Influence of Fluoride upon Plaque and Gingivitis in the Beagle Dog JAMES L. MCDONALD, JR., BRUCE R. SCHEMEHORN, and GEORGE K. STOOKEY
Oral Health Research Institute, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana 46202. USA
University School of Dentistry, 410 Beauity Avenuc,
Two studies were conducted to explore the effects of twice daily topical applications of NaF, SnF2, and an amine fluoride at equivalent fluoride concentrations (0.1%) upon plaque and gingivitis in the dog. Although some trends toward modest benefits were noted in certain instances, none of the agents exerted a significant effect upon either parameter. J Dent Res 57(9-10):899-902, Sept.-Oct. 1978
The anticaries properties of fluoride have long been attributed to its ability to increase the resistance of enamel to acid dissolution. However, there is an increasing body of information which suggests that at least a portion of the caries-preventive activity of fluoride may be related to its antimicrobial capabilities. In addition, it has been proposed that the ability of fluoride to inhibit the adsorption of salivary protein by hydroxyapatite may interfere with pellicle and early plaque formation."2 In comparing different inorganic fluoride compounds, the use of SnF2 has been reported to be more effective than NaF in preventing bacterial growth3 and in reducing in vivo plaque formation.4 Further, amine fluoride compounds have been shown superior to various inorganic fluorides in terms of their in vitro inhibition of acid production by oral bacteria,5'6 growth and colonization of streptococci in vitro,7-9 and ability to prevent plaque pH changes in vivo.10 Amine fluoride has also been shown to clinically reduce plaque formation." However, recent clinical plaque and gingivitis studies with amine fluorides have provided conflicting results.'2"3
A number of reports have suggested the of the Beagle dog model as a means of evaluating agents and procedures which may have potential for the prevention of plaque use
Received for publication October 3, 1977. Accepted for publication January 26, 1978.
and gingivitis in humans. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the influence of topical applications of selected fluoride solutions (0.1% F) upon plaque formation and gingivitis in the Beagle dog. Materials and Methods Two studies (A and B) were conducted with essentially an identical design except for the number of dogs utilized (15 and 20 in Studies A and B, respectively), and the nature of the fluoride treatments. Male Beagle dogs, 17 to 19 months of age, were given a thorough dental prophylaxis one week prior to the study initiation. Six days later, the dogs were scored for baseline gingivitis, and their teeth given a final polishing with pumice to remove any postprophylaxis plaque accumulations. On the basis of the baseline gingivitis scores, the dogs were then divided into 3 groups which received treatments twice daily, 5 days a week during a 4-week experimental period. The respective treatment solutions consisted of either deionized water or the appropriate fluoride compound. The fluorides were used as aqueous solutions containing 0.1% (1,000 ppm) fluoride. The treatments were administered by spraying a stream of the appropriate treatment solution from a plastic wash bottle using manual pressure. Each quadrant (including the individual buccal gingival segments and tooth surfaces) received a five-second exposure to the solution during each treatment. No attempt was made to measure the exact quantity of treatment solution used although approximately 6 ml were disuersed for each quadrant. Animals were immobilized during the treatments in such a manner that relatively small quantities of the solutions were ingested. Upon completion of the individual treatment, no effort was made to remove the residual treatment solution from the oral cavity. Throughout the duration of the experiment, the 899
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900
J Dent Res September-October 19 78
McDONALD, SCHEMEHORN & STOOKEY
TABLE 1 EFFECT OF NAF AND SNF, ON PLAQUE AND GINGIVITIS IN BEAGLE DOGS (STUDY A) Number Dogs
Treatment
5 5 5
Deionized Water NaF SnF,
Plaque Data Mean Final Plaque Score
2.68 + 0.13*1 t 2.84 ± 0.077 1.80 ± 0.30
Gingivitis Data Percent Difference ----
+ 6 -33
Mean Gingivitis Plaque Score
0.57 ± 0.11 t 0.53 ± 0.09 0.52 ± 0.11
Percent Difference
-7 9
* Standard error of the mean. t Values within brackets do not differ significantly (a = 0.05).
areas scored to give an average per area gingivitis score for each animal. Plaque was scored visually on the corresponding tooth surfaces after staining with 0.075% fuchsin using the following criteria: 0, no observable plaque; 1, scattered plaque covering less than 10% of the buccal tooth surface; 2, plaque covering between 10 and 33% of the buccal tooth surface; 3, plaque covering between 33 and 66% of the buccal tooth surface; and 4, plaque covering more than 66% of the buccal tooth surface. The individual tooth, scores were then totaled and the sum divided by the total number of teeth scored to give a mean per surface plaque score for each dog., In order to maintain blindness, the two examiners remained unaware of the nature of- the assigned treatments and were not involved in the treatment phase of the studies. The data were initially analyzed for homogeneity of variance usinc the Bartlett chi square test (at a = 0.10). If homogeneity of variance was found, a one-way analysis of variance was then utilized (at P < 0.05). In cases lacking homogeneity of variance, the Welch test modified this procedure. Whenever a sig-
dogs wvere provided daily tap water (1 ppm F) ad libitum and 200 gm of a commercially-
available dog ration (Purina dog chow) daily which had been premoistened with a small amount of tap water. The prevalence of plaque and gingivitis was determined 14 to 20 hours following the last treatment given during the 4week experimental period. During both studies, 22 different buccal gingival areas were treated and clinically evaluated for gingivitis (I3, C 1, P 2, P3 3, P44, Mll bilaterally)* using the following criteria: 0, no apparent inflammation; 0.5 mild inflammation not extending completely around the scored surface; 1, mild or moderate inflammation extending completely around the scored surface; 2, moderate inflammation with hemorrhaging on gentle probing; and, 3, severe inflammation with spontaneous hemorrhaging. The scores for each gingival area were totaled and the sum divided by the total number of * These teeth include the third incisor, the canine, the second, third, and fourth premolars and the first molar in the maxillary arch and the canine, the second, third, and fourth premolars, and the first molar in the mandibular arch.
3LE 2 EFFECT OF
SNF2 AND AN AMINE FLUORIDE ON PLAQUE AND GINGIVITIS IN BEAGLE DOGS (STUDY B)
Number
Treatment
Deionized Water
SnF,
Dogs
Plaque Data Mean Final Plaque Score
Gingivitis Data Percent Difference
Mean Gingivitis Increment
Percent Difference
0.65 ± 0.12 - t 0.45 + 0.09
-31
0.47 ± 0.08
-29
6 7
2.65 ± 0.08*1 t 1.99 ± 0.28
-25
6
2.46 ± 0.08
-
Amine Fluoride
(#297) +
7
* Standard error of the mean. t Values within brackets do not differ significantly (a = 0.05). t Diethanal amino propyl-N-ethanol octadecylamine-dihydrofluoride.
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Vol. 5 7, No. 9-10
F INFL UENNCE ON PLAQUE & GINGIVITIS IN BEAGLES
nificant "F"' value was observed, the NewmanKeuls procedure was used to test for significant differences between individual group means.
Result The data obtained in these studies are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. In both studies no statistically significant effects of any of the experimental fluoride treatments upon either plaque or gingivitis were observed. However, some numerical trends of interest were noted. In both studies stannous fluoride resulted in numerically less plaque and a trend toward reduced gingivitis was observed in Study B. Sodium fluoride appeared to be without effect on either parameter while the amine fluoride also provided a trend toward reduced gingivitis. In view of the inclusion of SnF, in both studies, a combined test score was obtained for this compound as compared to the control. Mean plaque scores of 2.66 and 1.91 and gingivitis scores of 0.61 and 0.48 for the water and SnF2 groups, respectively were obtained. These latter data represent differences of 28% for plaque and 21% for gingivitis. By combinii,ng the results in this manner, the effect of SnF. upon plaque becomes statistically significant while the effect upon gingivitis remains rnot significant. Discussion By means of general comparison, prior studies'8 with this dog colony under essentially identical study conditions have shown that twice daily (5 days per week) treatments with 0.2% chlorhexidine resulted in significant reductions in both plaque and gingivitis of about 45 and 50%, respectively. The results obtained in this study thus indicate, in general, that these fluoride compounds are without a pronounced effect upon either plaque or gingivitis in the dog. When the data for the SnF, and water
901
As a general observation, the degree of variation between animals for plaque and gingivitis was considerably greater when the SnF, treatment was given as compared to the other treatments. An examination of the raw data indicated that SnF2 exerted pronounced effects in some animals and very little or no effects in others. No explanation of this observation is readily apparent but it may be a reflection of the variable composition of the microbial ecology of the dogs'19 and a specificity of the fluoride compound for certain members of the flora. In general, the findings in this study failed to show any pronounced effect of NaF or the amine fluoride upon plaque or gingivitis in the dog; however, the combined SnF9 data suggested at least a modest antiplaque effect. In general, these data support the clinical results observed by Ringelberg and Webster'3 with the amine fluoride and are in contrast to those of Lobene and Soparkar."1
Summary Two studies were performed to explore the effects of NaF, SnF2, and an amine fluoride on plaque and gingivitis in the dog. Following a prophylaxis and one-week tissue recovery period, the dogs were given twice daily topical applications of the appropriate compounds at equivalent fluoride concentrations (0.1%) for 4 weeks. None of the fluorides exerted a statistically significant effect upon either parameter although numerically beneficial trends were observed for the amine fluoride on gingivitis and for SnF2 on both plaque and gingivitis. Pooling the data on SnF, from both tests resulted in a significant effect upon plaque but not upon gingivitis. The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of Ms. Susan Frye Keating, R.D.H., and Mr. F. M. Swearingen, C.A.T., in the conduct of these studies.
References
resulting 28% reduction in plaque formation associated with the SnF2 treatment was statistically significant whereas the 21% reduction in gingivitis was not. From these observations,
1. ROLLA, G., and MELSEN, B.: Desorption of Protein and Bacteria from Hydroxyapatite by Fluoride and Monofluorophosphate, Caries Res 9:66-73, 1975. 2. ROLLA, G.: Effects of Fluoride on Initiation of Plaque Formation, Caries Res 11(Suppl.
it is possible that the antiplaque properties of the SnF2 solution may contribute to its wellknown anticaries activity. However, there is no indication from our data that the same holds true for either NaF or the amine fluoride.
3. ANDRES, C.J.; SHAEFFER, J.C.; and WINDELER, A.S., JR.: Comparison of Antibacterial Properties of Stannous Fluoride and Sodium Fluoride Mouthwashes, J Dent Res 53:457-460, 1974.
groups in the two studies were combined, the
1):243-261, 1977.
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McDONALD, SCHEMEHORN & STOOKEY
902
4. TINANOFF, N.; BRADY, J.M.; and GROSS, A.: The Effect of NaF and SnF2 Mouthrinses on Bacterial Colonization of Tooth Enamel: TEM and SEM Studies, Caries Res 10: 415-
426, 1976. 5. HERMANN, U., and MUHLEMANN, H.R.: Inhibition of Salivary Respiration and Glycolysis by an Organic Fluoride, Helv Odont Acta 2:28, 1958. 6. HARDING, E.; DOLAN, M.M.; and YANKELL, J.L.: Prolonged Effect of an Amine Fluoride Mouthrinse on Salivary Glycolysis, IADR Abstract 851, Feb. 1974. 7. SHERN, R.; SWING, K.W.; and CRAWFORD, J.J.: Prevention of Plaque Formation by Organic Fluorides, J Oral Med 25:93, 1970. 8. DOLAN, M.M.; KAVANAUGH, B.J.; and YANKELL, S.L.: Artificial Plaque Prevention with Organic Fluorides, J Perio 43:561-563,
1972. 9. DOLAN, M.M.; DEPALMA, P.D.; KAVANAGH, B.J.; and YANKELL, S.L.: Antimicrobal Effects of Amine Fluorides on Oral Microorganisms, IADR Abstract 368, Feb. 1974. 10. SCHNEIDER, P., and MUHLEMAN, H.C.: The Antiglycolytic Action of Amine Fluorides on Dental Plaque, Helv Odont Acta 18(Suppl.
VIII) :63-70, 1974. 11. MUHLEMAN, H.R., and STRUB, J.R.: Inhi-
bition of Plaque Growth with Taurolin, Vantocil and Amine Fluoride, Helv Odont Acta 19:57-60, 1975.
J Dent Res September-October 19 78
12. LOBENE, R.R., and SOPARKAR, P.M.: The Effect of Amine Fluorides on Human Plaque and Gingivitis, IADR Abstract 369, Feb. 1974. 13. RINGELBERG, M.L., and WEBSTER, D.B.: Effects of an Amine Fluoride Mouthrinse and Dentifrice on Gingival Health and the Extent of Plaque of School Children, J Perio
48:350-353, 1977. 14. LINDHE, J.; HAMP, S.E.; and LOE, H.: Experimental Periodontitis in the Beagle Dog, J Perio Res 8:1, 1973. 15. SCHROEDER, H.E.; LINDHE, J.; HUGOSON, A.; and MUNZEL-PEDRAZOLE, S.: Structural Constituents of Clinically Normal and Slightly Inflamed Dog Gingiva. A Morphometric Study, Helv Odont Acta 17:70-83, 1973. 16. LINDHE, J.; and RYLANDER, H.: Experimental Gingivitis in Young Dogs, Scand J Dent Res 83: 314, 1975. 17. LINDHE, J.; HAMP, S.E.; and LOE, H.: Plaque Induced Periodontal Disease in Beagle Dogs, J Perio Res 10: 243, 1975. 18. MCDONALD, J.L., JR.; SCHEMEHORN, B.R.; and STOOKEY, G.K.: Influence of Hexetidine Upon Plaque and Gingivitis in the Beagle Dog, J Dent Res 57:345-348, 1977. 19. WUNDER, J.A.; BRINER, W.W.; and CALKINS, G.P.: Identification of the Cultivable Bacteria in Dental Plaque from the Beagle Dog, J Dent Res 55:1097-1102, 1976.
Downloaded from jdr.sagepub.com at NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIV LIB on June 30, 2015 For personal use only. No other uses without permission.
Oral Health Research Institute, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana 46202. USA
University School of Dentistry, 410 Beauity Avenuc,
Two studies were conducted to explore the effects of twice daily topical applications of NaF, SnF2, and an amine fluoride at equivalent fluoride concentrations (0.1%) upon plaque and gingivitis in the dog. Although some trends toward modest benefits were noted in certain instances, none of the agents exerted a significant effect upon either parameter. J Dent Res 57(9-10):899-902, Sept.-Oct. 1978
The anticaries properties of fluoride have long been attributed to its ability to increase the resistance of enamel to acid dissolution. However, there is an increasing body of information which suggests that at least a portion of the caries-preventive activity of fluoride may be related to its antimicrobial capabilities. In addition, it has been proposed that the ability of fluoride to inhibit the adsorption of salivary protein by hydroxyapatite may interfere with pellicle and early plaque formation."2 In comparing different inorganic fluoride compounds, the use of SnF2 has been reported to be more effective than NaF in preventing bacterial growth3 and in reducing in vivo plaque formation.4 Further, amine fluoride compounds have been shown superior to various inorganic fluorides in terms of their in vitro inhibition of acid production by oral bacteria,5'6 growth and colonization of streptococci in vitro,7-9 and ability to prevent plaque pH changes in vivo.10 Amine fluoride has also been shown to clinically reduce plaque formation." However, recent clinical plaque and gingivitis studies with amine fluorides have provided conflicting results.'2"3
A number of reports have suggested the of the Beagle dog model as a means of evaluating agents and procedures which may have potential for the prevention of plaque use
Received for publication October 3, 1977. Accepted for publication January 26, 1978.
and gingivitis in humans. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the influence of topical applications of selected fluoride solutions (0.1% F) upon plaque formation and gingivitis in the Beagle dog. Materials and Methods Two studies (A and B) were conducted with essentially an identical design except for the number of dogs utilized (15 and 20 in Studies A and B, respectively), and the nature of the fluoride treatments. Male Beagle dogs, 17 to 19 months of age, were given a thorough dental prophylaxis one week prior to the study initiation. Six days later, the dogs were scored for baseline gingivitis, and their teeth given a final polishing with pumice to remove any postprophylaxis plaque accumulations. On the basis of the baseline gingivitis scores, the dogs were then divided into 3 groups which received treatments twice daily, 5 days a week during a 4-week experimental period. The respective treatment solutions consisted of either deionized water or the appropriate fluoride compound. The fluorides were used as aqueous solutions containing 0.1% (1,000 ppm) fluoride. The treatments were administered by spraying a stream of the appropriate treatment solution from a plastic wash bottle using manual pressure. Each quadrant (including the individual buccal gingival segments and tooth surfaces) received a five-second exposure to the solution during each treatment. No attempt was made to measure the exact quantity of treatment solution used although approximately 6 ml were disuersed for each quadrant. Animals were immobilized during the treatments in such a manner that relatively small quantities of the solutions were ingested. Upon completion of the individual treatment, no effort was made to remove the residual treatment solution from the oral cavity. Throughout the duration of the experiment, the 899
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900
J Dent Res September-October 19 78
McDONALD, SCHEMEHORN & STOOKEY
TABLE 1 EFFECT OF NAF AND SNF, ON PLAQUE AND GINGIVITIS IN BEAGLE DOGS (STUDY A) Number Dogs
Treatment
5 5 5
Deionized Water NaF SnF,
Plaque Data Mean Final Plaque Score
2.68 + 0.13*1 t 2.84 ± 0.077 1.80 ± 0.30
Gingivitis Data Percent Difference ----
+ 6 -33
Mean Gingivitis Plaque Score
0.57 ± 0.11 t 0.53 ± 0.09 0.52 ± 0.11
Percent Difference
-7 9
* Standard error of the mean. t Values within brackets do not differ significantly (a = 0.05).
areas scored to give an average per area gingivitis score for each animal. Plaque was scored visually on the corresponding tooth surfaces after staining with 0.075% fuchsin using the following criteria: 0, no observable plaque; 1, scattered plaque covering less than 10% of the buccal tooth surface; 2, plaque covering between 10 and 33% of the buccal tooth surface; 3, plaque covering between 33 and 66% of the buccal tooth surface; and 4, plaque covering more than 66% of the buccal tooth surface. The individual tooth, scores were then totaled and the sum divided by the total number of teeth scored to give a mean per surface plaque score for each dog., In order to maintain blindness, the two examiners remained unaware of the nature of- the assigned treatments and were not involved in the treatment phase of the studies. The data were initially analyzed for homogeneity of variance usinc the Bartlett chi square test (at a = 0.10). If homogeneity of variance was found, a one-way analysis of variance was then utilized (at P < 0.05). In cases lacking homogeneity of variance, the Welch test modified this procedure. Whenever a sig-
dogs wvere provided daily tap water (1 ppm F) ad libitum and 200 gm of a commercially-
available dog ration (Purina dog chow) daily which had been premoistened with a small amount of tap water. The prevalence of plaque and gingivitis was determined 14 to 20 hours following the last treatment given during the 4week experimental period. During both studies, 22 different buccal gingival areas were treated and clinically evaluated for gingivitis (I3, C 1, P 2, P3 3, P44, Mll bilaterally)* using the following criteria: 0, no apparent inflammation; 0.5 mild inflammation not extending completely around the scored surface; 1, mild or moderate inflammation extending completely around the scored surface; 2, moderate inflammation with hemorrhaging on gentle probing; and, 3, severe inflammation with spontaneous hemorrhaging. The scores for each gingival area were totaled and the sum divided by the total number of * These teeth include the third incisor, the canine, the second, third, and fourth premolars and the first molar in the maxillary arch and the canine, the second, third, and fourth premolars, and the first molar in the mandibular arch.
3LE 2 EFFECT OF
SNF2 AND AN AMINE FLUORIDE ON PLAQUE AND GINGIVITIS IN BEAGLE DOGS (STUDY B)
Number
Treatment
Deionized Water
SnF,
Dogs
Plaque Data Mean Final Plaque Score
Gingivitis Data Percent Difference
Mean Gingivitis Increment
Percent Difference
0.65 ± 0.12 - t 0.45 + 0.09
-31
0.47 ± 0.08
-29
6 7
2.65 ± 0.08*1 t 1.99 ± 0.28
-25
6
2.46 ± 0.08
-
Amine Fluoride
(#297) +
7
* Standard error of the mean. t Values within brackets do not differ significantly (a = 0.05). t Diethanal amino propyl-N-ethanol octadecylamine-dihydrofluoride.
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Vol. 5 7, No. 9-10
F INFL UENNCE ON PLAQUE & GINGIVITIS IN BEAGLES
nificant "F"' value was observed, the NewmanKeuls procedure was used to test for significant differences between individual group means.
Result The data obtained in these studies are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. In both studies no statistically significant effects of any of the experimental fluoride treatments upon either plaque or gingivitis were observed. However, some numerical trends of interest were noted. In both studies stannous fluoride resulted in numerically less plaque and a trend toward reduced gingivitis was observed in Study B. Sodium fluoride appeared to be without effect on either parameter while the amine fluoride also provided a trend toward reduced gingivitis. In view of the inclusion of SnF, in both studies, a combined test score was obtained for this compound as compared to the control. Mean plaque scores of 2.66 and 1.91 and gingivitis scores of 0.61 and 0.48 for the water and SnF2 groups, respectively were obtained. These latter data represent differences of 28% for plaque and 21% for gingivitis. By combinii,ng the results in this manner, the effect of SnF. upon plaque becomes statistically significant while the effect upon gingivitis remains rnot significant. Discussion By means of general comparison, prior studies'8 with this dog colony under essentially identical study conditions have shown that twice daily (5 days per week) treatments with 0.2% chlorhexidine resulted in significant reductions in both plaque and gingivitis of about 45 and 50%, respectively. The results obtained in this study thus indicate, in general, that these fluoride compounds are without a pronounced effect upon either plaque or gingivitis in the dog. When the data for the SnF, and water
901
As a general observation, the degree of variation between animals for plaque and gingivitis was considerably greater when the SnF, treatment was given as compared to the other treatments. An examination of the raw data indicated that SnF2 exerted pronounced effects in some animals and very little or no effects in others. No explanation of this observation is readily apparent but it may be a reflection of the variable composition of the microbial ecology of the dogs'19 and a specificity of the fluoride compound for certain members of the flora. In general, the findings in this study failed to show any pronounced effect of NaF or the amine fluoride upon plaque or gingivitis in the dog; however, the combined SnF9 data suggested at least a modest antiplaque effect. In general, these data support the clinical results observed by Ringelberg and Webster'3 with the amine fluoride and are in contrast to those of Lobene and Soparkar."1
Summary Two studies were performed to explore the effects of NaF, SnF2, and an amine fluoride on plaque and gingivitis in the dog. Following a prophylaxis and one-week tissue recovery period, the dogs were given twice daily topical applications of the appropriate compounds at equivalent fluoride concentrations (0.1%) for 4 weeks. None of the fluorides exerted a statistically significant effect upon either parameter although numerically beneficial trends were observed for the amine fluoride on gingivitis and for SnF2 on both plaque and gingivitis. Pooling the data on SnF, from both tests resulted in a significant effect upon plaque but not upon gingivitis. The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of Ms. Susan Frye Keating, R.D.H., and Mr. F. M. Swearingen, C.A.T., in the conduct of these studies.
References
resulting 28% reduction in plaque formation associated with the SnF2 treatment was statistically significant whereas the 21% reduction in gingivitis was not. From these observations,
1. ROLLA, G., and MELSEN, B.: Desorption of Protein and Bacteria from Hydroxyapatite by Fluoride and Monofluorophosphate, Caries Res 9:66-73, 1975. 2. ROLLA, G.: Effects of Fluoride on Initiation of Plaque Formation, Caries Res 11(Suppl.
it is possible that the antiplaque properties of the SnF2 solution may contribute to its wellknown anticaries activity. However, there is no indication from our data that the same holds true for either NaF or the amine fluoride.
3. ANDRES, C.J.; SHAEFFER, J.C.; and WINDELER, A.S., JR.: Comparison of Antibacterial Properties of Stannous Fluoride and Sodium Fluoride Mouthwashes, J Dent Res 53:457-460, 1974.
groups in the two studies were combined, the
1):243-261, 1977.
Downloaded from jdr.sagepub.com at NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIV LIB on June 30, 2015 For personal use only. No other uses without permission.
McDONALD, SCHEMEHORN & STOOKEY
902
4. TINANOFF, N.; BRADY, J.M.; and GROSS, A.: The Effect of NaF and SnF2 Mouthrinses on Bacterial Colonization of Tooth Enamel: TEM and SEM Studies, Caries Res 10: 415-
426, 1976. 5. HERMANN, U., and MUHLEMANN, H.R.: Inhibition of Salivary Respiration and Glycolysis by an Organic Fluoride, Helv Odont Acta 2:28, 1958. 6. HARDING, E.; DOLAN, M.M.; and YANKELL, J.L.: Prolonged Effect of an Amine Fluoride Mouthrinse on Salivary Glycolysis, IADR Abstract 851, Feb. 1974. 7. SHERN, R.; SWING, K.W.; and CRAWFORD, J.J.: Prevention of Plaque Formation by Organic Fluorides, J Oral Med 25:93, 1970. 8. DOLAN, M.M.; KAVANAUGH, B.J.; and YANKELL, S.L.: Artificial Plaque Prevention with Organic Fluorides, J Perio 43:561-563,
1972. 9. DOLAN, M.M.; DEPALMA, P.D.; KAVANAGH, B.J.; and YANKELL, S.L.: Antimicrobal Effects of Amine Fluorides on Oral Microorganisms, IADR Abstract 368, Feb. 1974. 10. SCHNEIDER, P., and MUHLEMAN, H.C.: The Antiglycolytic Action of Amine Fluorides on Dental Plaque, Helv Odont Acta 18(Suppl.
VIII) :63-70, 1974. 11. MUHLEMAN, H.R., and STRUB, J.R.: Inhi-
bition of Plaque Growth with Taurolin, Vantocil and Amine Fluoride, Helv Odont Acta 19:57-60, 1975.
J Dent Res September-October 19 78
12. LOBENE, R.R., and SOPARKAR, P.M.: The Effect of Amine Fluorides on Human Plaque and Gingivitis, IADR Abstract 369, Feb. 1974. 13. RINGELBERG, M.L., and WEBSTER, D.B.: Effects of an Amine Fluoride Mouthrinse and Dentifrice on Gingival Health and the Extent of Plaque of School Children, J Perio
48:350-353, 1977. 14. LINDHE, J.; HAMP, S.E.; and LOE, H.: Experimental Periodontitis in the Beagle Dog, J Perio Res 8:1, 1973. 15. SCHROEDER, H.E.; LINDHE, J.; HUGOSON, A.; and MUNZEL-PEDRAZOLE, S.: Structural Constituents of Clinically Normal and Slightly Inflamed Dog Gingiva. A Morphometric Study, Helv Odont Acta 17:70-83, 1973. 16. LINDHE, J.; and RYLANDER, H.: Experimental Gingivitis in Young Dogs, Scand J Dent Res 83: 314, 1975. 17. LINDHE, J.; HAMP, S.E.; and LOE, H.: Plaque Induced Periodontal Disease in Beagle Dogs, J Perio Res 10: 243, 1975. 18. MCDONALD, J.L., JR.; SCHEMEHORN, B.R.; and STOOKEY, G.K.: Influence of Hexetidine Upon Plaque and Gingivitis in the Beagle Dog, J Dent Res 57:345-348, 1977. 19. WUNDER, J.A.; BRINER, W.W.; and CALKINS, G.P.: Identification of the Cultivable Bacteria in Dental Plaque from the Beagle Dog, J Dent Res 55:1097-1102, 1976.
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