Eur J Clin Pharmacol (1990) 39:195-197 Europeandoumalof

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© Springer-Verlag1990

Pharmacokinetics of various single intravenous and oral doses of omeprazole T. A n d e r s s o n , C. C e d e r b e r g , C.-G. Reggtrdh, and I. Skgtnberg Research Laboratories, AB H~issle,M01ndal, Sweden Received: October 20, 1989/Accepted in revised form: February 7, 1990

Summary. The influence of dose on the kinetics of omeprazole and two of its metabolites, hydroxyomeprazole and the sulphone, has b e e n studied. Ten healthy subjects were given omeprazole 10 and 40 mg iv and 10, 40 and 90 mg orally. No significant dose-related difference in any parameter calculated from the iv experiments was detected. Following the oral solutions, however, there was a dosedependent increase in systemic availability, probably due to saturable first-pass elimination. The A U C of the sulp h o n e also seemed to increase nonqinearly with increasing dose, and that of the hydroxyomeprazole increased in proportion to dose. T h e slight dose-dependency of the bioavailability of the solution is considered to be of no or limited clinical relevance. Furthermore, since omeprazole is given orally as slowly absorbed enteric coated granules in the dose of 20 mg o.d., the potential for dose-dependent kinetics in clinical practice would be much less than in the present study. Key words: Omeprazole, metabolites, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, dose-dependent kinetics

O m e p r a z o l e effectively suppresses gastric acid secretion by inhibiting the H +, K +-ATPase in the parietal cell [1, 2]. The degree of acid suppression is correlated with the area under the plasma concentration-time curve ( A U C ) of omeprazole [3]. O m e p r a z o l e is rapidly and completely metabolised by the liver and t h e major plasma m e t a b o lites are hydroxyomeprazole and the sulphone. Approximately 80% is excreted in the urine, the maj or urinary metabolites being hydroxyomeprazole and its corresponding carboxylic acid [4]. The remaining dose fraction is recovered in the faeces after being excreted mainly via the bile [5].

The pharmacokinetics of omeprazole in m a n has previously been reviewed [6, 7]. Some data from the present study were presented in those reviews, but this report provides all the results, including information about the metabolites. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of dose on the kinetics of omeprazole and two of its m e t a b o lites in plasma.

Subjects and methods Ten healthy males, aged 19-27 y, weighing 70-86 kg, completed the study, which was approved by the local Ethics Committee, and by the Board of Health and Welfare. Informed consent was obtained from each subject. The study was open in type. It comprised five experiments (doses 10, 40, 90 mg oral and 10, 40 mg iv) in randomised order, each separated by at least 6 days. Omeprazole was dissolved in a mixture of polyethyleneglyco1400 and diluted with NaHCO3 in water. Sodium bicarbonate was given prior to, together with and after drug administration, in a total amount of 48 mmol. Each experiment started at about 08.00 h with the subject fasting. Blood samples were collected prior to and at intervals for 8 h after dosing. The samples were collected in heparinised tubes, centrifuged and the plasma stored at - 20°C until analysed. The concentrations of omeprazole and its metabolites in plasma were determined by liquid chromatography with UV-detection [8, 9]. Standardised meals were served at 2.5 and 5 h. The plasma profiles following the iv doses were fitted to a biexponential function using the NONLIN program. The constants associated with the two-compartment model were determined, and various pharmacokinetic parameters, such as AUC, total plasma clearance (CL), volumes of distribution (V~,Vz),half-life of distribution (t~/2~)and elimination (tl/2),and systemic availability of each oral doses (f), were calculated according to standard methods. The statistical significance of the influence of dose on the various pharmacokinetic parameters studied was determined by Student's t-test for paired observations, or by two-way ANOVA followed by Scheffe's contrast U-test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

196

T. A n d e r s s o n et al.: O m e p r a z o l e kinetics

b

a

10.0;

10.0

-

5.02.0 i K =:k

1.00.50.20.1-

0.11 2'0 40 O'O 8'0 1(J0 1i0 Time (mini

20 LO eo 80 100 120 140 160 180 Time (min) d

c 10.0-

~'x

10.0.

5.0-

5.0.

2.0 ¸

2.0"

E 1.O 0.5

0.5:

0.2"

0.2-

0.1"

0.1-

Time (h)

Fig. 1. Mean plasma concentration-time profiles of omeprazole following (a) administration of 10 (- • -) and 40 (- • -) mg i. v., and (b) oral administration of 10 (-0-), 40 (-•-) and 90 (- • -) mg (n = 10); (c) Mean plasma concentrations of the "sulphone" following omeprazole 40 mg iv (-•-) and 10 (-V-), 40 (- A -) and 90 (- © -) mg p. o. (n = 10); and (d) "Hydroxyomeprazole"following omeprazole 40 mgiv (-•-) and 40 (-A-) and 90 (- ©-) mg orally (n = 5) Time Ch)

Results

Omeprazole The mean plasma concentrations of omeprazole are shown in Fig. 1, and pharmacokinetic parameters derived from the individual plasma concentrations are presented in Table 1. Omeprazole was rapidly distributed into a relatively small volume for both intravenous doses. The halflife of omeprazole in the terminal phase of the plasma concentration-time c u r v e (t1/2) ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 h, with the corresponding volume of distribution ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 1-kg -1. The plasma clearance varied two-fold between individuals. There was no influence of dose on any pharmacokinetic parameter studied. Following oral administration, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was attained within 0.5 h. The values of Cm~ and A U C increased nonlinearly with increasing oral dose, and bioavailability increased from 40 to 58% as the dose rose from 10 to 40 mg (P < 0.05). f for the 90 mg dose was not calculated due to lack of an iv reference value. The mean elimination half-life from plasma was longer for the 90 mg dose than for the two lower doses.

Omeprazole sulphone Its plasma concentrations following the 10 mg iv dose were close to the minimum determinable concentration ( < 50 nmol. 1-1). Cm,xwas reached on average within 0.5 h (Fig. i c; Table 2). The mean tm varied between 1.3 and 2.2 h and was longest for the 90 mg oral dose. The mean

A U C for the intravenous 40 mg dose was about 40% lower than that for the corresponding oral dose. The mean AUCs of the oral doses increased non-linearly with increasing dose.

Hydroxyomeprazole The plasma concentrations of hydroxyomeprazole in 5 subjects following iv administration of 40 mg and oral administration of 40 and 90 mg omeprazole are shown in Fig. 1 d. The mean Cm~xof hydroxyomeprazole increased linearly (Table 2) with the oral dose. The mean t]a was i h and was independent of dose. The mean A U C of hydroxyomeprazole was approximately the same following the 40 mg iv and oral doses, and it increased in proportion to the oral dose.

Discussion Intravenous administration resulted in rapid initial distribution into a central compartment with a mean volume of about 101, followed by a distribution into an apparent volume approximating the volume of the extracellular water. Omeprazole was rapidly eliminated. Plasma clearance varied only twofold in the present study, while the corresponding intersubject variability was 14-fold in a previous study [10]. There was no slow met aboliser of omeprazole here, although there were two in the previous study. Omeprazole was rapidly absorbed following all oral doses and its bioavailability was increased after higher

T. Andersson et al.: Omeprazole kinetics

197

Table 1. Pharmacokinetics of omeprazole calculated from the plasma levels following single iv doses of 10 and 40 mg and single oral doses of 10, 40 and 90 mg (n = 10) Parameter

10 mg

40 mg

mean

SD

iv t~/2~(min)

5.3

5.5

tl/z (h)

0.48

0.13

Vc (1/kg)

0.14

0.09

Vz (l/kg)

0.34

0.12

AUC (gmol x h/l)

0.75

CL (ml/min)

658

po tm~x(h)

range

90 mg

mean

SD

range

1.3-18

5.9

4.5

1.6-16

0.28-0.79

0.59

0.25

0.32-1.0

0.02-0.28

0.15

0.06

0.07-0.23

0.21-0.54

0.37

0.16

0.21-0.62

0.13

0.58-0.96

3.18

0.73

2.27-4.82

117

503-835

633

133

400-850

mean

SD

range

0.21

0.06

0.17-0.33

0.28

0.09

0.17-0.42

0.32

0.18

0.17-0.75

Cm,~(gmol/1)

0.55

0.37

0.14-1.24

3.0

1.61

1.4-6.4

9.4

4.9

3.6-17

t~2 (h)

0.40~

0.16

0.20-0.63

0.49

0.16

0.28-0.70

0.75

0.35

0.45-1.6

AUC (gmol x h/l)

0.31 °

0.20

0.13-0.69

2.0

1.33

0.70-5.0

7.4

4.5

3.1-16

f

0.40~

0.23

0.15-0.73

0.58

0.25

0.29-1.05

an=9 Table 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters of (S) omeprazole-sulphone (n = 10) and (H) hydroxyomeprazole (n = 5) calculated from the plasma levels following single iv and oral doses of omeprazole

Parameter S tmax(h) Cmax (gmol/1)

40 mg-iv

10 mg-oral mean

40 mg-oral

mean

SD

SD

0.47

0.24

0.38

0.16

0.232

0.108

0.122

0.060

mean

90 mg-oral SD

mean

SD

0.40

0.09

0.58

0.38

0.531

0.179

1.797

1.06

t1/2(h)

1.85

0.74

1.84

0.76

1.33

0.72

2.21

1.11

AUC (gmol x h/l)

0.744

0.740

0.248

0.093

1.195

1.132

6.602

6.03

H tm~x(h)

0.17

0.047

0.32

0.038

0.25

0.103

Cmax(gmol/1)

1.234

0.156

1.396

0.433

3.130

0.361

tl~ (h)

0.91

0.080

0.99

0.078

1.03

0.192

AUC (gmol x h/l)

1.239

0.182

1.406

0.266

3.111

1.815

doses, p r o b a b l y as a result of s a t u r a b l e first-pass e l i m i n a tion. H o w e v e r , l i n e a r i t y was o b t a i n e d w h e n o m e p r a z o l e was a d m i n i s t e r e d as e n t e r i c c o a t e d g r a n u l e s in t h e d o s e r a n g e 10 to 40 m g ( A n d e r s s o n , u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a ) , w h i c h can b e e x p l a i n e d b y d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e a b s o r p t i o n rates o f t h e d i v e r s e f o r m u l a t i o n s . F r o m t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y it was c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e k i n e tics following iv a d m i n i s t r a t i o n was l i n e a r in the d o s e r a n g e 10-40 mg, b u t t h a t t h e b i o a v a i l a b i l i t y i n c r e a s e d with i n c r e a s i n g o r a l dose. T h e two m e t a b o l i t e s s t u d i e d exh i b i t e d d i f f e r e n t kinetics; h y d r o x y o m e p r a z o l e s h o w e d lin e a r kinetics as r e g a r d s A U C a n d t h e oral d o s e of o m e p r a z o l e , while t h e o m e p r a z o l e s u l p h o n e e x h i b i t e d non-linearity, like t h e p a r e n t drug.

References

1. Fellenius E, Berglindh T, Sachs G (1981) Substituted benzimidazoles inhibit gastric acid secretion by blocking (H +K ÷)-ATPase. Nature 290:159-161 2. Wallmark B, Lorentzon R Larsson H (1985) The mechanism of action of omeprazole - a survey of its inhibitory actions in vitro. Scand J Gastroenterol [Suppl] 108:37-51 3. Lind T, Cederberg C, Ekenved G, Haglund U, Olbe L (1983) Effect of omeprazole - a gastric proton pump inhibitor- on pentagastrin stimulated acid secretion in man. Gut 24:270-276

4. Renberg L, Simonsson R, Hoffmann KJ (1989) Identification of two main urinary metabolites of [14C]omeprazole in man. Drug Metab Disposit 17:69-76 5. Lind T, Andersson T, Skfinberg I, Olbe L (1987) Biliary excretion of intravenous [14C]omeprazole in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 42:504-508 6. Regfirdh CG, Gabrielsson M, Hoffmann K J, L6t'berg I, SkS~aberg I (1985) Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of omeprazole in animals and m a n - an overview. Scand J Gastroenterol [Suppl] 108:79-94 7. Regfirdh CG (1986) Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of omeprazole in man. Scand J Gastroenterol [Suppl] 118:9%104 8. Lagerstr6m P-O, Persson B-A (1984) Determination of omeprazole and metabolites in plasma and urine by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 309:347-356 9. Grundevik I, Jerndal G, Balm6r K, Persson BA (1986) Fully automated gradient elution liquid chromatography assay of omeprazole and two metabolites. J Pharm Biomed Anal 4: 389-398 10. Regfirdh CG, Andersson T, Lagerstr6m P-O, Lundborg R Skfinberg I (1990) The pharmacokinetics of omeprazole in humans - a study of single intravenous and oral doses. Ther Drug Monit 12: 163-172 T. Andersson Gastrointestinal Research Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine AB H~issle S-43183 M61ndal Sweden

Pharmacokinetics of various single intravenous and oral doses of omeprazole.

The influence of dose on the kinetics of omeprazole and two of its metabolites, hydroxyomeprazole and the sulphone, has been studied. Ten healthy subj...
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