Serum Antibody Prevalence of Parainfluenza 3 Virus in a Free-ranging Bison (Bison bison) Herd from Alaska Author(s): Randall L. Zarnke and G. A. Erickson Source: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 26(3):416-419. Published By: Wildlife Disease Association DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-26.3.416 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.7589/0090-3558-26.3.416

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Journal

Serum

Antibody

Free-ranging

Prevalence Bison

bison)

Randall L. Zarnke’ and G. A. Erickson,2 Alaska 99701; 2 National Veterinary Services Ames,

Iowa

50010,

ABSTRACT:

Delta

to

bison

herd Key enza

in

serologic

a transplant (USA)

to

1984.

exposure

source

the

bison,

Blood

parainflu-

animals

from

Sheep do

not

cleared

and routinely

domestic historic

and

goats

are

come

less into

livestock. bison range

developed

purposes. During bison have been

August attracted

areas by maturing indirect interaction

grain with

for and to

may Dall

occasionally sheep (Ovis

were

for evidence

nu-

direct

collected

from

43 Delta

herd

Specisheep Blood hr at

of exposure

to parainfluenza

sera were conducted at the same facility using the serum neutralization procedure (Thorsen

agricultural

and Henderson,

1971).

Bison

sera

also were periodically tested for evidence of exposure to (1) infectious bovine rhino-

September agricultural

into and

hunters from anishot or by personnel

3 virus (P13) were performed according to the method of Thorsen and Henderson (1971). Confirmatory P13 tests on 78 bison

tracheitis, bovine viral diarrhea, and respiratory syncytial virus by the serum neutralization test (Thorsen and Henderson, 1971); (2) epizootic hemorrhagic disease and bluetongue viruses by the immunodiffusion test (Pearson and Jochim, 1979);

crops. Direct and livestock may oc-

come dabbi)

by had

ambient or refrigerated temperatures and then centrifuged. Sera were collected and frozen. Hemagglutination inhibition tests (HI)

cur

Bison with

at the edges of reThere is no contact bison. A serologic to determine the

and from 146#{176}00’W to 149#{176}00’W. mens were collected from 77 Dall at Sheep Creek (63#{176}20’N, 143#{176}50’W). was allowed to settle for 18 to 48

maoc-

However, has been

at such times. Moose (Abces abces) are common the home range of the Delta bison

samples

Samples

and Thomas, 1987). Cattle and swine populations in the Delta Junction area increased 2- to 3-fold between the mid-1970’s and mid-1980’s (Alaska Agricultural Statistics Service, 1988). Cattle, horses and swine all currently number in the

Bison

Road, Fairbanks, P.O. Box 844,

of Agriculture,

caribou which range from 63#{176}45’N to 64#{176}15’Nand from 146#{176}30’W to 149#{176}00’W. Thirty moose sera were collected from an area extending from 64#{176}15’N to 64#{176}45’N

Montana

During the 1970’s and early 1980’s jor expansion of agricultural industries curred near Delta Junction (Engelbrecht

contact with part of the

College

1300

of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (P.O. Box 605, Delta Junction, Alaska 99737, USA) from tranquilized bison.

(Bison bison) herd to 400 animals and 800 km2 area princi-

in 1928.

hundreds. merous.

1990, pp. 416-419 Association 1990

populations, especialpathogens in the area. from 409 Delta herd bi-

to livestock

son were collected mals which they

east of the community of Alaska (USA, 64#{176}00’N, herd was established by

of 23

of wildlife

ly bison,

clinical in this bison infection. HO

survey.

Delta bison from 300 freely in an

pally south and Delta Junction, 145#{176}45’W).This

near from

the

been

Bison

Bison,

P13,

as

productivity

of

found

1977

has

establishment

3 virus,

is

Delta

increased

period

There

words:

The numbers ranges

which

hypothesized

on decrease

since

Disease

Alaska

(Rangifer tarandus) spective home ranges. with other free-ranging survey was conducted

of

free-ranging

(USA),

the

are

infection.

disease

from

‘Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Laboratories, United States Department

prevalence

the

herd

)

during

cattle

the

in

Alaska

100%

Domestic

for

antibody

virus

3

Junction,

0%

26(3),

USA

Serum

parainfluenza bison (Bison

Herd

Diseases, © Wildlife

3 Virus in a

of Parainfluenza

(Bison

of Wildlife

within herd. contact caribou

(3)

Coxiella

fixation 416

test

burnetti (Erickson

by

the

et al.,

complement 1975);

(4) Bru-

SHORT

TABLE

Serum hemagglutination from Delta Junction,

1.

bison

herd

Alaska

inhibition (USA).

antibody

prevalence

COMMUNICATIONS

of parainfluenza

3 virus

417

in

the

Delta

Sex

Year

cebba

Female 0/3

0/8

0/5

0/8

0/13(0)

1977

0/14

0/12

1978

9/18

4/12

1979

4/6

1980

1/3

1/26(4) 13/30

(43)

4/5

8/11

(73)

1/2

2/5

(40)

4/12

23/45

(51)

17/53

(32)

1981

19/33

1982

9/26

8/27

1983

14/14

30/31

44/45

(98)

1984

18/18

23/23

41/41

(100)

1985

10/11

18/18

28/29

(97)

1986

13/13

38/38

51/51

(100)

1987

22/22

20/20

42/42

(100)

1988

7/7

3/3

10/10

(100)

126/195

(%)

positive/number

154/214

test

(Thoen

and

buffered

et al.

negative with each

acidified

plate

,

bovis as-

Known

1988).

control batch of

sera sera

pos-

were tested.

inA

firmed case.

positive

results

virus

isolation

All

evidence

No

found

in

1977.

By

reached for A

nearly

the

or

‘ ‘

titer

(n

=

17),

= =

16), and

will

All others Differences

based upon for significance test (Johnson,

was attempted by hunters

and 1988 1985 (n 1988 (n

England, 1974; 1986). Samples this

to as “positive. to as “negative.”

rus isolation swabs collected 27) during during

and

exceeded

antibody prevalence bison were tested of the Chi-square

=

Parks Bohac,

are in

gender of by means 1980). Vifrom

nasal 1984 (n

lung lavage

tissue fluid

during bison lung

be

17).

Results of P13 HI tests for bison are sented in Table 1. Titers ranged from 256. Results of neutralization tests

pre8 to con-

tests

attempts

1972

ples

in every were

un-

and

of the survey

tested” (Heddleston Apparently P13

lence

in the pattern

disease Ages

to

collected prevalence

P13

was

prior

remained

to had high

sampling period. of 41 bison from

Bison Range in Montana re“antibodies against parainfluwere present in all serum sam-

in that herd the dramatic the

exposure

100%

remainder serologic

1973).

;

of HI

samples antibody

1983,

Henderson, Kingscote

1971 and

of

bison

the National vealed that enza-3 virus

referred referred

(68)

successful.

titer of 8 or greater was considered evidence of past exposure to P13 for both methods based upon standards established for other wildlife species (Thorsen and

met

280/409

(72)

tested.

the

by

(65)

et al., 1973); and (6) Mycobacterium by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent

which

(0)

0/5

spp.

itive cluded

(%)

1976

antigen test (Angus and Barton, 1984); (5) 12 serovarieties of Leptospira interrogans by the microscopic agglutination test (Cole

say

Total

1975

Total Number

Male

for many increase Delta into not

and Wessman, been enzootic

years. By in antibody

bison

following

agent were

has

herd

is typical

introduction

of

of a new

a susceptible available for

bison collected. Of pled between 1983 rologically positive

contrast, preva-

population. most of the

12 yearling bison samand 1986, 11 were sefor P13. The only calf

(6-mo-old) sampled during this time was also positive. The calf’s test result may have been due to passive transfer of maternal antibody. bison are was

However, exposed

no significant

these data suggest that to P13 early in life. There difference

in sex-specific

418

JOURNAL

OF WILDLIFE

prevalence. transmitted ratory

DISEASES,

VOL.

26, NO.

This is expected for primarily by means

an of

3, JULY

The paine,

agent respi-

aerosols.

Serum antibody prevalence other wildlife species was 0%. tibody

prevalence

in

bison

bovine rhinotracheitis bovine viral diarrhea respiratory syncytial

of P13 in Serum an-

for

virus virus virus

infectious

was one of 366, was six of 316, was 0 of 105,

epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus was two of 392, bluetongue virus was 0 of 391, Coxiebba burnetti was one of 274, Brucebba spp. was 0 of 309, Leptospira interrogans was was

14 of 306, 0 of 46. Domestic

been Delta

and

livestock

the source bison herd.

uncommon

Mycobacterium are

of P13 which Respiratory

in cattle

bovis

believed

in this

entered disease area.

blood. Federal

This Aid

ects

numbers

22-4

and

the is not

Serologic

been no signs of in the high promonitored bison

by itself pathogen 1981).

P13 is considin most wildOther patho-

mestic sheep have partially responsible horn sheep (Ovis

pathogens been

from

implicated

as being

and

related

to the

management

by Proj-

W-22-3,

W-

J.

CITED

STATISTICS

agricultural

SERvI:E.

statistics

Wineinger

(eds.).

1988,

Alaska

1988.

D. A. Brown

Department

of

Agriculture,

Palmer, Alaska, pp. 32-35. ANGUS, R. D., AND C. E. BARTON. 1984. The production and evaluation of a buffered plate anfor

use

in a presumptive

Development

of

test

Biological

for

brucellosis.

Standards

56:

349-

356.

J.

COLE,

R.

C. R.

JR.,

,

1973.

Improved

spinal

microscope

crobiology

SULZER,

AND

R.

A.

microtechnique

for

agglutination

25:

test.

PURSELL.

the

lepto-

Applied

Mi-

976-980.

C. R.

ENGELBRECHT,

W.

AND

,

Agricultural

policy

Agricultural

Administration

C.

TH0NIAS.

implementation

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in and

Alaska.

Extension

26:

75-90. G.

A.,

E.

A.

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GUSTAFSON.

CARBREY,

G.

AND

Generalized

A.

contagious

ec-

thyma

in a sheep

rancher:

Diagnostic

consider-

ations.

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American

Veterinary

Medical

Association

607

of 166:

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Press,

North

Scituate,

Massachusetts,

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Parainfluenza virus. In Inof wild animals, 2nd ed., J. W. Davis, L. H. Karstad, and D. 0. Trainer (eds.). The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, pp. L.

KARSTAD,

for declines of bigcanadensis) populations

process

W-22-2,

AGRICULTURAL

Duxbury

do-

fectious

1981.

diseases

208-209. B. F.,

KINGSCOTE,

bodies

largely free of livestock diseases in the past (Zarnke, 1986). Increased movement of livestock and geographic expansion of agriculture may pose a threat to the health of wildlife populations. The potential of pathogen exchange between domestic and wildlife species should play a role in the industry

was supported Restoration

W-22-1,

In Alaska and

and many processing

K. L., AND C. WESSMAN. 1973. Vaccination of American bison Pasteurella multocida serotype 2 infection (hemorrhagic septicemia). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 9: 306-310. J0IINs0N, R. R. 1980. Elementary statistics, 3rd ed.

in the contiguous United States (Turner and Payson, 1982). Wildlife populations in Alaska have been

decision-making

research in Wildlife

ChamKarcz-

HEDDLESTON,

gens which could be transmitted from livestock to bison may not be so innocuous. situation,

D. Mensch, and/or

LITERATURE ALASKA

C. P.

W-22-5.

ERICKSON,

herd. Fortunately, ered to be a minor life species (Karstad,

riculture wildlife.

R. Larson, for collecting

tigen

available.

To date, there have disease nor any decrease ductivity in this closely

In a parallel

authors wish to thank S. DuBois, D. Johnson,

marczyk, hunters

to have

evidence indicates that cattle have been exposed to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhea, and P13 (R. A. Dieterich, pers. comm.). Long-term, largescale serologic survey results for cattle are not

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pronghorns 22:

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511-514.

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A serological

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of Wildlife

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107-110. AND

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ENGLAND.

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10:

PEARSON,

BOHAC. 1986. Antiand viral pathogens in 1983. Journal of Wildlife

C.

bacterial

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Diseases PARKS,

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AND

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49:

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desert

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AND

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(IBR),

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ment

and

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and

Aid

Final Report. W-22-4, and of

canadensis

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diseases

Received

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68:

survey

for

in Wildlife

Game,

$87.50

Directory: and Betty Inc. Bethesda,

Environment, John Farley. Grupenhoff Maryland. 540 pp.

tation ucation would

This

text of

is a quick

Congress,

reference

involved

cision

making.

Key

access

to

and

awards

or

rapid

of

Wildlife

legislation

1989.

Diseases,

was

diRepand

of

Congress,

to

through done

the

key

word

a commendable

plex

and

seemingly

vironmental

environmental issues

p. 419

1990,

1990

Association

legislation

easily

indices. job

of

The

It is Acmem-

the

convoluted in a very

pathways

directory

for

of

en-

Inc.,

be

information

the

6410

Maryland

Health

Rockledge

in-

the duration without adin

if it were package

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congressional

change. directory

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directory

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Environment

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Science

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The

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members

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committees

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listed

Political

provided.

members

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biographies of congressional staff. In general, the directory is user-friendly. presented in a logical and readable manner. cess to information pertaining to specific environmental

days

edly

are

or

26(3),

Disease

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presented

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term

over

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status,

recognition.

short

involved

contain family

presented.

formative

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Profiles

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congresissues.

profiles

history,

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members

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69

of their interests, or backgrounds and edin environmental issues. Additionally, it be helpful if the voting on recent envi-

ronmental

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tion,

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members of Congress. tory is limited by the

in

W-22-3, Depart-

REVIEW...

Congressional T. Grupenhoff Publications,

sional

microbial

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© Wildlife

bers

Cali235-243.

W-22-l, W-22-2, Job 18.5. Alaska

publication

Journal

BOOK

cremno-

Mountains,

The

1982.

infectious

para-

of Wild-

Ovis

the

California

pathogens.

and

Journal

P.AYSON.

of selected

Survey

rhinotracheitis

bovine

sheep, of

419

en-

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direc-

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this reference is of undeniable utilsome shortcomings. The biographies of congressional members and staffers are insufficient to derive any meaningful interpreity

Although there

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