Clinical Toxicology
ISSN: 0009-9309 (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ictx18
Drugs of Abuse Radioimmunoassay Directory To cite this article: (1975) Drugs of Abuse Radioimmunoassay Directory, Clinical Toxicology, 8:2, 257-265, DOI: 10.3109/15563657508988072 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563657508988072
Published online: 25 Sep 2008.
Submit your article to this journal
View related articles
Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ictx18 Download by: [NUS National University of Singapore]
Date: 06 November 2015, At: 16:03
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 8(2), pp. 257-265 (1975)
Downloaded by [NUS National University of Singapore] at 16:03 06 November 2015
NEWS ITEMS
Drugs of Abuse Radioimmunoassay Directory*
VINA SPIEHLER Beckman Applications Chemist Scientific Instruments Division Irvine, California
SUMMARY This clinical brief is a survey of procedures, components and kits presently available for detecting and quantitating drugs of abuse in biologic fluids by radioimmunoassay (RIA).? INTRODUCTION A number of substances including drugs are found in the body at concentrations too low for detection by classical methods of analysis. For this reason, most drug procedures require extraction of large volumes of serum o r other biological fluids with an organic solvent, evaporation and concentration of the residue. Because of radioimmunoassay's (RIA)sensitivity in the picogram (lo-'' gm) range and specificity, an RIA procedure may be able to detect a substance
*This is a reprint of a "Clinical Brief," Applications Research, Scientific Instruments Division, Beckman Instruments, Inc. Copies of this Clinical Brief will be available from Beckman Instruments, Inc. ?Inclusion in this directory does not constitute endorsement. 257
NEWS ITEMS
Downloaded by [NUS National University of Singapore] at 16:03 06 November 2015
258
directly in tissue serum, blood or urine eliminating costly timeconsuming and error-prone steps of extraction and isolation. Furthermore, as little as 100 pl sample is required. The application of radioimmunoassays for drug detection and quantitation is just beginning. Sources for kits and components now available a r e listed in this Brief for workers interested in this field. This directory does not purport to be complete as manufacturers are adding new products constantly, and new companies are springing up to fulfill the needs of the field. MORPHINE Four commercial kits are available for morphine, three using tritium and one using "'1. Sources for components are also listed below. Kits
3H Morphine RIA kit (200 tubes) rabbit anti-morphine serum % morphine morphine urine standards (7) nitrocellulose filters trizma buffer H ' Morphine Screening Kit (200 tubes) rabbit anti-morphine serum "H morphine morphine urine standard (positive) morphine urine standard (blank) trizma buffer, zinc sulfate, microcapillary tubes Morphine AbuscreenTM RZA for A-xphine morphine antibody 125 I-morphine positive urine control normal urine control sat. soln. ammonium sulfate
125 I
Clinical Assays Inc. 237 Binney Street
Cambridge, Mass. 02142
Clinical Assays Inc.
Roche Diagnostics Div. of HoffmannLaRoche Nutley, N. J. 07110
259
Downloaded by [NUS National University of Singapore] at 16:03 06 November 2015
NEWS ITEMS
3H Morphine Abuscreen RLG for Morphine Morphine Test Reagent (contains antibody, ' H morphine and normal goat serum) positive urine control normal urine control sat. soln. ammonium sulfate
Roche Diagnostics
Components Antiserum rabbit anti-morphine serum
Clinical Assays Inc.
RIA - TE K morphine -codeine anti -s erum
ICN Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 6060 NE 12th St. Portland, Ore. 97208
Morphine antibody
The Sylvana Company 22 E. Willow St. Millburn, N. J. 07041
Labeled morphine* ' H morphine
"H morphine
Clinical Assays Inc. New England Nuclear 575 Albany St. Boston, Mass. 02118
REFERENCES - MORPHINE
[ 11 Spector, S. et a1 "Morphine Radioimmunoassay," Science 168, 1347 (1970). [2] Spector, S. Quantitative Determination of Morphine in Serum "by Radioimmunoassay," J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 178,253 (1971). *The following companies offer custom labeling services for drugs: 1251,'311,%-New England Nuclear, Boston, Mass. 02118; %-Amersham/Searle Corp., Arlington Heights, Ill. 60005; ?-I-Schwarz/Mann, Orangeburg, New York 10962; %-ICN, Irvine, Calif. 92664; ICN, Waltham, Mass. 02145.
NEWS ITEMS
Downloaded by [NUS National University of Singapore] at 16:03 06 November 2015
260
[ 3 ] Spector, S. et a1 "Antibodies to Morphine, Barbiturates and Serotonin,'' Pharmacological Reviews 25, 281 (1973). [ 4 1 Gerschman, H. et a1 vlRadioimmunoass?y of Prostaglandins, Angiotension, Digoxin Morphine and Adenosine-3', 5' cyclic monophosphate with Nitrocellulose Membranes, l t Prostaglandins 1, 407 (1972). [ 51 eatlin, D. et al "A Sensitive Rapid Radioimmunoassay for Morphine and Immunolodcallv-related substances in Urine and Serum," Clinical Chemikry i9, 216 (1973). [ 61 Van Vunakis, H. et al rfSpeci??cities of antibodies to Morphine," J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 9- 180 514 (1972). 1 [7 - - Gorodetsky, C. W. and Kullberg, M. P., "Validity of Screening Methods for Drugs of Abuse in Biological Fluids," Clin. Pharm. Therap., lJ, 461, 579 (1974). [ 8 3 Spector, S. '!Application of Radioimmunoassay to Pharmac o l ~ g y , ~Clin. ' Pharm. Therap., Is, 149 (1974). BARBITURATES A kit for detection of all barbiturates is available from HoffmannLaRoche. The antibody in this kit is made against secobarbital but also responds to most other barbiturates except hexobarbital. Kits 125
I Abusescreen RIA for Barbiturates barbiturate test reagent (contains antibody and '251-labeled secobarbital derivative) positive barbiturate urine control normal urine control sat. soln. ammonium sulfate
Roche Diagnostics
PHENOBARBITAL
Components Antiserum phenobarbital antiserum
The Sylvana Company
261
NEWS ITEMS Labeled phenobarbital* 'H phenobarbital
CalAtomic P.O. Box 54984 Los Angeles, Calif. 90054 New England Nuclear
Downloaded by [NUS National University of Singapore] at 16:03 06 November 2015
'H phenobarbital
REFERENCES- BARBITURATES Spector, S. and Flynn, E. J. "Barbiturates-Radioimmunoassay,T' 1036 (1971). Flynn, E. J. et al "Determination of Barbiturate Derivatives by Radioimmunoassay," J. Pharm. Exptl. Therap. 9-181 547 (1972). Chung, A. e t a1 "Phenobarbital Specific Antiserum and Radioimmunoassay," Experientia (in press). Reprints available from Albert Castro, Dept. of Endocrinology, United Medical Laboratories, Inc., P. 0. Box 3932, Portland, Oregon 97208. Cleeland, R et a1 "A Simple Rapid lz5I Radioimmunoassay for the Detection of Barbituates in Biological Fluids," J. Forensic Sciences, 20, 45 (1975).
Science, 2 174
AMPHETAMINES The following kit and components are available for amphetamines: Kits 125
I Abuscreen RIA for Amphetamine amphetamine antibody 125 I labeled amphetamine positive amphetamine control normal urine control sat. soln. ammonium sulfate
*See footnote p. 259.
Roche Diagnostics
NEWS ITEMS
262 Components
Downloaded by [NUS National University of Singapore] at 16:03 06 November 2015
Antiserum amphetamine (metamphetamine) antiserum
ICN Medical Diagnostic Products ICN Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Labeled Amphetamine* 'H-d-amphetamine sulfate 14 C-d-amphetamine HC1
New England Nuclear Applied Science P. 0. Box 440 State College Pa.
REFERENCES -AMPHETAMINES
[ 121 Cheng, L. T. et al lpAmphetamines: New Radioimmunoassay" (in press). Reprints available from A l b e r t Castro, Dept. of Endocrinology, United Medical Laboratories, Inc., P. 0. Box 3932, Portland, Ore. 97208.
DIPHENYLHYDANTOIN (DILANTIN) A reference is available on a RIA procedure for diphenylhydantoin developed by workers at NINDS. Components Labeled diphenylhydantoin 14 C diphenylhydantoin
REFERENCES
New England Nuclear
-
DIPHENYLHYDANTOIN
[ 131 Tigelaar, R E. et a1 ?'A Fbdioimmunoassay for Diphenyl231 (1973). hydantoin," Clinica Chimica Acta
s,
*See footnote on p. 259.
NEWS ITEMS
263
LSD ( L Y S E R G I C ACID D I E T H Y L A M I D E )
Downloaded by [NUS National University of Singapore] at 16:03 06 November 2015
A commercial kit for LSD is available from Collaborative Research Inc., components are available from a number of manufacturers. Kits Radioimmunoassay for LSD LSD antiserum
Collaborative Research Inc. 1365 Main St. Waltham, Mass. 02154
''I LSD polymer LSD standard
Components Antiserum LSD antiserum RIA-TEK LSD Antiserum
RIA-TEK lysergic acid antiserum
Labeled LSD* % LSD I
Collaborative Research Inc. ICN Medical Diagnostic Products ICN Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ICN Medical Diagnostic Products ICN Pharamaceuticals, Inc. New England Nuclear
REFERENCES-LSD
[ 141 Grettie, D. et a1 (1972 unpublished data) ICN Medical Diagnostic Products, ICN Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 6060 NE 12th St., Portland, Oregon 97208. [ 151 Tauton-Rigby, A., Sher, S. E. and Kelley, P. R. "Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Radioimmunoassay," Science 181, - 165 (1973). *See footnote on p. 259.
NEWS ITEMS
264
[ 161 Loeffler, L. J. and Pierce, J. V. "Radioimmunoassay for
Downloaded by [NUS National University of Singapore] at 16:03 06 November 2015
Lysergide (LSD) in Illicit Drugs and Biological Fluids," J. Pharm. Sci. 6 3 1816 (1973). MARIJUANA (CANNABIS) Research projects on the development of a radioimmunoassay for the tetrahydrocannabinols and other possible metabolites of marijuana are underway. No kits are available at this time. NICOTINE Procedures for radioimmunoassay of nicotine have been published.
REFERENCES-NICOTINE
[17] Cernosek, S. F., Langone, J. J., Gjika, H. B. et a1 "Radioimmunoassays for nicotine and i t s metabolities, cotinine and cotinine-N-oxide,'' Fed. Proc. 32, 511 Abs. (1973). [ 181 Haines, C. F. et a1 "Radioimmunoassay of Plasma Nicotine in Habituated and Naive Smokers," Clin. Pharm. Therap.,
16, 1083 (1974). ATROPINE Dr. L. L. Laughlin a t U. S. Navy Biomedical Laboratory, Edgewood Arsenal, Md. 21010, is developing a radioimmunoassay for atropine. PENTAZOCINE A procedure has been announced for radioimmunoassay of pentazocine. R E F E R E N C E S - PENTA ZOCINE
[ 191 Williams, T. A. and Pittman, K. A. ?*ARadioimmunoassay for Pentazocine" paper given at FASEB April 1973. SterlingWinthrop Research Institute, Rensselaer, N. Y. 12144.
265
NEWS ITEMS MESCALINE
Downloaded by [NUS National University of Singapore] at 16:03 06 November 2015
Anti-mescaline antibodies have been produced and studied in a radioimmunoassay for mescaline. Components 8- '*C Mescaline hydrochloride
New England Nuclear
REFERENCES -MESCALINE [20] Schnoll, S. H., Vogel, W. H. and Odstrchel, G. "The Speci-
ficity of Anti-Mescaline Antibody Produced in Rabbits" paper given at FASEB April 1973. Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, P. 19107.
ISSN: 0009-9309 (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ictx18
Drugs of Abuse Radioimmunoassay Directory To cite this article: (1975) Drugs of Abuse Radioimmunoassay Directory, Clinical Toxicology, 8:2, 257-265, DOI: 10.3109/15563657508988072 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563657508988072
Published online: 25 Sep 2008.
Submit your article to this journal
View related articles
Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ictx18 Download by: [NUS National University of Singapore]
Date: 06 November 2015, At: 16:03
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 8(2), pp. 257-265 (1975)
Downloaded by [NUS National University of Singapore] at 16:03 06 November 2015
NEWS ITEMS
Drugs of Abuse Radioimmunoassay Directory*
VINA SPIEHLER Beckman Applications Chemist Scientific Instruments Division Irvine, California
SUMMARY This clinical brief is a survey of procedures, components and kits presently available for detecting and quantitating drugs of abuse in biologic fluids by radioimmunoassay (RIA).? INTRODUCTION A number of substances including drugs are found in the body at concentrations too low for detection by classical methods of analysis. For this reason, most drug procedures require extraction of large volumes of serum o r other biological fluids with an organic solvent, evaporation and concentration of the residue. Because of radioimmunoassay's (RIA)sensitivity in the picogram (lo-'' gm) range and specificity, an RIA procedure may be able to detect a substance
*This is a reprint of a "Clinical Brief," Applications Research, Scientific Instruments Division, Beckman Instruments, Inc. Copies of this Clinical Brief will be available from Beckman Instruments, Inc. ?Inclusion in this directory does not constitute endorsement. 257
NEWS ITEMS
Downloaded by [NUS National University of Singapore] at 16:03 06 November 2015
258
directly in tissue serum, blood or urine eliminating costly timeconsuming and error-prone steps of extraction and isolation. Furthermore, as little as 100 pl sample is required. The application of radioimmunoassays for drug detection and quantitation is just beginning. Sources for kits and components now available a r e listed in this Brief for workers interested in this field. This directory does not purport to be complete as manufacturers are adding new products constantly, and new companies are springing up to fulfill the needs of the field. MORPHINE Four commercial kits are available for morphine, three using tritium and one using "'1. Sources for components are also listed below. Kits
3H Morphine RIA kit (200 tubes) rabbit anti-morphine serum % morphine morphine urine standards (7) nitrocellulose filters trizma buffer H ' Morphine Screening Kit (200 tubes) rabbit anti-morphine serum "H morphine morphine urine standard (positive) morphine urine standard (blank) trizma buffer, zinc sulfate, microcapillary tubes Morphine AbuscreenTM RZA for A-xphine morphine antibody 125 I-morphine positive urine control normal urine control sat. soln. ammonium sulfate
125 I
Clinical Assays Inc. 237 Binney Street
Cambridge, Mass. 02142
Clinical Assays Inc.
Roche Diagnostics Div. of HoffmannLaRoche Nutley, N. J. 07110
259
Downloaded by [NUS National University of Singapore] at 16:03 06 November 2015
NEWS ITEMS
3H Morphine Abuscreen RLG for Morphine Morphine Test Reagent (contains antibody, ' H morphine and normal goat serum) positive urine control normal urine control sat. soln. ammonium sulfate
Roche Diagnostics
Components Antiserum rabbit anti-morphine serum
Clinical Assays Inc.
RIA - TE K morphine -codeine anti -s erum
ICN Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 6060 NE 12th St. Portland, Ore. 97208
Morphine antibody
The Sylvana Company 22 E. Willow St. Millburn, N. J. 07041
Labeled morphine* ' H morphine
"H morphine
Clinical Assays Inc. New England Nuclear 575 Albany St. Boston, Mass. 02118
REFERENCES - MORPHINE
[ 11 Spector, S. et a1 "Morphine Radioimmunoassay," Science 168, 1347 (1970). [2] Spector, S. Quantitative Determination of Morphine in Serum "by Radioimmunoassay," J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 178,253 (1971). *The following companies offer custom labeling services for drugs: 1251,'311,%-New England Nuclear, Boston, Mass. 02118; %-Amersham/Searle Corp., Arlington Heights, Ill. 60005; ?-I-Schwarz/Mann, Orangeburg, New York 10962; %-ICN, Irvine, Calif. 92664; ICN, Waltham, Mass. 02145.
NEWS ITEMS
Downloaded by [NUS National University of Singapore] at 16:03 06 November 2015
260
[ 3 ] Spector, S. et a1 "Antibodies to Morphine, Barbiturates and Serotonin,'' Pharmacological Reviews 25, 281 (1973). [ 4 1 Gerschman, H. et a1 vlRadioimmunoass?y of Prostaglandins, Angiotension, Digoxin Morphine and Adenosine-3', 5' cyclic monophosphate with Nitrocellulose Membranes, l t Prostaglandins 1, 407 (1972). [ 51 eatlin, D. et al "A Sensitive Rapid Radioimmunoassay for Morphine and Immunolodcallv-related substances in Urine and Serum," Clinical Chemikry i9, 216 (1973). [ 61 Van Vunakis, H. et al rfSpeci??cities of antibodies to Morphine," J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 9- 180 514 (1972). 1 [7 - - Gorodetsky, C. W. and Kullberg, M. P., "Validity of Screening Methods for Drugs of Abuse in Biological Fluids," Clin. Pharm. Therap., lJ, 461, 579 (1974). [ 8 3 Spector, S. '!Application of Radioimmunoassay to Pharmac o l ~ g y , ~Clin. ' Pharm. Therap., Is, 149 (1974). BARBITURATES A kit for detection of all barbiturates is available from HoffmannLaRoche. The antibody in this kit is made against secobarbital but also responds to most other barbiturates except hexobarbital. Kits 125
I Abusescreen RIA for Barbiturates barbiturate test reagent (contains antibody and '251-labeled secobarbital derivative) positive barbiturate urine control normal urine control sat. soln. ammonium sulfate
Roche Diagnostics
PHENOBARBITAL
Components Antiserum phenobarbital antiserum
The Sylvana Company
261
NEWS ITEMS Labeled phenobarbital* 'H phenobarbital
CalAtomic P.O. Box 54984 Los Angeles, Calif. 90054 New England Nuclear
Downloaded by [NUS National University of Singapore] at 16:03 06 November 2015
'H phenobarbital
REFERENCES- BARBITURATES Spector, S. and Flynn, E. J. "Barbiturates-Radioimmunoassay,T' 1036 (1971). Flynn, E. J. et al "Determination of Barbiturate Derivatives by Radioimmunoassay," J. Pharm. Exptl. Therap. 9-181 547 (1972). Chung, A. e t a1 "Phenobarbital Specific Antiserum and Radioimmunoassay," Experientia (in press). Reprints available from Albert Castro, Dept. of Endocrinology, United Medical Laboratories, Inc., P. 0. Box 3932, Portland, Oregon 97208. Cleeland, R et a1 "A Simple Rapid lz5I Radioimmunoassay for the Detection of Barbituates in Biological Fluids," J. Forensic Sciences, 20, 45 (1975).
Science, 2 174
AMPHETAMINES The following kit and components are available for amphetamines: Kits 125
I Abuscreen RIA for Amphetamine amphetamine antibody 125 I labeled amphetamine positive amphetamine control normal urine control sat. soln. ammonium sulfate
*See footnote p. 259.
Roche Diagnostics
NEWS ITEMS
262 Components
Downloaded by [NUS National University of Singapore] at 16:03 06 November 2015
Antiserum amphetamine (metamphetamine) antiserum
ICN Medical Diagnostic Products ICN Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Labeled Amphetamine* 'H-d-amphetamine sulfate 14 C-d-amphetamine HC1
New England Nuclear Applied Science P. 0. Box 440 State College Pa.
REFERENCES -AMPHETAMINES
[ 121 Cheng, L. T. et al lpAmphetamines: New Radioimmunoassay" (in press). Reprints available from A l b e r t Castro, Dept. of Endocrinology, United Medical Laboratories, Inc., P. 0. Box 3932, Portland, Ore. 97208.
DIPHENYLHYDANTOIN (DILANTIN) A reference is available on a RIA procedure for diphenylhydantoin developed by workers at NINDS. Components Labeled diphenylhydantoin 14 C diphenylhydantoin
REFERENCES
New England Nuclear
-
DIPHENYLHYDANTOIN
[ 131 Tigelaar, R E. et a1 ?'A Fbdioimmunoassay for Diphenyl231 (1973). hydantoin," Clinica Chimica Acta
s,
*See footnote on p. 259.
NEWS ITEMS
263
LSD ( L Y S E R G I C ACID D I E T H Y L A M I D E )
Downloaded by [NUS National University of Singapore] at 16:03 06 November 2015
A commercial kit for LSD is available from Collaborative Research Inc., components are available from a number of manufacturers. Kits Radioimmunoassay for LSD LSD antiserum
Collaborative Research Inc. 1365 Main St. Waltham, Mass. 02154
''I LSD polymer LSD standard
Components Antiserum LSD antiserum RIA-TEK LSD Antiserum
RIA-TEK lysergic acid antiserum
Labeled LSD* % LSD I
Collaborative Research Inc. ICN Medical Diagnostic Products ICN Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ICN Medical Diagnostic Products ICN Pharamaceuticals, Inc. New England Nuclear
REFERENCES-LSD
[ 141 Grettie, D. et a1 (1972 unpublished data) ICN Medical Diagnostic Products, ICN Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 6060 NE 12th St., Portland, Oregon 97208. [ 151 Tauton-Rigby, A., Sher, S. E. and Kelley, P. R. "Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Radioimmunoassay," Science 181, - 165 (1973). *See footnote on p. 259.
NEWS ITEMS
264
[ 161 Loeffler, L. J. and Pierce, J. V. "Radioimmunoassay for
Downloaded by [NUS National University of Singapore] at 16:03 06 November 2015
Lysergide (LSD) in Illicit Drugs and Biological Fluids," J. Pharm. Sci. 6 3 1816 (1973). MARIJUANA (CANNABIS) Research projects on the development of a radioimmunoassay for the tetrahydrocannabinols and other possible metabolites of marijuana are underway. No kits are available at this time. NICOTINE Procedures for radioimmunoassay of nicotine have been published.
REFERENCES-NICOTINE
[17] Cernosek, S. F., Langone, J. J., Gjika, H. B. et a1 "Radioimmunoassays for nicotine and i t s metabolities, cotinine and cotinine-N-oxide,'' Fed. Proc. 32, 511 Abs. (1973). [ 181 Haines, C. F. et a1 "Radioimmunoassay of Plasma Nicotine in Habituated and Naive Smokers," Clin. Pharm. Therap.,
16, 1083 (1974). ATROPINE Dr. L. L. Laughlin a t U. S. Navy Biomedical Laboratory, Edgewood Arsenal, Md. 21010, is developing a radioimmunoassay for atropine. PENTAZOCINE A procedure has been announced for radioimmunoassay of pentazocine. R E F E R E N C E S - PENTA ZOCINE
[ 191 Williams, T. A. and Pittman, K. A. ?*ARadioimmunoassay for Pentazocine" paper given at FASEB April 1973. SterlingWinthrop Research Institute, Rensselaer, N. Y. 12144.
265
NEWS ITEMS MESCALINE
Downloaded by [NUS National University of Singapore] at 16:03 06 November 2015
Anti-mescaline antibodies have been produced and studied in a radioimmunoassay for mescaline. Components 8- '*C Mescaline hydrochloride
New England Nuclear
REFERENCES -MESCALINE [20] Schnoll, S. H., Vogel, W. H. and Odstrchel, G. "The Speci-
ficity of Anti-Mescaline Antibody Produced in Rabbits" paper given at FASEB April 1973. Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, P. 19107.
