
Please cite this article in press as: Hosseinzadeh H, et al., Effect of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Pimpinella anisum L. Seeds on Milk Production in Rats, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2013.10.004
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Effect of Pimpinella anisum on milk production in rats Normal saline
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References
Ethanolic extract 0.5 g/kg
Pup weight (g/pup)
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Ethanolic extract 1 g/kg 30
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Figure 4 (A) The effect of ethanolic extract of P. anisum at doses 0.5 and 1 mg/kg on pup weight 23 hours after gavage. Values are mean SEM. Statistically significant differences are given in comparison to the control group (ANOVA followed by TukeyeKramer). (B) Mean weight gain of pup. Values are mean SEM. Statistically significant differences are given in comparison to the control group (ANOVA followed by TukeyeKramer). )p < 0.05. ))p < 0.01. )))p < 0.001. ANOVA Z analysis of variance; SEM Z standard error of the mean.
study indicated that the beneficial activity of P. anisum ethanolic extract on milk production was more than that of aqueous extract, and it is related to the existence of active constituents such as anethole in the ethanolic extract. It is concluded that P. anisum aqueous and ethanolic extracts increase milk production. This research confirms the traditional use of P. anisum seeds as a lactogenic agent.
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful for the financial support of School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. This study was part of PharmD thesis.
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