CaseReport
Chetan J Bhadage Sagar Vaishampayan, Swapnil Kolhe and Hemant Umarji
Osteosarcoma of the Mandible Mimicking an Odontogenic Abscess: A Case Report and Review of the Literature Abstract: Inflammatory lesions, like periapical/odontogenic abscesses, are by far the most common pathologic condition of the jaws. Radiographically, these lesions commonly manifest as widening of periodontal ligament space, discontinuity of lamina dura and ill-defined periapical radiolucency. There are some rare disorders which could cause similar radiographic changes in the jaw bone. With careful scrutiny of periapical radiolucency, regular periodic follow-up radiographs and histo-pathologic examination, the periapical abscess or infection can be differentiated from rare fatal disorders. Clinical Relevance: This paper highlights the need for vigilant examination of even the commonest, innocuous-appearing periapical changes which sometimes are produced by some rare fatal disorders. Dent Update 2013; 40: 216–221 Radiolucent shadows are cast over the periapical regions of teeth in practically all oral radiographic surveys of dentulous patients. Some of these periapical radiolucencies represent innocent anatomic variations, whereas others are caused by benign conditions and require treatment to preserve the associated teeth; still others represent Chetan J Bhadage, BDS, MDS, Reader, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, MGV’s KBH Dental College and Hospital, Nashik, Sagar Vaishampayan, BDS, MDS, Consultant Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Private Practice, Navi Mumbai, Swapnil Kolhe, BDS, MDS, Reader, Department of Conservative Dentistry, MGV’s KBH Dental College and Hospital, Nashik and Hemant Umarji, BDS, MDS, Professor and Head, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Government Dental College and Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
216 DentalUpdate
systemic disease conditions that often become the responsibility and obligation of the dental clinician to recognize and bring to the attention of the patient’s physician.1 The high incidence and broad spectrum of conditions causing periapical radiolucencies make it imperative that all dental clinicians should acquire a broad and comprehensive working knowledge of the conditions responsible for creating periapical radiolucent shadows. This paper presents a case of osteosarcoma of the mandible that was first diagnosed and treated as a dental periapical lesion and discusses similar rare cases.
Case report A 29-year-old Indian female patient reported to the Oral Medicine, Diagnosis and Radiology Department of Government Dental College Mumbai, with the complaint of a non-healing extraction wound in the right mandibular posterior region one
Figure 1. Periapical radiograph showing diffuse bone rarefaction of LR8 and distal root resorption with LR7.
month post-extraction with numbness over the right side of her lower lip for two months. Two months earlier, the patient had attended a local dentist for pain in the above-mentioned area. The periapical radiograph (Figure 1) suggested diffuse bone rarefaction in the periapical region of LR8. The patient was followed up by extraction of the tooth. However, the patient April 2013
CaseReport
Figure 5. Mandibular occlusal radiograph.
Figure 2. Proliferating ulcer arising from extraction socket.
Discussion
Figure 6. Histopathological appearance of osteosarcoma.
Figure 3. Post-extraction radiograph showing diffuse periapical rarefaction with mesial and distal root and distal root resorption with LR7 and diffuse rarefaction and extraction socket with LR8 region.
Figure 4. Cropped OPG showing ill-defined periapical lesion with LR7 and LR8. External root resorption with distal root of LR7 and thinning of inferior border of mandible in LR8 region.
did not experience any improvement in the symptoms. Later she noticed a small oval ulcerating growth arising from the extraction socket. This was slightly tender and slowly increasing in size. The patient was in good health with no previous history of radiation and was not suffering from any systemic illness. April 2013
thinning of inferior border of the mandible in the LR8 region. A mandibular occlusal radiograph showed no evidence of cortical plate expansion or periosteal bone reaction (Figure 5). After careful scrutiny, radiographic diagnosis of chronic osteomyelitis and a differential diagnosis of a centrally arising malignancy of the mandible was given. Incisional biopsy revealed osteogenic sarcoma (Figure 6). The patient was then referred for further treatment.
A thorough general examination was carried out and no abnormalities were detected in the patient. An extra-oral examination revealed a palpable, non tender, freely movable right submandibular lymph node. An intraoral examination revealed an oval-shaped proliferating ulcer in relation with the region of LR8 (Figure 2). The lesion was tender, about 2cm x 2cm in size with soft to firm consistency. The margin and base of the ulcer were greyish white in colour with a normal appearing periphery. From the clinical examination, a provisional diagnosis of ‘reactive granuloma arising from extraction socket’ was made. As the ulcer was originating from an extraction socket, the possibility of central malignancy was also considered. A biopsy of the ulcerated area was carried out and radiographic examination revealed loss of lamina dura in the apical third of LR7 with distal root resorption and illdefined periapical radiolucency (Figure 3). The LR8 region showed an extraction socket with ill-defined periapical radiolucency. An OPG showed an ill-defined periapical lesion with LR7 and LR8 (Figure 4). There was external root resorption with the distal root of LR7. The OPG also revealed
Most pathosis in the periapical region is a consequence of dental pulp necrosis. However, there are other pathoses that occur in this site with no relationship to the pulp condition.2,3,4 These non-endodontic lesions will not heal following root canal treatment or extraction. A review of the English-language medical literature, using the Medline database, revealed few rare lesions mimicking an odontogenic abscess. A list of such lesions is presented in Table 1. The majority of these case reports emphasized the importance of careful scrutiny of each periapical radiolucency. All the authors stressed the significance of regular follow-ups and histopathologic examination.
Conclusion It is important to reiterate at least three precepts pertaining to the treatment of radiolucent lesions of the jaws:1 For any periapical radiolucency that is treated by endodontic treatment of the associated tooth, follow-up radiographs should be taken. If the clinician believes that curettage, with or without root resection, is needed to complement the canal obliteration, the periapical tissue must be subjected to microscopic examination. If the clinician chooses to extract the tooth, the periapical lesion should also be removed and studied microscopically. All dentists encounter periapical radiolucency on a day-to-day basis and malignancies represent a small group of these periapical shadows. Early detection and recognition represent a basis for successful treatment. DentalUpdate 217
CaseReport
References
1. Wood NK, Goaz PW. Differential Diagnosis of Oral and Maxillofacial Lesions 5th edn. St Louis, Missouri: Mosby-Yearbook, 1997. 2. Dahl E. Diagnosing inflammatory and non-inflammatory periapical disease. J Ind Dent Assoc 1991; 70: 22−26. 3. Kuc I, Peters E, Pan J. Comparison of clinical and histologic diagnoses in periapical lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000; 89:
Paper No
Author
333−337. 4. Peters E, Lau M. Histopathologic examination to confirm diagnosis of periapical lesions: a review. J Can Dent Assoc 2003; 69: 598−600. 5. Bueno MR, De Carvalhosa AA, Castro PH, Pereira KC, Borges FT, Estrela C. Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma mimicking apical periodontitis. J Endod 2008; 34(11): 1415−1419. 6. Bornstein MM, von Arx T, Altermatt HJ. Loss of pulp sensitivity and pain as the
Clinical and Radiographic Presentation Diagnosis
Proliferative growth arising from extraction socket 1 Bueno MR et al 5
2 Bornstein MM et al6
3
Lee SS et al
4
Levi PA Jr et al8
5
7
7 Thompson IO et al 11
8
Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma
Pain with maxillary premolars and first molar Ewing’s sarcoma PDL space widening and bone resorption
Granulocytic sarcoma
Endodontic-periodontic lesion
Squamous cell carcinoma
Torabinejad M Periodontal lesion Squamous cell carcinoma and Rick GM9
6 Selden HS et al10
first symptoms of a Ewing’s sarcoma in the right maxillary sinus and alveolar process: report of a case. J Endod 2008; 34(12): 1549−1553. 7. Lee SS, Kim HK, Choi SC, Lee JI. Granulocytic sarcoma occurring in the maxillary gingiva demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001; 92(6): 689−693. 8. Levi PA Jr, Kim DM, Harsfield SL, Jacobson ER. Squamous cell carcinoma presenting
Nevins A et al12
Dental abscess
Metastasis from pancreas
Periapical lesion
Metastatic carcinoma from the larynx
Periapical lesion of endodontic origin Metastatic carcinoma
9 Dhanrajani PJ and Abdulkarim SA13
Periapical cyst
Plasma cell myeloma
10 Shah N and Sarkar C14
Periapical cyst
Plasmacytoma
11 Heng CK and Periapical abscess Heng J15
Malignant lymphoma
12 Bavitz JB et al16
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Non-vital teeth and a periapical lesion
13 Graham RM et al 17
Buccal swelling of infective origin B-cell lymphoma
Periapical radiolucent lesion 14 Morgan LA18
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
15 Jee A et al19
Periapical disease associated with non-vital teeth Malignant fibrohistocytoma
16 Powell CA et al20
Unilocular radiolucency superimposed over the root Neurofibroma
17 Ardekian L et al21
Periapical lesion
Burkitt’s lymphoma
18 Martins MD et al
Radiolucent, unilocular, well circumscribed lesion with a dense sclerotic border
Benign schwannoma
19 Buric N et al23
Ill-defined unilocular periapical lesion
Intraosseous schwannoma
20 Noel KE et al24
Well-defined radiolucency of the mandibular midline area with slight root resorption of adjoining incisors
Kaposi’s sarcoma
21 Chen YK et al25
Ill-defined radiolucencies associated with the tooth
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
22
Table 1. A list of non-endodontic lesions using Medline database.
218 DentalUpdate
April 2013
CaseReport
as an endodontic-periodontic lesion. J Periodontol 2005; 76(10): 1798−1804. 9. Torabinejad M, Rick GM. Squamous cell carcinoma of the gingiva. J Am Dent Assoc 1980; 100(6): 870−872. 10. Selden HS, Manhoff DT, Hatges NA, Michel RC. Metastatic carcinoma to the mandible that mimicked pulpal/ periodontal disease. J Endod 1998; 24(4): 267−270. 11. Thompson IO, Phillips VM, Kalan M. Metastatic squamous carcinoma manifesting as a periapical lesion. J Dent Assoc S Afr 1992; 47(11): 481−483. 12. Nevins A, Ruden S, Pruden P, Kerpel S. Metastatic carcinoma of the mandible mimicking periapical lesion of endodontic origin. Endod Dent Traumatol 1988; 4(5): 238−239. 13. Dhanrajani PJ, Abdulkarim SA. Multiple myeloma presenting as a periapical lesion in the mandible. Ind J Dent Res 1997; 8(2): 58−61. 14. Shah N, Sarkar C. Plasmacytoma of anterior maxilla mimicking periapical cyst. Endod Dent Traumatol 1992; 8(1): 39−41.
15. Heng CK, Heng J. Implications of malignant lymphoma on a periapical mandibular lesion. Gen Dent 1995; 43(5): 454−458. 16. Bavitz JB, Patterson DW, Sorensen S. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma disguised as odontogenic pain. J Am Dent Assoc 1992; 123(3): 99−100. 17. Graham RM, Thomson EF, Cousin GC, Kumar SN, Awasthi A. A case of facial lymphoma mimicking dental infection. Dent Update 2009; 36(4): 244−246. 18. Morgan LA. Infiltrate of chronic lymphocytic leukemia appearing as a periapical radiolucent lesion. J Endod 1995; 21(9): 475−478. 19. Jee A, Domboski M, Milobsky SA. Malignant fibrohistocytoma of the maxilla presenting with endodontically involved teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1978; 45(3): 464−469. 20. Powell CA, Stanley CM, Bannister SR, McDonnell HT, Moritz AJ, Deas DE. Palatal neurofibroma associated with localized periodontitis. J Periodontol 2006; 77(2): 310−315. 21. Ardekian L, Rachmiel A, Rosen D, Abu-
el-Naaj I, Peled M, Laufer D. Burkitt’s lymphoma of the oral cavity in Israel. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1999; 27(5): 294−297. 22. Martins MD, Taghloubi SA, Bussadori SK, Fernandes KPS, Palo RM, Martins MAT. Intraosseous schwannoma mimicking a periapical lesion on the adjacent tooth: case report. Int Endod J 2007; 40: 72−78. 23. Buric N, Jovanovic G, Pesic Z, Krasic D, Radovanovic Z, Mihailovic D, Tijanic M. Mandible schwannoma (neurilemmoma) presenting as periapical lesion. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2009; 38: 178−181. 24. Noel KE, Mardirossian G, Schneider L. Primary intraosseous kaposi’s sarcoma presenting as an asymptomatic periapical radiolucency: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007; 103: 65−70. 25. Chen YK, Chen CH, Lin CC, Hsue SS, Lin YR, Lin LM. Central adenoid cystic carcinoma of the mandible manifesting as an endodontic lesion. Int Endod J 2004; 37: 711−716.
Technique Tips - An Extracted Tooth used as a Pontic ‘try b 10 day efore you b To arr ange y uy
See page 240 of this issue
free tr our 10 ial d 0800 contact NS ay 6 preferr 341909 or K on your ed den tal sup plier †
Varios Ultrasonic Scalers The Varios range from NSK can be used for perio and endo, as well as general and MI treatments, simply by exchanging the tip, and with a choice of over 70 tips, there is always one to meet your needs.
Varios 370
’
Varios 170 & MultiPad
Varios 570 Varios 970
NSK offer a range of handpieces and small equipment suitable for a variety of restorative procedures www.nsk-uk.com April 2013
0800 6341909 DentalUpdate 221
Chetan J Bhadage Sagar Vaishampayan, Swapnil Kolhe and Hemant Umarji
Osteosarcoma of the Mandible Mimicking an Odontogenic Abscess: A Case Report and Review of the Literature Abstract: Inflammatory lesions, like periapical/odontogenic abscesses, are by far the most common pathologic condition of the jaws. Radiographically, these lesions commonly manifest as widening of periodontal ligament space, discontinuity of lamina dura and ill-defined periapical radiolucency. There are some rare disorders which could cause similar radiographic changes in the jaw bone. With careful scrutiny of periapical radiolucency, regular periodic follow-up radiographs and histo-pathologic examination, the periapical abscess or infection can be differentiated from rare fatal disorders. Clinical Relevance: This paper highlights the need for vigilant examination of even the commonest, innocuous-appearing periapical changes which sometimes are produced by some rare fatal disorders. Dent Update 2013; 40: 216–221 Radiolucent shadows are cast over the periapical regions of teeth in practically all oral radiographic surveys of dentulous patients. Some of these periapical radiolucencies represent innocent anatomic variations, whereas others are caused by benign conditions and require treatment to preserve the associated teeth; still others represent Chetan J Bhadage, BDS, MDS, Reader, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, MGV’s KBH Dental College and Hospital, Nashik, Sagar Vaishampayan, BDS, MDS, Consultant Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Private Practice, Navi Mumbai, Swapnil Kolhe, BDS, MDS, Reader, Department of Conservative Dentistry, MGV’s KBH Dental College and Hospital, Nashik and Hemant Umarji, BDS, MDS, Professor and Head, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Government Dental College and Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
216 DentalUpdate
systemic disease conditions that often become the responsibility and obligation of the dental clinician to recognize and bring to the attention of the patient’s physician.1 The high incidence and broad spectrum of conditions causing periapical radiolucencies make it imperative that all dental clinicians should acquire a broad and comprehensive working knowledge of the conditions responsible for creating periapical radiolucent shadows. This paper presents a case of osteosarcoma of the mandible that was first diagnosed and treated as a dental periapical lesion and discusses similar rare cases.
Case report A 29-year-old Indian female patient reported to the Oral Medicine, Diagnosis and Radiology Department of Government Dental College Mumbai, with the complaint of a non-healing extraction wound in the right mandibular posterior region one
Figure 1. Periapical radiograph showing diffuse bone rarefaction of LR8 and distal root resorption with LR7.
month post-extraction with numbness over the right side of her lower lip for two months. Two months earlier, the patient had attended a local dentist for pain in the above-mentioned area. The periapical radiograph (Figure 1) suggested diffuse bone rarefaction in the periapical region of LR8. The patient was followed up by extraction of the tooth. However, the patient April 2013
CaseReport
Figure 5. Mandibular occlusal radiograph.
Figure 2. Proliferating ulcer arising from extraction socket.
Discussion
Figure 6. Histopathological appearance of osteosarcoma.
Figure 3. Post-extraction radiograph showing diffuse periapical rarefaction with mesial and distal root and distal root resorption with LR7 and diffuse rarefaction and extraction socket with LR8 region.
Figure 4. Cropped OPG showing ill-defined periapical lesion with LR7 and LR8. External root resorption with distal root of LR7 and thinning of inferior border of mandible in LR8 region.
did not experience any improvement in the symptoms. Later she noticed a small oval ulcerating growth arising from the extraction socket. This was slightly tender and slowly increasing in size. The patient was in good health with no previous history of radiation and was not suffering from any systemic illness. April 2013
thinning of inferior border of the mandible in the LR8 region. A mandibular occlusal radiograph showed no evidence of cortical plate expansion or periosteal bone reaction (Figure 5). After careful scrutiny, radiographic diagnosis of chronic osteomyelitis and a differential diagnosis of a centrally arising malignancy of the mandible was given. Incisional biopsy revealed osteogenic sarcoma (Figure 6). The patient was then referred for further treatment.
A thorough general examination was carried out and no abnormalities were detected in the patient. An extra-oral examination revealed a palpable, non tender, freely movable right submandibular lymph node. An intraoral examination revealed an oval-shaped proliferating ulcer in relation with the region of LR8 (Figure 2). The lesion was tender, about 2cm x 2cm in size with soft to firm consistency. The margin and base of the ulcer were greyish white in colour with a normal appearing periphery. From the clinical examination, a provisional diagnosis of ‘reactive granuloma arising from extraction socket’ was made. As the ulcer was originating from an extraction socket, the possibility of central malignancy was also considered. A biopsy of the ulcerated area was carried out and radiographic examination revealed loss of lamina dura in the apical third of LR7 with distal root resorption and illdefined periapical radiolucency (Figure 3). The LR8 region showed an extraction socket with ill-defined periapical radiolucency. An OPG showed an ill-defined periapical lesion with LR7 and LR8 (Figure 4). There was external root resorption with the distal root of LR7. The OPG also revealed
Most pathosis in the periapical region is a consequence of dental pulp necrosis. However, there are other pathoses that occur in this site with no relationship to the pulp condition.2,3,4 These non-endodontic lesions will not heal following root canal treatment or extraction. A review of the English-language medical literature, using the Medline database, revealed few rare lesions mimicking an odontogenic abscess. A list of such lesions is presented in Table 1. The majority of these case reports emphasized the importance of careful scrutiny of each periapical radiolucency. All the authors stressed the significance of regular follow-ups and histopathologic examination.
Conclusion It is important to reiterate at least three precepts pertaining to the treatment of radiolucent lesions of the jaws:1 For any periapical radiolucency that is treated by endodontic treatment of the associated tooth, follow-up radiographs should be taken. If the clinician believes that curettage, with or without root resection, is needed to complement the canal obliteration, the periapical tissue must be subjected to microscopic examination. If the clinician chooses to extract the tooth, the periapical lesion should also be removed and studied microscopically. All dentists encounter periapical radiolucency on a day-to-day basis and malignancies represent a small group of these periapical shadows. Early detection and recognition represent a basis for successful treatment. DentalUpdate 217
CaseReport
References
1. Wood NK, Goaz PW. Differential Diagnosis of Oral and Maxillofacial Lesions 5th edn. St Louis, Missouri: Mosby-Yearbook, 1997. 2. Dahl E. Diagnosing inflammatory and non-inflammatory periapical disease. J Ind Dent Assoc 1991; 70: 22−26. 3. Kuc I, Peters E, Pan J. Comparison of clinical and histologic diagnoses in periapical lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000; 89:
Paper No
Author
333−337. 4. Peters E, Lau M. Histopathologic examination to confirm diagnosis of periapical lesions: a review. J Can Dent Assoc 2003; 69: 598−600. 5. Bueno MR, De Carvalhosa AA, Castro PH, Pereira KC, Borges FT, Estrela C. Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma mimicking apical periodontitis. J Endod 2008; 34(11): 1415−1419. 6. Bornstein MM, von Arx T, Altermatt HJ. Loss of pulp sensitivity and pain as the
Clinical and Radiographic Presentation Diagnosis
Proliferative growth arising from extraction socket 1 Bueno MR et al 5
2 Bornstein MM et al6
3
Lee SS et al
4
Levi PA Jr et al8
5
7
7 Thompson IO et al 11
8
Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma
Pain with maxillary premolars and first molar Ewing’s sarcoma PDL space widening and bone resorption
Granulocytic sarcoma
Endodontic-periodontic lesion
Squamous cell carcinoma
Torabinejad M Periodontal lesion Squamous cell carcinoma and Rick GM9
6 Selden HS et al10
first symptoms of a Ewing’s sarcoma in the right maxillary sinus and alveolar process: report of a case. J Endod 2008; 34(12): 1549−1553. 7. Lee SS, Kim HK, Choi SC, Lee JI. Granulocytic sarcoma occurring in the maxillary gingiva demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001; 92(6): 689−693. 8. Levi PA Jr, Kim DM, Harsfield SL, Jacobson ER. Squamous cell carcinoma presenting
Nevins A et al12
Dental abscess
Metastasis from pancreas
Periapical lesion
Metastatic carcinoma from the larynx
Periapical lesion of endodontic origin Metastatic carcinoma
9 Dhanrajani PJ and Abdulkarim SA13
Periapical cyst
Plasma cell myeloma
10 Shah N and Sarkar C14
Periapical cyst
Plasmacytoma
11 Heng CK and Periapical abscess Heng J15
Malignant lymphoma
12 Bavitz JB et al16
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Non-vital teeth and a periapical lesion
13 Graham RM et al 17
Buccal swelling of infective origin B-cell lymphoma
Periapical radiolucent lesion 14 Morgan LA18
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
15 Jee A et al19
Periapical disease associated with non-vital teeth Malignant fibrohistocytoma
16 Powell CA et al20
Unilocular radiolucency superimposed over the root Neurofibroma
17 Ardekian L et al21
Periapical lesion
Burkitt’s lymphoma
18 Martins MD et al
Radiolucent, unilocular, well circumscribed lesion with a dense sclerotic border
Benign schwannoma
19 Buric N et al23
Ill-defined unilocular periapical lesion
Intraosseous schwannoma
20 Noel KE et al24
Well-defined radiolucency of the mandibular midline area with slight root resorption of adjoining incisors
Kaposi’s sarcoma
21 Chen YK et al25
Ill-defined radiolucencies associated with the tooth
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
22
Table 1. A list of non-endodontic lesions using Medline database.
218 DentalUpdate
April 2013
CaseReport
as an endodontic-periodontic lesion. J Periodontol 2005; 76(10): 1798−1804. 9. Torabinejad M, Rick GM. Squamous cell carcinoma of the gingiva. J Am Dent Assoc 1980; 100(6): 870−872. 10. Selden HS, Manhoff DT, Hatges NA, Michel RC. Metastatic carcinoma to the mandible that mimicked pulpal/ periodontal disease. J Endod 1998; 24(4): 267−270. 11. Thompson IO, Phillips VM, Kalan M. Metastatic squamous carcinoma manifesting as a periapical lesion. J Dent Assoc S Afr 1992; 47(11): 481−483. 12. Nevins A, Ruden S, Pruden P, Kerpel S. Metastatic carcinoma of the mandible mimicking periapical lesion of endodontic origin. Endod Dent Traumatol 1988; 4(5): 238−239. 13. Dhanrajani PJ, Abdulkarim SA. Multiple myeloma presenting as a periapical lesion in the mandible. Ind J Dent Res 1997; 8(2): 58−61. 14. Shah N, Sarkar C. Plasmacytoma of anterior maxilla mimicking periapical cyst. Endod Dent Traumatol 1992; 8(1): 39−41.
15. Heng CK, Heng J. Implications of malignant lymphoma on a periapical mandibular lesion. Gen Dent 1995; 43(5): 454−458. 16. Bavitz JB, Patterson DW, Sorensen S. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma disguised as odontogenic pain. J Am Dent Assoc 1992; 123(3): 99−100. 17. Graham RM, Thomson EF, Cousin GC, Kumar SN, Awasthi A. A case of facial lymphoma mimicking dental infection. Dent Update 2009; 36(4): 244−246. 18. Morgan LA. Infiltrate of chronic lymphocytic leukemia appearing as a periapical radiolucent lesion. J Endod 1995; 21(9): 475−478. 19. Jee A, Domboski M, Milobsky SA. Malignant fibrohistocytoma of the maxilla presenting with endodontically involved teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1978; 45(3): 464−469. 20. Powell CA, Stanley CM, Bannister SR, McDonnell HT, Moritz AJ, Deas DE. Palatal neurofibroma associated with localized periodontitis. J Periodontol 2006; 77(2): 310−315. 21. Ardekian L, Rachmiel A, Rosen D, Abu-
el-Naaj I, Peled M, Laufer D. Burkitt’s lymphoma of the oral cavity in Israel. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1999; 27(5): 294−297. 22. Martins MD, Taghloubi SA, Bussadori SK, Fernandes KPS, Palo RM, Martins MAT. Intraosseous schwannoma mimicking a periapical lesion on the adjacent tooth: case report. Int Endod J 2007; 40: 72−78. 23. Buric N, Jovanovic G, Pesic Z, Krasic D, Radovanovic Z, Mihailovic D, Tijanic M. Mandible schwannoma (neurilemmoma) presenting as periapical lesion. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2009; 38: 178−181. 24. Noel KE, Mardirossian G, Schneider L. Primary intraosseous kaposi’s sarcoma presenting as an asymptomatic periapical radiolucency: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007; 103: 65−70. 25. Chen YK, Chen CH, Lin CC, Hsue SS, Lin YR, Lin LM. Central adenoid cystic carcinoma of the mandible manifesting as an endodontic lesion. Int Endod J 2004; 37: 711−716.
Technique Tips - An Extracted Tooth used as a Pontic ‘try b 10 day efore you b To arr ange y uy
See page 240 of this issue
free tr our 10 ial d 0800 contact NS ay 6 preferr 341909 or K on your ed den tal sup plier †
Varios Ultrasonic Scalers The Varios range from NSK can be used for perio and endo, as well as general and MI treatments, simply by exchanging the tip, and with a choice of over 70 tips, there is always one to meet your needs.
Varios 370
’
Varios 170 & MultiPad
Varios 570 Varios 970
NSK offer a range of handpieces and small equipment suitable for a variety of restorative procedures www.nsk-uk.com April 2013
0800 6341909 DentalUpdate 221
