AUGUST 2015
Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Frequently Missed Diagnosis, Part 2: Treatment Options C M E 1 AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM
ANCC 3.0 Contact Hours
Shirley C. Wang, MD & Clinical Research Coordinator & University Health Network & Toronto, Ontario, Canada Sheila C. Wang, PhD & Resident & Department of Dermatology, McGill University & Montreal, Quebec, Canada Afsaneh Alavi, MD, MSc, FRCPC & Assistant Professor & Department of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Toronto & Ontario, Canada Raed Alhusayen, MD, MSc (Clin Epi), FRCPC & Assistant Professor & Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre & University of Toronto & Ontario, Canada Morteza Bashash, PhD & Research Fellow & Dalla Lana Faculty of Public Health & University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada R. Gary Sibbald, BSc, MD, MEd, FRCPC (Med Derm), MACP, FAAD, MAPWCA & Professor of Public Health and Medicine & University of Toronto & Toronto, Ontario, Canada & Director & International Interprofessional Wound Care Course & Masters of Science in Community Health (Prevention & Wound Care) & Dalla Lana School of Public Health & University of Toronto & Past President, World Union of Wound Healing Societies & Clinical Editor & Advances in Skin & Wound Care & Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Dr Alavi has disclosed that she was a consultant to AbbVie and Janssen; her institution is a recipient of grant funding from AbbVie; her institution was a recipient of payment for lectures including speakers’ bureau from AbbVie and Janssen; and her spouse/partner (if any), has disclosed that he/she has no financial relationships with, or financial interests in, any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity. Dr Sibbald has disclosed that he is a recipient of grant funding, consulting fee/honorarium, travel support, and participation fees from AbbVie; and his spouse/partner (if any), has disclosed that he/she has no financial relationships with, or financial interests in, any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity. Dr Alhusayen has disclosed that he is a consultant to Abbott and Janssen; and his spouse/partner (if any), has disclosed that he/she has no financial relationships with, or financial interests in, any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity. The remaining coauthors and their spouses/partners (if any), have disclosed that they have no financial relationships with, or financial interests in, any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity. All staff and planners, including spouses/partners (if any), in any position to control the content of this CME activity have disclosed that they have no financial relationships with, or financial interests in, any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity. The authors have disclosed that none of the treatments of hidradenitis suppurativa are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as discussed in this article. Lippincott CME Institute has identified and resolved all conflicts of interest concerning this educational activity. To earn CME credit, you must read the CME article and complete the quiz and evaluation on the enclosed answer form, answering at least 13 of the 18 questions correctly. This continuing educational activity will expire for physicians on August 31, 2016, and for nurses on August 31, 2017. If you need CME or CE STAT, take the test online at: http://cme.lww.com for physicians and www.nursingcenter.com for nurses. Complete CE/CME information is on the last page of this article. Editor’s note: This is the second part of this continuing education topic. ‘‘Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Frequently Missed Diagnosis, Part 2: A Review of Pathogenesis, Associations, and Clinical Features’’ was published in the July 2015 issue.
PURPOSE: To provide an overview of treatment recommendations for hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). TARGET AUDIENCE: This continuing education activity is intended for physicians and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care. OBJECTIVES: After participating in this educational activity, the participant should be better able to: 1. Describe current recommendations for treatment of HS. 2. Identify warnings, adverse effects, and implications for patient education.
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ABSTRACT
Figure 2.
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the intertriginous area. Patients with HS have several challenges to their quality of life and activities of everyday living, including malodor, purulent discharge, and discomfort. There is often a delay in diagnosis and appropriate treatment. The need for cosmetically acceptable local treatments and dressing application makes this disease an important challenge for wound care specialists. The choice of optimal treatment varies depending on the disease severity, expert knowledge, the availability of an interprofessional team, and patient factors. KEYWORDS: hidradenitis suppurativa, inflammatory follicular disorder, wound care
THE GLUTEAL, INGUINAL INVOLVEMENT IS PREDOMINATELY SEEN IN MALE PATIENTS
ADV SKIN WOUND CARE 2015;28:372–80; quiz 381-2.
INTRODUCTION Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic debilitating disease that significantly affects the quality of life of an active, young adult population. The large burden of HS and its comorbidities highlight the need for an interprofessional team approach. Typically, HS is more common in females mainly involving the axilla and groin (Figure 1), whereas the perineum and buttocks are commonly involved in males (Figure 2). Despite multiple studies, a diversity of expert opinion remains on the optimal
stepwise management of HS. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved any treatments for HS. The recommendations in this article are based on the scientific literature, expert knowledge of the authors, published consensus documents, and patient experience.
Figure 1. THE AXILLA, GROIN, AND INFRAMMARY ARE PREDOMINANTLY INVOLVED IN FEMALE PATIENTS
GENERAL MEASURES Epidemiological data suggest an association of HS with systemic diseases, including metabolic syndrome, psychiatric disorders, and hyperandrogenism.1 The Mayo Clinic (http://mayocl.in/ 1hZDzm2) defines metabolic syndrome as a cluster of conditions that can be remembered by A-increased blood sugar (hemoglobin A1c), B-increased blood pressure, C-abnormal cholesterol, and D-diet with excess body fat around the waist, all of which increase an individual’s risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. The patient’s body weight and lifestyle choices may contribute to HS. For example, the association of HS and a high body mass index, along with smoking, warrants weight loss counseling and smoking cessation. Current adult obesity guidelines include a lifestyle modification program that ideally involves: & reduced caloric intake by 500 to 1000 kcal/d, & 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity 3 to 5 times per week and an eventual increase to 60 minutes or more on most days, & cognitive-behavior therapy.2 WWW.WOUNDCAREJOURNAL.COM
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2005 and 2010. The authors calculated that approximately half of the patients received negative-pressure wound therapy using the vacuum-assisted closure system, followed by delayed closure. The other half received immediate primary closure at the time of their excision. Wound closure averaged 2.2 months with negativepressure wound therapy and 2.7 months in the control group. The authors also concluded that local excisions may heal with secondary intention, closed at the time of surgery, delayed with direct closure, or with skin grafts.
If satisfactory weight-loss progress is not achieved, pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery should be considered. The same lifestyle modifications should be recommended to patients with metabolic syndrome, with the additional option of initiating metformin.3 To help patients with smoking cessation, the clinical approach begins with an assessment of the patient’s willingness to quit, and every tobacco user who accepts treatment should be offered assistance.3 The combination of counseling and smoking cessation medication is more effective than either option alone. It is important to note that although lifestyle modifications (such as weight loss or smoking cessation) have been shown to improve the symptoms of HS, they do not cure the disease.4,5 Friction from clothing increases local pain; thus, patients with HS are advised to avoid wearing tight clothes. In addition, excessive heat and humidity are known triggers. Avoidance of these climate conditions, such as staying indoors in air conditioning when needed, may help relieve symptoms. Other potential triggers, although not causative factors, include the use of deodorants, shaving, and depilation. Some expert clinicians recommend warm compresses, topical antiseptics, and antibacterial soaps to help soothe HS-involved skin.
PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENTS A variety of pharmacologic treatments have been successfully administered, but as noted, to date, the FDA has not approved any medical treatment specifically for the treatment of HS.7
Antimicrobials Many therapeutic algorithms recommend antimicrobials (often with anti-inflammatory properties) in all severity stages of HS8–10; however, only a few review articles offer specific recommendations. Many of the antimicrobial agents that are successful in HS may be effective because of their antibacterial and antiinflammatory properties (eg, tetracyclines, clindamycin). The majority of published reports recommend initial therapy with rifampicin combined with clindamycin or a tetracycline.11–14 Matusiak et al15 found that the most commonly prescribed antimicrobials (eg, tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline) were ineffective against cultured isolates.16–18 Topical antimicrobials, including topical clindamycin and topical resorcinol, have been studied.10,11,16 Topical clindamycin 0.1% was compared with placebo in 27 patients who completed the study. At the end of the first, second, and third months, the clindamycin-treated subjects had fewer abscesses, inflammatory nodules, and pustules (P < .01). Topical resorcinol 15% cream was a successful treatment when used twice daily in a case study of 12 patients.17 Resorcinol has topical antiseptic and keratolytic properties. The most significant effect of this treatment was noticed in superficial lesions, such as pustules and papules, but not in deep-seated cysts and sinuses.18 In managing patients with HS, clinicians also must consider that the use of topical treatments is associated with the risk of allergic and irritant contact dermatitis to the active agent or components of the vehicle (Figure 3). The authors also suggest that maintenance or long-term oral therapy can be provided with the help of tetracyclines (or erythromycin and related macrolides) due to their anti-inflammatory properties. Oral dapsone has been used in mild cases, but the effect appears to be lower in comparison with the combination of clindamycin and rifampicin.19 In addition, the HS lesions will not promptly respond to systemic antimicrobials without surgical debridement and appropriate
TOPICAL TREATMENTS AND LOCAL WOUND CARE Because there are no FDA-approved treatments for HS, clinicians must rely on available evidence to treat patients’ symptoms. To date, there are very few studies that focus on optimal local wound care in patients with HS. The choice of local dressing is an important part of the management. Dressings with high absorbency are commonly used. Experts suggest that tubular net bandages or placing superabsorbent pads or materials in the seams of clothing are the best ways to keep the wound dressings in place because of the topography. In general, superabsorbent dressings are best to treat actively draining lesions or postoperative wounds, with extensive and generous application of simple white petrolatum, zinc oxide paste, or film-forming liquid acrylate on the marginal skin to prevent the primary dressing from sticking to the wound. In addition, adhesive tape should be avoided to minimize trauma to inflamed skin. Daily gentle cleansing of the affected areas may help to reduce odor and the occurrence of secondary infection. Consider gentle antiseptic washes with a lower risk of allergic or irritant contact dermatitis. Some patients have had success with water-based chlorhexidine preparations and were instructed to avoid washcloths, harsh sponges/loofahs, or brushes that may cause unnecessary trauma and skin irritation. Postoperative wounds were studied by Chen et al6 with a retrospective chart review of HS cases managed surgically between ADVANCES IN SKIN & WOUND CARE & VOL. 28 NO. 8
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more promising agent; however, it is often poorly tolerated, especially when doses exceed 20 mg daily.23 Corticosteroids. An intralesional injection of a topical corticosteroid (eg, triamcinolone 8 to 20 mg/mL, with injections of up to 3 to 6 mL per visit every 3 to 6 weeks) is commonly performed to reduce individual lesion pain and acute erythema/ swelling.7 These injections should be avoided if there is clinical evidence of infection. Oral prednisone reduces inflammation, facilitates the healing of existing HS lesions, and prevents future lesions from forming. Commonly prescribed prednisone doses for disease control may vary from 20 to 50 mg. The adverse effects of oral steroids (weight gain, diabetes, loss of muscle mass, bone fractures, and so on) must be measured against the therapeutic benefit of using oral steroids compared with other available treatment options. To the authors’ knowledge, no recent, formal studies have been conducted on the efficacy of corticosteroids as part of HS management. Although the exact role of immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of HS is unknown, it has been demonstrated to have an impact (see ‘‘Immune Dysregulation’’ in Part 1 of this article series in the July 2015 issue of Advances in Skin & Wound Care). Thus, clinicians are increasingly prescribing immunosuppressive agents as part of the management of HS. Anti-TNfa inhibitors, anti-IL17/23, and anti-IL1 inhibitors have been used in the management of HS. Different immunosuppressive medications including methotrexate have been used in case reports. Biologics. Evidence that inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) effectively improved HS symptoms in patients who were primarily being treated for Crohn disease led to the investigation of anti-TNF agents as an effective treatment for HS. Serum and skin (lesional, perilesional) TNF- levels are higher in patients with HS compared with control subjects.24,25 A growing number of studies have highlighted the efficacy of infliximab and adalimumab, both anti-TNF agents, in the management of HS.26–28 Bahillo Monne´ et al27 found favorable outcomes with adalimumab treatment, with improvement somewhat slower than the responses with infliximab. Moriarty et al29 described the results of using infliximab on a 4-week basis in 11 patients with severe HS. The authors reported that all patients experienced initial disease improvement assessed by visual analog scale, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), and the physician’s clinical assessment. While on this regimen, the patients experienced secondary infection of HS lesions, respiratory tract infections, tonsillitis, minor weight gain, and lymphoma. Newer biological treatments that inhibit interleukin 1 (anakinra) require further study before they can be recommended for HS patients. Antiandrogens. A hormonal connection with HS has been suggested by several studies (see the ‘‘Hormones’’ section in the Part 1
Figure 3. CONTACT DERMATITIS IS COMMONLY SEEN ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONTINUOUS DISCHARGE (CONTACT IRRITANT DERMATITIS) AND TOPOGRAPHY
topical wound care, along with selective intralesional steroid injections for the associated inflammatory response. Retinoids. Two oral retinoid drugs, isotretinoin (13-cis-RA [retinoic acid]) and acitretin have been studied clinically for the treatment of HS. Zouboulis et al20 studied the effect of these retinoids utilizing an in vitro sebocyte model. The authors concluded that 13-cis-RA was a potent inhibitor of both cell proliferation and lipid synthesis in human sebocytes, but that acitretin decreased only lipogenesis in this model. Blok et al21 reviewed the results of 174 patients enrolled in 7 studies that evaluated the effect of oral isotretinoin patients with HS. The combined study report concluded that there was & significant improvement in 18% of patients, & moderate improvement in 17% of patients, and & no response in 64% of patients. In a more recent study, Puri and Talwar22 compared the effects of oral acitretin combined with surgical excision to oral acitretin alone. There was a low 20% recurrence rate in the group of patients who received both oral acitretin and surgical excision compared with a 40% recurrence rate in the group that received oral acitretin alone. In summary, the results from the use of oral retinoids are disappointing, but may be helpful as adjunct agents in some difficult-to-control patients.22 Acitretin was viewed as a WWW.WOUNDCAREJOURNAL.COM
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article). The observation of female predominance,30,31 premenstrual flare-ups, and improvement of HS during pregnancy32 suggest that androgens may be a contributing factor. In some women with HS, symptoms often correlate with hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle. Previously reported studies have linked improvement in HS lesions with oral contraceptive pills and spironolactone.33 Published reports also documented some male HS patient benefits from finasteride.34,35 More recently, Randhawa et al36 investigated finasteride as an effective treatment of HS in children and adolescents. The 3 pediatric patients in this study were treated with oral finasteride in combination with oral contraceptives and/or oral antibiotics. The authors observed decreased disease flare frequency and severity with no significant adverse effects. As a result, the authors suggested that finasteride might be a suitable additive therapy for refractory female HS cases and for judicious use in pediatric patients with clear communication of the risks and benefits of the drug. Metformin. As an antidiabetic agent, metformin provides some benefit in HS. Arun and Loffeld,37 who presented a case of a 50-year-old woman with longstanding HS and type 2 diabetes mellitus, first documented the use of metformin in the treatment of HS. The patient was taking metformin 500 mg 3 times daily for more than 5 years until she gained significant control of her glycemic levels and was subsequently taken off of metformin. The authors observed that while on metformin the patient’s HS lesions remained stable and did not require recurrent courses of antibiotic therapy. However, with the discontinuation of metformin, the patient reported a flare-up of her HS lesions. More recently, Verdolini et al38 reported significant reduction in the Sartorius score, which was described in Part 1, and the number of workdays lost among 25 patients with HS who were treated with metformin. In addition, the DLQI significantly improved in 16 cases. The authors conclude that metformin helps control HS with very few adverse effects. Based on their results, they suggest using metformin as an alternative to current treatments, including long-term antibiotics.
flammation. The authors found that the patient assessment of flare activity and pain and the investigator assessment of erythema were strongly associated with morphological changes identified by ultrasound, suggesting that patients tend to accurately report flare and pain levels and investigators acutely observed the resulting erythema. Pain control often starts with grading the severity of pain on a 0- to 10-point numerical rating scale, with ‘‘0’’ being no pain and ‘‘10’’ slamming the car door on your finger, and ‘‘5’’ representing a bee sting. Nociceptive pain (gnawing, aching, tender, throbbing) often responds to acetaminophen, with a starting dose of 1 g 3 times per day, and the use of alternative agents such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and aspirin. More severe pain is often treated with opioids, short- and long-acting weaker (codeine), and subsequently, stronger agents (morphine, hydromorphone). A fentanyl patch can be used for resistant pain. Neuropathic pain is often described as burning, stinging, shooting, and stabbing. Treatment of neuropathic pain may include second-generation tricyclic agents, such as nortriptyline or desipramine. Scheinfeld40 concluded that when treating HS-related pain that is unresponsive to topical analgesics, gabapentin and pregabalin should be firstline therapy because of fewer adverse effects compared with tricyclics or the serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, duloxetine and venlafaxine. Also, gabapentin and pregabalin can be combined with acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors. In cases of HS accompanied by depression, gabapentin or pregabalin can be combined with duloxetine, which should be tried first and venlafaxine second, if needed. Scheinfeld40 also reviewed the use of topical agents in the treatment of HS-related pain. The author summarized that topical 1% diclofenac should be offered first to a patient who presents with HS and complains of pain centered on the skin. Topical ketamine may also be a useful tool for the treatment of pain. Commercially available topical 5% doxepin may cause drowsiness, and some clinicians may order lower-dose compounded formulations.
PAIN MANAGEMENT
NEW AND TRADITIONAL SURGICAL APPROACHES
Despite the painful effects of this chronic, debilitating disease, few studies have documented treatment for the effective pain control of HS. Clinicians should accept the patient’s report of pain. This statement is supported by the findings of a recent study on the correlation and validity of patient and investigator assessment of disease severity and pain.39 Each of the 20 HS patients graded a single representative inflammatory nodule in terms of tenderness and flare, and the investigator graded the level of erythema. Subsequently, all patients underwent high-resolution ultrasound scanning of their representative nodule, and the diameter of the nodule was measured to reflect the degree of in-
Traditional surgical approaches to HS management have included incision and drainage (I&D), punch debridement, deroofing, and excision. It has been suggested that I&D of individual nodules should generally be avoided because they provide only short-term relief and tend to recur with no long-term benefit.41 Margesson and Danby42 suggested the practice of punch debridement over I&D, which is a mini unroofing procedure. Punch debridement involves deeply excising the acutely inflamed folliculopilosebaceous unit (FSPU) within an inflammatory nodule using a 5- to 7-mm circular punch instrument identical to that used in a punch biopsy. The FSPU is excised with a small amount
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gical incision of the sinus roof with a wire loop tip coupled to an electrosurgery device. All lesional tissue, including fibrosis that is identified by palpation, is removed from the incision on to the deeper skin layers by successive tangential electrosurgical transections or peeling. The epithelialized sinus floors and subcutaneous fat are left intact where possible. Hemostasis is achieved by the coagulation mode of the electrosurgery device, and wounds are left open to heal by secondary intention. Generally, patients can leave the hospital on the day of surgery. Blok et al45 have performed the STEEP procedure on 156 patients with Hurley Stage II/III disease between 2004 and 2013. Patients have reported low recurrence rates, rapid healing, and an improvement in DLQI responses. The authors proposed the STEEP procedure as a promising tissue-saving surgical technique for HS Hurley Stage II/III as an alternative to laser surgery that can be performed by trained dermatological surgeons.
of the surrounding tissue and is followed by aggressive debridement using digital pressure. The curettage or simple scrubbing is done with gauze wrapped around a cotton-tipped swab. The goal is to remove the ‘‘bulge’’ of the FSPU that contains the stem cells hypothesized to be responsible for inducing growth of the proliferative mass (amorphous material deposited in the dermis) and the sinus tracts. Surgical excision of the affected skin tissue in HS with adequate free margins is the criterion-standard treatment for prevention of recurrence7 (Figure 4). The classic deroofing technique and wide excision are regarded as the preferred surgical methods for treated HS Hurley Stage I/II and II/III, respectively.43,44 However, the goal of surgery is to completely remove the lesional tissue, while sparing as much healthy tissue as possible, making Hurley Stage II/III disease a surgical challenge.45
Skin-Tissue–Sparing Excision with Electrosurgical Peeling Procedure
Split-Thickness Skin Graft
Blok et al45 proposed a new surgical technique for severe HS that combines the advantages of both wide excision and the deroofing technique: skin-tissue–sparing excision with electrosurgical peeling (STEEP) procedure. The STEEP procedure is performed under general anesthesia and involves electrosur-
Axillary HS has been historically treated with excision of the affected tissue, and the surgical defect was left to heal by secondary intention or was grafted with a split-thickness skin graft (SSG).46 Although an SSG can produce satisfactory results in patients with mild to moderate disease, in more severe disease it can predispose to graft contraction, reduced range of movement of the shoulder, restrictive scarring, prolonged recovery, and an increased number of subsequent surgical procedures.47–49 More recently, postexcision HS wounds have been treated with a number of surgical procedures, including local, regional, and free flaps (fasciocutaneous V-Y flap, Limberg flap, and musculocutaneous flaps). In particular, perforator flaps, including the thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAP) flap, have been reported as advantageous for reconstruction of the soft-tissue defect after excision.50–52 Wormald et al46 conducted a prospective study comparing the use of TDAP flap and SSG for the reconstruction of the axilla following excision of extensive or recurrent axillary HS, with focus on both operative and patient-related outcomes. The authors found a significantly longer length of surgery for the TDAP group, a finding that is supported already in the literature.53,54 The TDAP cohort had a higher rate of revision surgery, whereas the SSG group required a significantly greater number of follow-up appointments in the clinic. The authors summarized that a TDAP flap may provide a more definitive surgical solution compared with the SSG technique, requiring fewer clinic appointments and a shorter period of follow-up and thus is potentially more cost-effective despite the longer length of surgery.
Figure 4. SURGICAL APPROACH TO REMOVE CYSTS, TUNNELS, CICATRIZATION, AND SCAR
Genitoperineal HS Resection For genitoperineal HS resection in males, partial or total scrotectomy is almost always required with care to avoid causing injury to the WWW.WOUNDCAREJOURNAL.COM
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spermatic cords and testes.55 Perineal disease is resected with care to avoid injury to the anal sphincter muscles. If both genitalperineal (anterior) and anal and/or buttock (posterior) disease resections are recommended, they should be resected in separate procedures to avoid an arduous and intolerable recovery period. The anterior tissue of the perineum and genitals is treated first, and then a referral to a general surgery or plastic surgery practitioner is suggested for posterior treatment. The complete resection and reconstruction with skin flaps and grafts provide a viable treatment for patients with primary genital HS disease. After surgical debridement of HS, extended soft tissue defects are the usual result, requiring plastic reconstruction in this site.
THE ROLE OF PHOTODYNAMIC AND LASER THERAPY Photodynamic Therapy Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is effective against acne vulgaris,58 which has led to its use against HS. Earlier studies have reported the effective treatment of HS by PDT, but they were small case studies with varying results and variations in the photosensitizers, light sources, and treatment regimens used.59,60 The proposed mechanism of action of PDT in HS involves absorption of aminolevulinic acid and an increased production of protoporphyrin IX in hair follicles compared with other tissues.61 In addition, the main mechanisms suggested for PDT against acne vulgaris, including sebum production and reduced follicular occlusion,44 may also play a role against HS. Topical PDT is found to be effective when applied to early superficial HS lesions. Researchers, however, have found that the main limitations of PDT are the low absorption of photosensitizer and low penetration of the light source.62,63 For this reason, ValladaresNarganes et al64 proposed a new approach by applying intralesional PDT using a laser diode attached to an optical cable. The authors suggested that intralesional PDT is less invasive than surgery, well-tolerated, effective, and less expensive than systemic therapy.
Cryoinsufflation If surgical treatment is declined, and systemic therapies should be avoided in certain patients, a new technique using cryoinsufflation (CI) was proposed by Pagliarello et al.56 The authors presented the case of a female patient in her 30s who presented with HS Hurley Stage II. She was being treated with oral contraceptives, topical clindamycin, and monthly intralesional corticosteroids. However, she decided to become pregnant and therefore was searching for an alternative treatment, devoid of teratogenic effects. Effective therapy was necessary because the HS seriously interfered with sexual intercourse and indirectly with her planned pregnancy. Surgical treatment was offered and declined. To control the patient’s HS symptoms and simultaneously discontinue her systemic medical therapy, the authors proposed CI, a modified spray cryotherapy performed by injecting liquid nitrogen (LN) through an ordinary needle directly into the HS tracts. As the LN enters infected sinuses, it boils and vaporizes, and quickly disperses into all communicating pockets because of the large expansion ratio of liquid to gas. The authors suggested delivering the LN in a pulsed method to avoid overexpansion and prevent excessive pain and formation of ‘‘iceballs.’’ The patient received monthly treatment sessions that allowed focused scarring to replace the sinuses and caused minimal damage to the skin surface. In total, the authors treated the patient with 3 monthly treatment sessions, and they reported that no recurrence was observed after 6 months. Neither hypopigmentation nor scarring was observed, and the patient was very satisfied with the results. In conclusion, the authors proposed CI as a novel, easily conducted, well-tolerated, and inexpensive alternative as monotherapy or as a useful adjunctive therapy that can be effectively combined with all other treatments to rapidly achieve symptom relief. Although surgery plays an important role in the management of HS, the choice of surgery should be individualized based on patient preference, the Hurley stage, extent of involvement, and location of the disease.57 ADVANCES IN SKIN & WOUND CARE & VOL. 28 NO. 8
Carbon Dioxide Laser The use of carbon dioxide laser for HS has been reported in 5 studies.54,65 Lapins et al66 studied carbon dioxide lasers on 24 patients with HS, with 22 of 24 patients having no recurrence after 27 months. Hazen and Hazen67 treated 185 sites in 61 patients with a carbon dioxide laser and marsupialization technique, with 183 recurrence-free sites during a follow-up period of 1 to 19 years.
Nd:YAG Laser The long-pulsed 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser is an alternative modality for the management of HS. The Nd:YAG laser causes a selective photothemolysis of the follicular units and adjacent inflammations. Tierney et al68 studied the Nd:YAG laser on 22 patients with HS Stages II and III and demonstrated a significant decrease in severity of HS in 3 months (65.3%). Xu et al69 studied a longpulsed 1064-Nm Nd:Yag Laser on 19 patients with Hurley Stage II HS disease. The severity of HS significantly decreased for both the axillary site (P = .008) and the inguinal site (P = .001).
CONCLUSION Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic inflammatory disorder that commonly involves the intertriginous area. The concerns of malodor, discharge, and discomfort, along with the need for cosmetically acceptable local treatments and dressing application, make this disease an important challenge for wound care specialists. The 378
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12. van der Zee HH, Boer J, Prens EP, Jemec GB. The effect of combined treatment with oral clindamycin and oral rifampicin in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. Dermatology 2009;219:143-7. 13. Bettoli V, Zauli S, Borghi A, et al. Oral clindamycin and rifampicin in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa-acne inversa: a prospective study on 23 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014;2:125-6. 14. Mendonc¸a CO, Griffiths CE. Clindamycin and rifampicin combination therapy for hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol 2006;154:977-8. 15. Matusiak /L, Bieniek A, Szepietowski JC. Bacteriology of hidradenitis suppurativaVwhich antibiotics are the treatment of choice? Acta Derm Venereol 2014;94:699-702. 16. Clemmensen OJ. Topical treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with clindamycin. Int J Dermatol 1983;22:325-8. 17. Boer J, Jemec GB. Resorcinol peels as a possible self-treatment of painful nodules in hidradenitis suppurativa. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010;35:36-40. 18. Cassano N, Alessandrini G, Mastrolonardo M, Vena GA. Peeling agents: toxicological and allergological aspects. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1999;13:14-23. 19. Yazdanyar S, Boer J, Ingvarsson G, Szepietowski JC, Jemec GB. Dapsone therapy for hidradenitis suppurativa: a series of 24 patients. Dermatology 2011;222:342-6. 20. Zouboulis CC, Korge B, Akamatsu H, et al. Effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid, all-trans-retinoic acid, and acitretin on the proliferation, lipid synthesis and keratin expression of cultured human sebocytes in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 1991;96:792-7. 21. Blok JL, van Hattem S, Jonkman MF, Horva´th B. Systemic therapy with immunosuppressive agents and retinoids in hidradenitis suppurativa: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2013;168:243-52. 22. Puri N, Talwar A. A study on the management of hidradenitis suppurativa with retinoids and surgical excision. Indian J Dermatol 2011;56:650-1. 23. dos Santos CH, Netto PO, Kawaguchi KY, Parriera Alves JA, de Alencar Souza VP, Reverdito S. Association and management of Crohn’s disease plus hidradenitis suppurativa. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012;18:E801-2. 24. Matusiak L, Bieniek A, Szepietowski JC. Increased serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha in hidradenitis suppurativa patients: is there a basis for treatment with anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha agents? Acta Derm Venereol 2009;89:601-3. 25. Martin-Ezquerra G, Masferrer E, Masferrer-Niubo` M, et al. Use of biological treatments in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015;29:56-60. 26. Chinniah N, Cains GD. Moderate to severe hidradenitis suppurativa treated with biological therapies. Australas J Dermatol 2014;55:128-31. 27. Bahillo Monne´ C, Honorato Guerra S, Schoendorff Ortega C, Gargallo Quintero AB. Management of hidradenitis suppurativa with biological therapy: report of four cases and review of the literature. Dermatology 2014;229:279-87. 28. Zhang J, Reeder VJ, Hamzavi IH. Use of biologics in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa: a review of the Henry Ford Hospital experience. Br J Dermatol 2014;171:1600-2. 29. Moriarty B, Jiyad Z, Creamer D. Four-weekly infliximab in treatment of severe hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol 2014;170:986-7. 30. Danby FW, Margesson LJ. Hidradenitis suppurativa. Dermatol Clin 2010;28:779-93. 31. Yazdanyar S, Jemec GB. Hidradenitis suppurativa: a review of cause and treatment. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2011;24:118-23. 32. Barth JH, Layton AM, Cunliffe WJ. Endocrine factors in pre- and postmenopausal women with hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol 1996;134:1057-9. 33. Scheinfeld N. Hidradenitis suppurativa: a practical review of possible medical treatments based on over 350 hidradenitis patients. Dermatol Online J 2013;19(4):1. 34. Farrell AM, Randall VA, Vafaee T, Dawber RPR. Finasteride as a therapy for hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:1138-9. 35. Joseph MA, Jayaseelan E, Ganapathi B, Stephen J. Hidradenitis suppurativa treated with finasteride. J Dermatol Treat 2005;16:75-8. 36. Randhawa HK, Hamilton J, Pope E. Finasteride for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa in children and adolescents. JAMA Dermatol 2013;149:732-5. 37. Arun B, Loffeld A. Long-standing hidradenitis suppurativa treated effectively with metformin. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009;34:920-1. 38. Verdolini R, Clayton N, Smith A, Alwash N, Mannello B. Metformin for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa: a little help along the way. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013;27:1101-8. 39. Zarchi K, Yazdanyar N, Yazdanyar S, Wortsman X, Jemec GB. Pain and inflammation in hidradenitis suppurativa correspond to morphological changes identified by high-frequency ultrasound. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015;29:527-32. 40. Scheinfeld N. Topical treatments of skin pain: a general review with a focus on hidradenitis suppurativa with topical agents. Dermatol Online J 2014;20(7). www.pubfacts.com/detail/25046456/Topicaltreatments-of-skin-pain-a-general-review-with-a-focus-on-hidradenitis-suppurativa-with-topic. 41. Aithal V, Appaih P. Lithium induced hidradenitis suppurativa and acne conglobata. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2004;70:307-9. 42. Margesson LJ, Danby FW. Hidradenitis suppurativa. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014;28:1013-27.
Table. MANAGEMENT OF HIDRADENITIS SUPPURATIVA
lack of randomized clinical trials for most HS therapeutic modalities complicates optimal treatment selection. The choice of treatment varies depending on the disease severity, the expert knowledge of the prescribing healthcare professional, and patient factors (Table). The associated medical and psychological factors significantly affect patient health and adherence to treatment. It is important to approach HS as a systemic disease with an interprofessional team.
PRACTICE PEARLS & HS is chronic disorder of the intertriginous area & Malodor, discharge, and discomfort in HS and lack of standardization among treatment modalities makes this disease an important challenge for wound care specialists & HS is a systemic disease, therefore management of HS should be done by an interprofessional healthcare team and address both medical and psychological patient factors
REFERENCES 1. Shlyankevich J, Chen AJ, Kim GE, Kimball AB. Hidradenitis suppurativa is a systemic disease with substantial comorbidity burden: a chart-verified case-control analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014;71:1144-50. 2. Lau DC, Douketis JD, Morrison KM, Hramiak IM, Sharma AM, Ur E; Obesity Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Panel. 2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children [summary]. CMAJ 2007;176(8):S1-13. 3. Schmelzle J, Rosser WW, Birtwhistle R. Update on pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies for smoking cessation. Can Fam Phys 2008;54:994-9. 4. Shah N. Hidradenitis suppurativa: a treatment challenge. Am Fam Phys 2005;72:1547-52. 5. Sartorius K, Lapins J, Emtestam L, Jemec GB. Suggestions for uniform outcome variables when reporting treatment effects in hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:211-3. 6. Chen YE, Gerstle T, Verma K, Treiser MD, Kimball AB, Orgill DP. Management of hidradenitis suppurativa wounds with an internal vacuum-assisted closure device. Plast Reconstr Surg 2014;133:370e-377e. 7. Kerdel FA. Current and emerging nonsurgical treatment options for hidradenitis suppurativa. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2014;33(3 Suppl):S57-9. 8. Alikhan A, Lynch PJ, Eisen DB. Hidradenitis suppurativa: a comprehensive review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;60:539-61. 9. Alhusayen R, Shear NH. Pharmacologic interventions for hidradenitis suppurativa: what does the evidence say? Am J Clin Dermatol 2012;13:283-91. 10. Jemec GB, Wendelboe P. Topical clindamycin versus systemic tetracycline in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:971-4. 11. Gener G, Canoui-Poitrine F, Revuz JE, et al. Combination therapy with clindamycin and rifampicin for hidradenitis suppurativa: a series of 116 consecutive patients. Dermatology 2009;219:148-54. WWW.WOUNDCAREJOURNAL.COM
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57. Kagan RJ, Yakuboff KP, Warner P, Warden GD. Surgical treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa: a 10-year experience. Surgery 2005;138:734-41. 58. Hongcharu W, Taylor CR, Chang Y, Aghassi D, Suthamjariya K, Anderson RR. Topical ALAphotodynamic therapy for the treatment of acne vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol 2000;115:183-92. 59. Rose RF, Stables GI. Topical photodynamic therapy in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 2008;5:171-5. 60. Wollina U KA, Heinig B, Kittner T, Nowak A. Acne inversa (hidradenitis suppurativa): a review with a focus on pathogenesis and treatment. Indian J Dermatol 2013;4:2-11. 61. Divaris DX, Kennedy JC, Pottier RH. Phototoxic damage to sebaceous glands and hair follicles of mice after systemic administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid correlates with localized protoporphyrin IX fluorescence. Am J Pathol 1990;136:891-7. 62. Passeron T, Khemis A, Ortonne JP. Pulsed dye laser-mediated photodynamic therapy for acne inversa is not successful: a pilot study on four cases. J Dermatol Treat 2009;20:297-8. 63. Strauss RM, Pollock B, Stables GI, Goulden V, Cunliffe WJ. Photodynamic therapy using aminolevulinic acid does not lead to clinical improvement in hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol 2005;152:803-4. 64. Valladares-Narganes LM, Rodrı´guez-Prieto MA, Blanco-Sua´rez M, Rodriguez-Lage C, Garcia-Doval I. Treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with intralesional photodynamic therapy using a laser diode attached to an optical cable: a promising new approach. Br J Dermatol 2015;172:1136-9. 65. Finley EM, Ratz JL. Treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with carbon dioxide laser excision and second-intention healing. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:465-9. 66. Lapins J, Sartorius K, Emtestam L. Scanner-assisted carbon dioxide laser surgery: a retrospective follow-up study of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:280-5. 67. Hazen PG, Hazen BP. Hidradenitis suppurativa: successful treatment using carbon dioxide laser excision and marsupialization. Dermatol Surg 2010;36:208-13. 68. Tierney E, Mahmoud BH, Hexsel C, Ozog D, Hamzavi I. Randomized control trial for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser. Dermatol Surg 2009;35:1188-98. 69. Xu LY, Wright DR, Mahmoud BH, Ozog DM, Mehregan DA, Hamzavi IH. Histopathologic study of hidradenitis suppurativa following long-pulsed 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser treatment. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147(1):21-8.
43. van der Zee HH, Prens EP, Boer J. Deroofing: a tissue-saving surgical technique for the treatment of mild to moderate hidradenitis suppurativa lesions. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;63:475-80. 44. van Hattem S, Spoo JR, Horva´th B, Jonkman MF, Leeman FWJ. Surgical treatment of sinuses by deroofing in hidradenitis suppurativa. Dermatol Surg 2012;38:494-7. 45. Blok JL, Spoo JR, Leeman F, Jonkman M, Horva´th B. Skin-tissue–sparing excision with electrosurgical peeling (STEEP): a surgical treatment option for severe hidradenitis suppurativa Hurley Stage II/II. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014;29:379-82. 46. Wormald JC, Balzano A, Clibbon JJ, Figus A. Surgical treatment of severe hidradenitis suppurativa of the axilla: thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAP) flap versus split skin graft. J Plast Reconstr Aesthetic Surg 2014;67:1118-24. 47. Menderes A, Sunay O, Vayvada H, Yilmaz M. Surgical management of hidradenitis suppurativa. Int J Med Sci 2010;7:240-7. 48. Bu¨yu¨kas¸ik O, Hasdemir AO, Kahramansoy N, C¸o¨l C, Erkol H. Surgical approach to extensive hidradenitis suppurativa. Dermatol Surg 2011;37:835-42. 49. Ellis LZ. Hidradenitis suppurativa: surgical and other management techniques. Dermatol Surg 2012;38:517-36. 50. Bieniek A, Matusiak L, Okulewicz-Gojlik D, Szepietowski JC. Surgical treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa: experiences and recommendations. Dermatol Surg 2010;36:1998-2004. 51. Slade DE, Powell BW, Mortimer PS. Hidradenitis suppurativa: pathogenesis and management. Br J Plast Surg 2003;56:451-61. 52. Oritz CL, Castillo VL, Pilarte F, Barraguer EL. Experience using the thoracodorsal artery perforator flap in axillary hidradenitis suppurativa cases. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2010;34:785-92. 53. Busnardo FF, Coltro PS, Olivan MV, Busnardo APV, Ferreira MC. The thoracodorsal artery perforator flap in the treatment of axillary hidradenitis suppurativa: effect on preservation of arm abduction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;128:949-53. 54. Rambhatla PV, Lim HW, Hamzavi I. A systematic review of treatments for hidradenitis suppurativa. Arch Dermatol 2012;148:439-46. 55. Chen ML, Odom B, Santucci RA. Surgical management of genitoperineal hidradenitis suppurativa in men. Urology 2014;83:1412-7. 56. Pagliarello C, Fabrizi G, Feliciani C, Di Nuzzo S. Cryoinsufflation for Hurley Stage II hidradenitis suppurativa: a useful treatment option when systemic therapies should be avoided. JAMA Dermatol 2014;150:765-6.
For more than 127 additional continuing education articles related to skin and wound care topics, go to NursingCenter.com/CE.
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Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Frequently Missed Diagnosis, Part 2: Treatment Options C M E 1 AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM
ANCC 3.0 Contact Hours
Shirley C. Wang, MD & Clinical Research Coordinator & University Health Network & Toronto, Ontario, Canada Sheila C. Wang, PhD & Resident & Department of Dermatology, McGill University & Montreal, Quebec, Canada Afsaneh Alavi, MD, MSc, FRCPC & Assistant Professor & Department of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Toronto & Ontario, Canada Raed Alhusayen, MD, MSc (Clin Epi), FRCPC & Assistant Professor & Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre & University of Toronto & Ontario, Canada Morteza Bashash, PhD & Research Fellow & Dalla Lana Faculty of Public Health & University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada R. Gary Sibbald, BSc, MD, MEd, FRCPC (Med Derm), MACP, FAAD, MAPWCA & Professor of Public Health and Medicine & University of Toronto & Toronto, Ontario, Canada & Director & International Interprofessional Wound Care Course & Masters of Science in Community Health (Prevention & Wound Care) & Dalla Lana School of Public Health & University of Toronto & Past President, World Union of Wound Healing Societies & Clinical Editor & Advances in Skin & Wound Care & Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Dr Alavi has disclosed that she was a consultant to AbbVie and Janssen; her institution is a recipient of grant funding from AbbVie; her institution was a recipient of payment for lectures including speakers’ bureau from AbbVie and Janssen; and her spouse/partner (if any), has disclosed that he/she has no financial relationships with, or financial interests in, any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity. Dr Sibbald has disclosed that he is a recipient of grant funding, consulting fee/honorarium, travel support, and participation fees from AbbVie; and his spouse/partner (if any), has disclosed that he/she has no financial relationships with, or financial interests in, any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity. Dr Alhusayen has disclosed that he is a consultant to Abbott and Janssen; and his spouse/partner (if any), has disclosed that he/she has no financial relationships with, or financial interests in, any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity. The remaining coauthors and their spouses/partners (if any), have disclosed that they have no financial relationships with, or financial interests in, any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity. All staff and planners, including spouses/partners (if any), in any position to control the content of this CME activity have disclosed that they have no financial relationships with, or financial interests in, any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity. The authors have disclosed that none of the treatments of hidradenitis suppurativa are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as discussed in this article. Lippincott CME Institute has identified and resolved all conflicts of interest concerning this educational activity. To earn CME credit, you must read the CME article and complete the quiz and evaluation on the enclosed answer form, answering at least 13 of the 18 questions correctly. This continuing educational activity will expire for physicians on August 31, 2016, and for nurses on August 31, 2017. If you need CME or CE STAT, take the test online at: http://cme.lww.com for physicians and www.nursingcenter.com for nurses. Complete CE/CME information is on the last page of this article. Editor’s note: This is the second part of this continuing education topic. ‘‘Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Frequently Missed Diagnosis, Part 2: A Review of Pathogenesis, Associations, and Clinical Features’’ was published in the July 2015 issue.
PURPOSE: To provide an overview of treatment recommendations for hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). TARGET AUDIENCE: This continuing education activity is intended for physicians and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care. OBJECTIVES: After participating in this educational activity, the participant should be better able to: 1. Describe current recommendations for treatment of HS. 2. Identify warnings, adverse effects, and implications for patient education.
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ABSTRACT
Figure 2.
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the intertriginous area. Patients with HS have several challenges to their quality of life and activities of everyday living, including malodor, purulent discharge, and discomfort. There is often a delay in diagnosis and appropriate treatment. The need for cosmetically acceptable local treatments and dressing application makes this disease an important challenge for wound care specialists. The choice of optimal treatment varies depending on the disease severity, expert knowledge, the availability of an interprofessional team, and patient factors. KEYWORDS: hidradenitis suppurativa, inflammatory follicular disorder, wound care
THE GLUTEAL, INGUINAL INVOLVEMENT IS PREDOMINATELY SEEN IN MALE PATIENTS
ADV SKIN WOUND CARE 2015;28:372–80; quiz 381-2.
INTRODUCTION Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic debilitating disease that significantly affects the quality of life of an active, young adult population. The large burden of HS and its comorbidities highlight the need for an interprofessional team approach. Typically, HS is more common in females mainly involving the axilla and groin (Figure 1), whereas the perineum and buttocks are commonly involved in males (Figure 2). Despite multiple studies, a diversity of expert opinion remains on the optimal
stepwise management of HS. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved any treatments for HS. The recommendations in this article are based on the scientific literature, expert knowledge of the authors, published consensus documents, and patient experience.
Figure 1. THE AXILLA, GROIN, AND INFRAMMARY ARE PREDOMINANTLY INVOLVED IN FEMALE PATIENTS
GENERAL MEASURES Epidemiological data suggest an association of HS with systemic diseases, including metabolic syndrome, psychiatric disorders, and hyperandrogenism.1 The Mayo Clinic (http://mayocl.in/ 1hZDzm2) defines metabolic syndrome as a cluster of conditions that can be remembered by A-increased blood sugar (hemoglobin A1c), B-increased blood pressure, C-abnormal cholesterol, and D-diet with excess body fat around the waist, all of which increase an individual’s risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. The patient’s body weight and lifestyle choices may contribute to HS. For example, the association of HS and a high body mass index, along with smoking, warrants weight loss counseling and smoking cessation. Current adult obesity guidelines include a lifestyle modification program that ideally involves: & reduced caloric intake by 500 to 1000 kcal/d, & 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity 3 to 5 times per week and an eventual increase to 60 minutes or more on most days, & cognitive-behavior therapy.2 WWW.WOUNDCAREJOURNAL.COM
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2005 and 2010. The authors calculated that approximately half of the patients received negative-pressure wound therapy using the vacuum-assisted closure system, followed by delayed closure. The other half received immediate primary closure at the time of their excision. Wound closure averaged 2.2 months with negativepressure wound therapy and 2.7 months in the control group. The authors also concluded that local excisions may heal with secondary intention, closed at the time of surgery, delayed with direct closure, or with skin grafts.
If satisfactory weight-loss progress is not achieved, pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery should be considered. The same lifestyle modifications should be recommended to patients with metabolic syndrome, with the additional option of initiating metformin.3 To help patients with smoking cessation, the clinical approach begins with an assessment of the patient’s willingness to quit, and every tobacco user who accepts treatment should be offered assistance.3 The combination of counseling and smoking cessation medication is more effective than either option alone. It is important to note that although lifestyle modifications (such as weight loss or smoking cessation) have been shown to improve the symptoms of HS, they do not cure the disease.4,5 Friction from clothing increases local pain; thus, patients with HS are advised to avoid wearing tight clothes. In addition, excessive heat and humidity are known triggers. Avoidance of these climate conditions, such as staying indoors in air conditioning when needed, may help relieve symptoms. Other potential triggers, although not causative factors, include the use of deodorants, shaving, and depilation. Some expert clinicians recommend warm compresses, topical antiseptics, and antibacterial soaps to help soothe HS-involved skin.
PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENTS A variety of pharmacologic treatments have been successfully administered, but as noted, to date, the FDA has not approved any medical treatment specifically for the treatment of HS.7
Antimicrobials Many therapeutic algorithms recommend antimicrobials (often with anti-inflammatory properties) in all severity stages of HS8–10; however, only a few review articles offer specific recommendations. Many of the antimicrobial agents that are successful in HS may be effective because of their antibacterial and antiinflammatory properties (eg, tetracyclines, clindamycin). The majority of published reports recommend initial therapy with rifampicin combined with clindamycin or a tetracycline.11–14 Matusiak et al15 found that the most commonly prescribed antimicrobials (eg, tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline) were ineffective against cultured isolates.16–18 Topical antimicrobials, including topical clindamycin and topical resorcinol, have been studied.10,11,16 Topical clindamycin 0.1% was compared with placebo in 27 patients who completed the study. At the end of the first, second, and third months, the clindamycin-treated subjects had fewer abscesses, inflammatory nodules, and pustules (P < .01). Topical resorcinol 15% cream was a successful treatment when used twice daily in a case study of 12 patients.17 Resorcinol has topical antiseptic and keratolytic properties. The most significant effect of this treatment was noticed in superficial lesions, such as pustules and papules, but not in deep-seated cysts and sinuses.18 In managing patients with HS, clinicians also must consider that the use of topical treatments is associated with the risk of allergic and irritant contact dermatitis to the active agent or components of the vehicle (Figure 3). The authors also suggest that maintenance or long-term oral therapy can be provided with the help of tetracyclines (or erythromycin and related macrolides) due to their anti-inflammatory properties. Oral dapsone has been used in mild cases, but the effect appears to be lower in comparison with the combination of clindamycin and rifampicin.19 In addition, the HS lesions will not promptly respond to systemic antimicrobials without surgical debridement and appropriate
TOPICAL TREATMENTS AND LOCAL WOUND CARE Because there are no FDA-approved treatments for HS, clinicians must rely on available evidence to treat patients’ symptoms. To date, there are very few studies that focus on optimal local wound care in patients with HS. The choice of local dressing is an important part of the management. Dressings with high absorbency are commonly used. Experts suggest that tubular net bandages or placing superabsorbent pads or materials in the seams of clothing are the best ways to keep the wound dressings in place because of the topography. In general, superabsorbent dressings are best to treat actively draining lesions or postoperative wounds, with extensive and generous application of simple white petrolatum, zinc oxide paste, or film-forming liquid acrylate on the marginal skin to prevent the primary dressing from sticking to the wound. In addition, adhesive tape should be avoided to minimize trauma to inflamed skin. Daily gentle cleansing of the affected areas may help to reduce odor and the occurrence of secondary infection. Consider gentle antiseptic washes with a lower risk of allergic or irritant contact dermatitis. Some patients have had success with water-based chlorhexidine preparations and were instructed to avoid washcloths, harsh sponges/loofahs, or brushes that may cause unnecessary trauma and skin irritation. Postoperative wounds were studied by Chen et al6 with a retrospective chart review of HS cases managed surgically between ADVANCES IN SKIN & WOUND CARE & VOL. 28 NO. 8
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more promising agent; however, it is often poorly tolerated, especially when doses exceed 20 mg daily.23 Corticosteroids. An intralesional injection of a topical corticosteroid (eg, triamcinolone 8 to 20 mg/mL, with injections of up to 3 to 6 mL per visit every 3 to 6 weeks) is commonly performed to reduce individual lesion pain and acute erythema/ swelling.7 These injections should be avoided if there is clinical evidence of infection. Oral prednisone reduces inflammation, facilitates the healing of existing HS lesions, and prevents future lesions from forming. Commonly prescribed prednisone doses for disease control may vary from 20 to 50 mg. The adverse effects of oral steroids (weight gain, diabetes, loss of muscle mass, bone fractures, and so on) must be measured against the therapeutic benefit of using oral steroids compared with other available treatment options. To the authors’ knowledge, no recent, formal studies have been conducted on the efficacy of corticosteroids as part of HS management. Although the exact role of immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of HS is unknown, it has been demonstrated to have an impact (see ‘‘Immune Dysregulation’’ in Part 1 of this article series in the July 2015 issue of Advances in Skin & Wound Care). Thus, clinicians are increasingly prescribing immunosuppressive agents as part of the management of HS. Anti-TNfa inhibitors, anti-IL17/23, and anti-IL1 inhibitors have been used in the management of HS. Different immunosuppressive medications including methotrexate have been used in case reports. Biologics. Evidence that inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) effectively improved HS symptoms in patients who were primarily being treated for Crohn disease led to the investigation of anti-TNF agents as an effective treatment for HS. Serum and skin (lesional, perilesional) TNF- levels are higher in patients with HS compared with control subjects.24,25 A growing number of studies have highlighted the efficacy of infliximab and adalimumab, both anti-TNF agents, in the management of HS.26–28 Bahillo Monne´ et al27 found favorable outcomes with adalimumab treatment, with improvement somewhat slower than the responses with infliximab. Moriarty et al29 described the results of using infliximab on a 4-week basis in 11 patients with severe HS. The authors reported that all patients experienced initial disease improvement assessed by visual analog scale, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), and the physician’s clinical assessment. While on this regimen, the patients experienced secondary infection of HS lesions, respiratory tract infections, tonsillitis, minor weight gain, and lymphoma. Newer biological treatments that inhibit interleukin 1 (anakinra) require further study before they can be recommended for HS patients. Antiandrogens. A hormonal connection with HS has been suggested by several studies (see the ‘‘Hormones’’ section in the Part 1
Figure 3. CONTACT DERMATITIS IS COMMONLY SEEN ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONTINUOUS DISCHARGE (CONTACT IRRITANT DERMATITIS) AND TOPOGRAPHY
topical wound care, along with selective intralesional steroid injections for the associated inflammatory response. Retinoids. Two oral retinoid drugs, isotretinoin (13-cis-RA [retinoic acid]) and acitretin have been studied clinically for the treatment of HS. Zouboulis et al20 studied the effect of these retinoids utilizing an in vitro sebocyte model. The authors concluded that 13-cis-RA was a potent inhibitor of both cell proliferation and lipid synthesis in human sebocytes, but that acitretin decreased only lipogenesis in this model. Blok et al21 reviewed the results of 174 patients enrolled in 7 studies that evaluated the effect of oral isotretinoin patients with HS. The combined study report concluded that there was & significant improvement in 18% of patients, & moderate improvement in 17% of patients, and & no response in 64% of patients. In a more recent study, Puri and Talwar22 compared the effects of oral acitretin combined with surgical excision to oral acitretin alone. There was a low 20% recurrence rate in the group of patients who received both oral acitretin and surgical excision compared with a 40% recurrence rate in the group that received oral acitretin alone. In summary, the results from the use of oral retinoids are disappointing, but may be helpful as adjunct agents in some difficult-to-control patients.22 Acitretin was viewed as a WWW.WOUNDCAREJOURNAL.COM
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article). The observation of female predominance,30,31 premenstrual flare-ups, and improvement of HS during pregnancy32 suggest that androgens may be a contributing factor. In some women with HS, symptoms often correlate with hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle. Previously reported studies have linked improvement in HS lesions with oral contraceptive pills and spironolactone.33 Published reports also documented some male HS patient benefits from finasteride.34,35 More recently, Randhawa et al36 investigated finasteride as an effective treatment of HS in children and adolescents. The 3 pediatric patients in this study were treated with oral finasteride in combination with oral contraceptives and/or oral antibiotics. The authors observed decreased disease flare frequency and severity with no significant adverse effects. As a result, the authors suggested that finasteride might be a suitable additive therapy for refractory female HS cases and for judicious use in pediatric patients with clear communication of the risks and benefits of the drug. Metformin. As an antidiabetic agent, metformin provides some benefit in HS. Arun and Loffeld,37 who presented a case of a 50-year-old woman with longstanding HS and type 2 diabetes mellitus, first documented the use of metformin in the treatment of HS. The patient was taking metformin 500 mg 3 times daily for more than 5 years until she gained significant control of her glycemic levels and was subsequently taken off of metformin. The authors observed that while on metformin the patient’s HS lesions remained stable and did not require recurrent courses of antibiotic therapy. However, with the discontinuation of metformin, the patient reported a flare-up of her HS lesions. More recently, Verdolini et al38 reported significant reduction in the Sartorius score, which was described in Part 1, and the number of workdays lost among 25 patients with HS who were treated with metformin. In addition, the DLQI significantly improved in 16 cases. The authors conclude that metformin helps control HS with very few adverse effects. Based on their results, they suggest using metformin as an alternative to current treatments, including long-term antibiotics.
flammation. The authors found that the patient assessment of flare activity and pain and the investigator assessment of erythema were strongly associated with morphological changes identified by ultrasound, suggesting that patients tend to accurately report flare and pain levels and investigators acutely observed the resulting erythema. Pain control often starts with grading the severity of pain on a 0- to 10-point numerical rating scale, with ‘‘0’’ being no pain and ‘‘10’’ slamming the car door on your finger, and ‘‘5’’ representing a bee sting. Nociceptive pain (gnawing, aching, tender, throbbing) often responds to acetaminophen, with a starting dose of 1 g 3 times per day, and the use of alternative agents such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and aspirin. More severe pain is often treated with opioids, short- and long-acting weaker (codeine), and subsequently, stronger agents (morphine, hydromorphone). A fentanyl patch can be used for resistant pain. Neuropathic pain is often described as burning, stinging, shooting, and stabbing. Treatment of neuropathic pain may include second-generation tricyclic agents, such as nortriptyline or desipramine. Scheinfeld40 concluded that when treating HS-related pain that is unresponsive to topical analgesics, gabapentin and pregabalin should be firstline therapy because of fewer adverse effects compared with tricyclics or the serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, duloxetine and venlafaxine. Also, gabapentin and pregabalin can be combined with acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors. In cases of HS accompanied by depression, gabapentin or pregabalin can be combined with duloxetine, which should be tried first and venlafaxine second, if needed. Scheinfeld40 also reviewed the use of topical agents in the treatment of HS-related pain. The author summarized that topical 1% diclofenac should be offered first to a patient who presents with HS and complains of pain centered on the skin. Topical ketamine may also be a useful tool for the treatment of pain. Commercially available topical 5% doxepin may cause drowsiness, and some clinicians may order lower-dose compounded formulations.
PAIN MANAGEMENT
NEW AND TRADITIONAL SURGICAL APPROACHES
Despite the painful effects of this chronic, debilitating disease, few studies have documented treatment for the effective pain control of HS. Clinicians should accept the patient’s report of pain. This statement is supported by the findings of a recent study on the correlation and validity of patient and investigator assessment of disease severity and pain.39 Each of the 20 HS patients graded a single representative inflammatory nodule in terms of tenderness and flare, and the investigator graded the level of erythema. Subsequently, all patients underwent high-resolution ultrasound scanning of their representative nodule, and the diameter of the nodule was measured to reflect the degree of in-
Traditional surgical approaches to HS management have included incision and drainage (I&D), punch debridement, deroofing, and excision. It has been suggested that I&D of individual nodules should generally be avoided because they provide only short-term relief and tend to recur with no long-term benefit.41 Margesson and Danby42 suggested the practice of punch debridement over I&D, which is a mini unroofing procedure. Punch debridement involves deeply excising the acutely inflamed folliculopilosebaceous unit (FSPU) within an inflammatory nodule using a 5- to 7-mm circular punch instrument identical to that used in a punch biopsy. The FSPU is excised with a small amount
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gical incision of the sinus roof with a wire loop tip coupled to an electrosurgery device. All lesional tissue, including fibrosis that is identified by palpation, is removed from the incision on to the deeper skin layers by successive tangential electrosurgical transections or peeling. The epithelialized sinus floors and subcutaneous fat are left intact where possible. Hemostasis is achieved by the coagulation mode of the electrosurgery device, and wounds are left open to heal by secondary intention. Generally, patients can leave the hospital on the day of surgery. Blok et al45 have performed the STEEP procedure on 156 patients with Hurley Stage II/III disease between 2004 and 2013. Patients have reported low recurrence rates, rapid healing, and an improvement in DLQI responses. The authors proposed the STEEP procedure as a promising tissue-saving surgical technique for HS Hurley Stage II/III as an alternative to laser surgery that can be performed by trained dermatological surgeons.
of the surrounding tissue and is followed by aggressive debridement using digital pressure. The curettage or simple scrubbing is done with gauze wrapped around a cotton-tipped swab. The goal is to remove the ‘‘bulge’’ of the FSPU that contains the stem cells hypothesized to be responsible for inducing growth of the proliferative mass (amorphous material deposited in the dermis) and the sinus tracts. Surgical excision of the affected skin tissue in HS with adequate free margins is the criterion-standard treatment for prevention of recurrence7 (Figure 4). The classic deroofing technique and wide excision are regarded as the preferred surgical methods for treated HS Hurley Stage I/II and II/III, respectively.43,44 However, the goal of surgery is to completely remove the lesional tissue, while sparing as much healthy tissue as possible, making Hurley Stage II/III disease a surgical challenge.45
Skin-Tissue–Sparing Excision with Electrosurgical Peeling Procedure
Split-Thickness Skin Graft
Blok et al45 proposed a new surgical technique for severe HS that combines the advantages of both wide excision and the deroofing technique: skin-tissue–sparing excision with electrosurgical peeling (STEEP) procedure. The STEEP procedure is performed under general anesthesia and involves electrosur-
Axillary HS has been historically treated with excision of the affected tissue, and the surgical defect was left to heal by secondary intention or was grafted with a split-thickness skin graft (SSG).46 Although an SSG can produce satisfactory results in patients with mild to moderate disease, in more severe disease it can predispose to graft contraction, reduced range of movement of the shoulder, restrictive scarring, prolonged recovery, and an increased number of subsequent surgical procedures.47–49 More recently, postexcision HS wounds have been treated with a number of surgical procedures, including local, regional, and free flaps (fasciocutaneous V-Y flap, Limberg flap, and musculocutaneous flaps). In particular, perforator flaps, including the thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAP) flap, have been reported as advantageous for reconstruction of the soft-tissue defect after excision.50–52 Wormald et al46 conducted a prospective study comparing the use of TDAP flap and SSG for the reconstruction of the axilla following excision of extensive or recurrent axillary HS, with focus on both operative and patient-related outcomes. The authors found a significantly longer length of surgery for the TDAP group, a finding that is supported already in the literature.53,54 The TDAP cohort had a higher rate of revision surgery, whereas the SSG group required a significantly greater number of follow-up appointments in the clinic. The authors summarized that a TDAP flap may provide a more definitive surgical solution compared with the SSG technique, requiring fewer clinic appointments and a shorter period of follow-up and thus is potentially more cost-effective despite the longer length of surgery.
Figure 4. SURGICAL APPROACH TO REMOVE CYSTS, TUNNELS, CICATRIZATION, AND SCAR
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spermatic cords and testes.55 Perineal disease is resected with care to avoid injury to the anal sphincter muscles. If both genitalperineal (anterior) and anal and/or buttock (posterior) disease resections are recommended, they should be resected in separate procedures to avoid an arduous and intolerable recovery period. The anterior tissue of the perineum and genitals is treated first, and then a referral to a general surgery or plastic surgery practitioner is suggested for posterior treatment. The complete resection and reconstruction with skin flaps and grafts provide a viable treatment for patients with primary genital HS disease. After surgical debridement of HS, extended soft tissue defects are the usual result, requiring plastic reconstruction in this site.
THE ROLE OF PHOTODYNAMIC AND LASER THERAPY Photodynamic Therapy Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is effective against acne vulgaris,58 which has led to its use against HS. Earlier studies have reported the effective treatment of HS by PDT, but they were small case studies with varying results and variations in the photosensitizers, light sources, and treatment regimens used.59,60 The proposed mechanism of action of PDT in HS involves absorption of aminolevulinic acid and an increased production of protoporphyrin IX in hair follicles compared with other tissues.61 In addition, the main mechanisms suggested for PDT against acne vulgaris, including sebum production and reduced follicular occlusion,44 may also play a role against HS. Topical PDT is found to be effective when applied to early superficial HS lesions. Researchers, however, have found that the main limitations of PDT are the low absorption of photosensitizer and low penetration of the light source.62,63 For this reason, ValladaresNarganes et al64 proposed a new approach by applying intralesional PDT using a laser diode attached to an optical cable. The authors suggested that intralesional PDT is less invasive than surgery, well-tolerated, effective, and less expensive than systemic therapy.
Cryoinsufflation If surgical treatment is declined, and systemic therapies should be avoided in certain patients, a new technique using cryoinsufflation (CI) was proposed by Pagliarello et al.56 The authors presented the case of a female patient in her 30s who presented with HS Hurley Stage II. She was being treated with oral contraceptives, topical clindamycin, and monthly intralesional corticosteroids. However, she decided to become pregnant and therefore was searching for an alternative treatment, devoid of teratogenic effects. Effective therapy was necessary because the HS seriously interfered with sexual intercourse and indirectly with her planned pregnancy. Surgical treatment was offered and declined. To control the patient’s HS symptoms and simultaneously discontinue her systemic medical therapy, the authors proposed CI, a modified spray cryotherapy performed by injecting liquid nitrogen (LN) through an ordinary needle directly into the HS tracts. As the LN enters infected sinuses, it boils and vaporizes, and quickly disperses into all communicating pockets because of the large expansion ratio of liquid to gas. The authors suggested delivering the LN in a pulsed method to avoid overexpansion and prevent excessive pain and formation of ‘‘iceballs.’’ The patient received monthly treatment sessions that allowed focused scarring to replace the sinuses and caused minimal damage to the skin surface. In total, the authors treated the patient with 3 monthly treatment sessions, and they reported that no recurrence was observed after 6 months. Neither hypopigmentation nor scarring was observed, and the patient was very satisfied with the results. In conclusion, the authors proposed CI as a novel, easily conducted, well-tolerated, and inexpensive alternative as monotherapy or as a useful adjunctive therapy that can be effectively combined with all other treatments to rapidly achieve symptom relief. Although surgery plays an important role in the management of HS, the choice of surgery should be individualized based on patient preference, the Hurley stage, extent of involvement, and location of the disease.57 ADVANCES IN SKIN & WOUND CARE & VOL. 28 NO. 8
Carbon Dioxide Laser The use of carbon dioxide laser for HS has been reported in 5 studies.54,65 Lapins et al66 studied carbon dioxide lasers on 24 patients with HS, with 22 of 24 patients having no recurrence after 27 months. Hazen and Hazen67 treated 185 sites in 61 patients with a carbon dioxide laser and marsupialization technique, with 183 recurrence-free sites during a follow-up period of 1 to 19 years.
Nd:YAG Laser The long-pulsed 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser is an alternative modality for the management of HS. The Nd:YAG laser causes a selective photothemolysis of the follicular units and adjacent inflammations. Tierney et al68 studied the Nd:YAG laser on 22 patients with HS Stages II and III and demonstrated a significant decrease in severity of HS in 3 months (65.3%). Xu et al69 studied a longpulsed 1064-Nm Nd:Yag Laser on 19 patients with Hurley Stage II HS disease. The severity of HS significantly decreased for both the axillary site (P = .008) and the inguinal site (P = .001).
CONCLUSION Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic inflammatory disorder that commonly involves the intertriginous area. The concerns of malodor, discharge, and discomfort, along with the need for cosmetically acceptable local treatments and dressing application, make this disease an important challenge for wound care specialists. The 378
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12. van der Zee HH, Boer J, Prens EP, Jemec GB. The effect of combined treatment with oral clindamycin and oral rifampicin in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. Dermatology 2009;219:143-7. 13. Bettoli V, Zauli S, Borghi A, et al. Oral clindamycin and rifampicin in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa-acne inversa: a prospective study on 23 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014;2:125-6. 14. Mendonc¸a CO, Griffiths CE. Clindamycin and rifampicin combination therapy for hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol 2006;154:977-8. 15. Matusiak /L, Bieniek A, Szepietowski JC. Bacteriology of hidradenitis suppurativaVwhich antibiotics are the treatment of choice? Acta Derm Venereol 2014;94:699-702. 16. Clemmensen OJ. Topical treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with clindamycin. Int J Dermatol 1983;22:325-8. 17. Boer J, Jemec GB. Resorcinol peels as a possible self-treatment of painful nodules in hidradenitis suppurativa. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010;35:36-40. 18. Cassano N, Alessandrini G, Mastrolonardo M, Vena GA. Peeling agents: toxicological and allergological aspects. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1999;13:14-23. 19. Yazdanyar S, Boer J, Ingvarsson G, Szepietowski JC, Jemec GB. Dapsone therapy for hidradenitis suppurativa: a series of 24 patients. Dermatology 2011;222:342-6. 20. Zouboulis CC, Korge B, Akamatsu H, et al. Effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid, all-trans-retinoic acid, and acitretin on the proliferation, lipid synthesis and keratin expression of cultured human sebocytes in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 1991;96:792-7. 21. Blok JL, van Hattem S, Jonkman MF, Horva´th B. Systemic therapy with immunosuppressive agents and retinoids in hidradenitis suppurativa: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2013;168:243-52. 22. Puri N, Talwar A. A study on the management of hidradenitis suppurativa with retinoids and surgical excision. Indian J Dermatol 2011;56:650-1. 23. dos Santos CH, Netto PO, Kawaguchi KY, Parriera Alves JA, de Alencar Souza VP, Reverdito S. Association and management of Crohn’s disease plus hidradenitis suppurativa. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012;18:E801-2. 24. Matusiak L, Bieniek A, Szepietowski JC. Increased serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha in hidradenitis suppurativa patients: is there a basis for treatment with anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha agents? Acta Derm Venereol 2009;89:601-3. 25. Martin-Ezquerra G, Masferrer E, Masferrer-Niubo` M, et al. Use of biological treatments in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015;29:56-60. 26. Chinniah N, Cains GD. Moderate to severe hidradenitis suppurativa treated with biological therapies. Australas J Dermatol 2014;55:128-31. 27. Bahillo Monne´ C, Honorato Guerra S, Schoendorff Ortega C, Gargallo Quintero AB. Management of hidradenitis suppurativa with biological therapy: report of four cases and review of the literature. Dermatology 2014;229:279-87. 28. Zhang J, Reeder VJ, Hamzavi IH. Use of biologics in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa: a review of the Henry Ford Hospital experience. Br J Dermatol 2014;171:1600-2. 29. Moriarty B, Jiyad Z, Creamer D. Four-weekly infliximab in treatment of severe hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol 2014;170:986-7. 30. Danby FW, Margesson LJ. Hidradenitis suppurativa. Dermatol Clin 2010;28:779-93. 31. Yazdanyar S, Jemec GB. Hidradenitis suppurativa: a review of cause and treatment. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2011;24:118-23. 32. Barth JH, Layton AM, Cunliffe WJ. Endocrine factors in pre- and postmenopausal women with hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol 1996;134:1057-9. 33. Scheinfeld N. Hidradenitis suppurativa: a practical review of possible medical treatments based on over 350 hidradenitis patients. Dermatol Online J 2013;19(4):1. 34. Farrell AM, Randall VA, Vafaee T, Dawber RPR. Finasteride as a therapy for hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:1138-9. 35. Joseph MA, Jayaseelan E, Ganapathi B, Stephen J. Hidradenitis suppurativa treated with finasteride. J Dermatol Treat 2005;16:75-8. 36. Randhawa HK, Hamilton J, Pope E. Finasteride for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa in children and adolescents. JAMA Dermatol 2013;149:732-5. 37. Arun B, Loffeld A. Long-standing hidradenitis suppurativa treated effectively with metformin. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009;34:920-1. 38. Verdolini R, Clayton N, Smith A, Alwash N, Mannello B. Metformin for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa: a little help along the way. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013;27:1101-8. 39. Zarchi K, Yazdanyar N, Yazdanyar S, Wortsman X, Jemec GB. Pain and inflammation in hidradenitis suppurativa correspond to morphological changes identified by high-frequency ultrasound. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015;29:527-32. 40. Scheinfeld N. Topical treatments of skin pain: a general review with a focus on hidradenitis suppurativa with topical agents. Dermatol Online J 2014;20(7). www.pubfacts.com/detail/25046456/Topicaltreatments-of-skin-pain-a-general-review-with-a-focus-on-hidradenitis-suppurativa-with-topic. 41. Aithal V, Appaih P. Lithium induced hidradenitis suppurativa and acne conglobata. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2004;70:307-9. 42. Margesson LJ, Danby FW. Hidradenitis suppurativa. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014;28:1013-27.
Table. MANAGEMENT OF HIDRADENITIS SUPPURATIVA
lack of randomized clinical trials for most HS therapeutic modalities complicates optimal treatment selection. The choice of treatment varies depending on the disease severity, the expert knowledge of the prescribing healthcare professional, and patient factors (Table). The associated medical and psychological factors significantly affect patient health and adherence to treatment. It is important to approach HS as a systemic disease with an interprofessional team.
PRACTICE PEARLS & HS is chronic disorder of the intertriginous area & Malodor, discharge, and discomfort in HS and lack of standardization among treatment modalities makes this disease an important challenge for wound care specialists & HS is a systemic disease, therefore management of HS should be done by an interprofessional healthcare team and address both medical and psychological patient factors
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57. Kagan RJ, Yakuboff KP, Warner P, Warden GD. Surgical treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa: a 10-year experience. Surgery 2005;138:734-41. 58. Hongcharu W, Taylor CR, Chang Y, Aghassi D, Suthamjariya K, Anderson RR. Topical ALAphotodynamic therapy for the treatment of acne vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol 2000;115:183-92. 59. Rose RF, Stables GI. Topical photodynamic therapy in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 2008;5:171-5. 60. Wollina U KA, Heinig B, Kittner T, Nowak A. Acne inversa (hidradenitis suppurativa): a review with a focus on pathogenesis and treatment. Indian J Dermatol 2013;4:2-11. 61. Divaris DX, Kennedy JC, Pottier RH. Phototoxic damage to sebaceous glands and hair follicles of mice after systemic administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid correlates with localized protoporphyrin IX fluorescence. Am J Pathol 1990;136:891-7. 62. Passeron T, Khemis A, Ortonne JP. Pulsed dye laser-mediated photodynamic therapy for acne inversa is not successful: a pilot study on four cases. J Dermatol Treat 2009;20:297-8. 63. Strauss RM, Pollock B, Stables GI, Goulden V, Cunliffe WJ. Photodynamic therapy using aminolevulinic acid does not lead to clinical improvement in hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol 2005;152:803-4. 64. Valladares-Narganes LM, Rodrı´guez-Prieto MA, Blanco-Sua´rez M, Rodriguez-Lage C, Garcia-Doval I. Treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with intralesional photodynamic therapy using a laser diode attached to an optical cable: a promising new approach. Br J Dermatol 2015;172:1136-9. 65. Finley EM, Ratz JL. Treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with carbon dioxide laser excision and second-intention healing. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:465-9. 66. Lapins J, Sartorius K, Emtestam L. Scanner-assisted carbon dioxide laser surgery: a retrospective follow-up study of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:280-5. 67. Hazen PG, Hazen BP. Hidradenitis suppurativa: successful treatment using carbon dioxide laser excision and marsupialization. Dermatol Surg 2010;36:208-13. 68. Tierney E, Mahmoud BH, Hexsel C, Ozog D, Hamzavi I. Randomized control trial for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser. Dermatol Surg 2009;35:1188-98. 69. Xu LY, Wright DR, Mahmoud BH, Ozog DM, Mehregan DA, Hamzavi IH. Histopathologic study of hidradenitis suppurativa following long-pulsed 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser treatment. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147(1):21-8.
43. van der Zee HH, Prens EP, Boer J. Deroofing: a tissue-saving surgical technique for the treatment of mild to moderate hidradenitis suppurativa lesions. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;63:475-80. 44. van Hattem S, Spoo JR, Horva´th B, Jonkman MF, Leeman FWJ. Surgical treatment of sinuses by deroofing in hidradenitis suppurativa. Dermatol Surg 2012;38:494-7. 45. Blok JL, Spoo JR, Leeman F, Jonkman M, Horva´th B. Skin-tissue–sparing excision with electrosurgical peeling (STEEP): a surgical treatment option for severe hidradenitis suppurativa Hurley Stage II/II. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014;29:379-82. 46. Wormald JC, Balzano A, Clibbon JJ, Figus A. Surgical treatment of severe hidradenitis suppurativa of the axilla: thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAP) flap versus split skin graft. J Plast Reconstr Aesthetic Surg 2014;67:1118-24. 47. Menderes A, Sunay O, Vayvada H, Yilmaz M. Surgical management of hidradenitis suppurativa. Int J Med Sci 2010;7:240-7. 48. Bu¨yu¨kas¸ik O, Hasdemir AO, Kahramansoy N, C¸o¨l C, Erkol H. Surgical approach to extensive hidradenitis suppurativa. Dermatol Surg 2011;37:835-42. 49. Ellis LZ. Hidradenitis suppurativa: surgical and other management techniques. Dermatol Surg 2012;38:517-36. 50. Bieniek A, Matusiak L, Okulewicz-Gojlik D, Szepietowski JC. Surgical treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa: experiences and recommendations. Dermatol Surg 2010;36:1998-2004. 51. Slade DE, Powell BW, Mortimer PS. Hidradenitis suppurativa: pathogenesis and management. Br J Plast Surg 2003;56:451-61. 52. Oritz CL, Castillo VL, Pilarte F, Barraguer EL. Experience using the thoracodorsal artery perforator flap in axillary hidradenitis suppurativa cases. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2010;34:785-92. 53. Busnardo FF, Coltro PS, Olivan MV, Busnardo APV, Ferreira MC. The thoracodorsal artery perforator flap in the treatment of axillary hidradenitis suppurativa: effect on preservation of arm abduction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;128:949-53. 54. Rambhatla PV, Lim HW, Hamzavi I. A systematic review of treatments for hidradenitis suppurativa. Arch Dermatol 2012;148:439-46. 55. Chen ML, Odom B, Santucci RA. Surgical management of genitoperineal hidradenitis suppurativa in men. Urology 2014;83:1412-7. 56. Pagliarello C, Fabrizi G, Feliciani C, Di Nuzzo S. Cryoinsufflation for Hurley Stage II hidradenitis suppurativa: a useful treatment option when systemic therapies should be avoided. JAMA Dermatol 2014;150:765-6.
For more than 127 additional continuing education articles related to skin and wound care topics, go to NursingCenter.com/CE.
& Complete registration information (Section A) and course evaluation (Section C). & Mail completed test with registration fee to: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, CE Group,
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ADVANCES IN SKIN & WOUND CARE & VOL. 28 NO. 8
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